The text of "On the Passage of the Qin Dynasty" in the first volume of Chinese language for high school students
During school, you must have memorized classical Chinese texts, right? Classical Chinese is the opposite of parallel prose, with odd sentences and single lines, and prose that does not pay attention to antithetical rhythm. Are there many people who don’t really understand classical Chinese? Below is the text of "On the Passage of the Qin Dynasty" from the first volume of Chinese language for the second year of high school that I compiled for you. It is for reference only. You are welcome to read it.
On the Passage of Qin
Duke Xiao of Qin held the territory of Weihan and supported the land of Yongzhou. The monarchs and ministers stood firm to get a glimpse of the Zhou Dynasty, which meant that it would sweep the world, encompass the whole world, and encompass the four seas. Take over the heart of Bahuang. At that time, the Lord of Shang assisted him, enacting laws internally, doing farming and weaving, repairing and guarding war equipment, externally linking up balance and fighting against the princes. So the Qin people surrendered and took the area outside the Xihe River.
Since Xiaogong is gone, Huiwen, Wu, Zhaoxiang and Meng have their old responsibilities. Due to the legacy policy, Hanzhong was taken from the south, Ba and Shu were raised from the west, the fertile land was cut from the east, and the key counties were taken from the north. The princes are afraid, will make alliances and plan to weaken the Qin, and do not love the precious and fertile land, so that all the people in the world will unite and establish diplomatic relations and become one. At this time, Qi had Mengchang, Zhao had Pingyuan, Chu had Chunshen, and Wei had Xinling. These four monarchs are all wise and loyal, generous and loving, respecting the virtuous and respecting scholars. They are all from Han, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei, and Zhongshan. So the scholars of the Six Kingdoms, including the subordinates of Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin, and Du He, conspired, and the followers of Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Zhen, Zhao Hua, Lou Su, Zhai Jing, Su Li, and Le Yi understood their intentions. Wu Qi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Wang Liao, Tian Ji, Lian Po, and Zhao Shezhi Lun controlled their troops. With ten times the land and millions of troops, he could seize the pass and attack Qin. The Qin people closed the gates to delay the enemy, and the troops of the Nine Kingdoms patrolled and did not dare to advance. Qin did not have the money to pay for the death arrow, but the world was already trapped. So he broke the contract and lost, fought for the land and bribed Qin. Qin had spare power to control its disadvantages, and chased the enemy to the north, laying down millions of corpses, bleeding and floating in the oars. Because of advantage and convenience, they slaughtered the world and divided the rivers and mountains. Strong countries will submit, weak countries will join the dynasty. Extending to King Xiaowen and King Zhuang Xiang, the country enjoyed a short period of time and the country was fine.
As for the First Emperor, the remaining heroes of the sixth generation vigorously pursued the strategy and controlled the inner world, swallowed up the princes for two weeks, acted as the supreme and controlled the Liuhe, held on to beat and beat the world, and vibrated the world. Taking the land of Baiyue in the south, I thought it was Guilin and Xiangjun. The king of Baiyue bowed his head and tied his neck, and ordered his subordinates. He ordered Meng Tian to build the Great Wall to the north and guard the fence, but he defeated the Huns for more than 700 miles. The barbarians did not dare to go south to herd horses, and the soldiers did not dare to bend their bows and complain. So he abolished the ways of the previous kings, burned the opinions of hundreds of families, and used the stupid head of Guizhou. He made the city famous, killed the heroes, collected the soldiers of the world, gathered in Xianyang, sold Feng Dy, and cast it as the twelve golden people. People of the world. Then practice Huahua City, because the river is a pond, and occupy the city of hundreds of millions of feet, so that it will be solid in the face of unexpected events. The good generals guard the key points with their powerful crossbows, and the trustworthy ministers and elite soldiers prepare the troops. The world has been settled, and the First Emperor's heart is that he thinks that the Guanzhong is solid, the golden city is thousands of miles away, and the inheritance of descendants and emperors will last forever.
Now that the First Emperor is gone, his remaining power shocks the world. However, Chen Sheweng is the son of Shengshu, a gangster, and a member of the migration. His talents are not as good as those of middle-class people, and he is not as good as Zhongni and Mo Zhai, and he is not as rich as Tao Zhu and Yidun. He walks on tiptoe. In the meantime, he stubbornly rose up in the streets, led the exhausted soldiers, turned hundreds of people to attack Qin, cut down trees as soldiers, raised poles as flags, and the world gathered to respond, winning food and scenery. The heroes of Shandong then joined forces and destroyed the Qin people.
The world is not small and weak. In the land of Yongzhou, Weihan is solid and self-contained. Chen She's position is not respected to the kings of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei, and Zhongshan; he is not respected to the kings of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei, and Zhongshan. The garrison is not like resisting the armies of the Nine Kingdoms; the foresight and foresight in marching and using troops is not like those who are prepared for the times. However, success or failure varies, and achievements are opposite. Trying to make the country of Shandong and Chen Shedu (duó) have a long life, and compare their power and strength, they cannot be of the same age. However, the Qin Dynasty used a mere area to expand the power of ten thousand people, ordering the eight states and dynasty in the same row, which lasted for more than a hundred years; then it made Liuhe its home and Weihan its palace; , what is the reason for the laughter of the world? If benevolence and righteousness are not practiced, the offensive and defensive momentum will be different.
Translation (Part 1)
Qin Xiaogong occupies the dangerous terrain of Xiaoshan and Hangu Pass, owns the land of Yongzhou, and the monarchs and ministers firmly guard it, seeking (the power of) the Zhou royal family , with the intention of taking over the world. At that time, Shang Yang assisted him, established laws and regulations internally, promoted farming and weaving, and built defensive and offensive equipment; externally, he implemented the strategy of liaison and made the princes of Shandong fight among themselves. As a result, the Qin people easily captured the land beyond Xihe.
After the death of Duke Xiao, King Huiwen, King Wu, and King Zhaoxiang (successively) inherited the existing foundation and followed the strategies of the previous generations, attacking Hanzhong to the south, Ba and Shu to the west, and cutting off to the east. Fertile territory, occupying very important areas to the north. The princes were frightened and held meetings to form alliances and seek ways to weaken Qin. They do not skimp on rare and valuable utensils and fertile and fertile land to recruit outstanding talents from all over the world, and use the strategy of alliance to form alliances, help each other, and become one. At this time, the state of Qi had Lord Mengchang, the state of Zhao had Lord Pingyuan, the state of Chu had Lord Chunshen, and the state of Wei had Lord Xinling. These four princes were all sensible, resourceful, sincere and trustworthy, generous to others, and respectful to the virtuous. (They) defeated Qin's Lian Heng strategy by agreeing to cooperate, and defeated Han, Han, and Han. The troops of Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei, and Zhongshan formed a coalition.
At this time, the scholars of the Six Kingdoms including Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin, Du He and others made suggestions for them. Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Zhen, Zhao Hua, Lou Su, Zhai Jing, Su Li, Le Yi and others (for Countries) communicated their opinions, and Wu Qi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Wang Liao, Tian Ji, Lian Po, Zhao She and others led their armies. They once marched to Hangu Pass to attack Qin with ten times the land of Qin and millions of troops. The people of Qin opened and closed the gates to lure the enemy deeper, but the armies of the nine kingdoms hesitated and did not dare to enter the pass. The people of Qin did not lose an arrow, but the princes of the world were already in a desperate situation. In this way, the agreement failed, and the various princes fought to cede territory to bribe Qin. Qin had enough power to subdue them when they were tired, and chased the defeated soldiers. Millions of defeated soldiers lay dead on the road, blood flowed (into rivers), and the big shield could float. (Qin) relied on this favorable situation to seize the land of the world and (re)divided the mountains and rivers. Strong countries voluntarily surrendered, and weak countries (on time) went to Qin to worship. When King Xiaowen and King Zhuang Xiang succeeded to the throne, their reign was not long, and nothing major happened in Qin.
As of the First Emperor, he continued the legacy of the Sixth Dynasty, ruled all countries by force, wiped out the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty and other princely states, ascended the throne to control the world, and imposed severe punishments. Enslaving the people of the world, his majesty shocked the world. Taking the land of Baiyue to the south, they divided it into Guilin County and Xiang County. The king of Baiyue lowered his head, tied a rope around his neck, and left his life to the control of Qin's subordinate officials. So he sent Meng Tian to the north to build the Great Wall and guard the border, and drove back the Xiongnu for more than 700 miles. The Hu people did not dare to go south to graze their cattle, and the warriors did not dare to draw their bows and shoot arrows in revenge.
Then he abolished the ancient emperors' way of governing the world, burned the works of various schools of thought in order to make the people stupid; destroyed the tall city walls, killed the heroes; collected the weapons of the world and concentrated them In Xianyang, the blades and arrowheads were destroyed and used to cast twelve bronze figures to weaken the people's resistance. Then use Huashan Mountain as the city and the Yellow River as a pond (moat), occupying Huashan Mountain, facing the Yellow River, thinking that it is a dangerous terrain. Good generals armed with powerful crossbows guarded key places, reliable officials and elite soldiers armed with sharp weapons questioned passers-by. The world was now at peace, and the First Emperor thought that he could rely on the solid terrain of the pass and the thousands of miles of copper and iron walls to establish an empire for generations to come.
After the death of Qin Shihuang, his remaining power (still) shocked remote areas. However, Chen She was just a boy from a poor family who used broken urns for windows and straw ropes for door hinges. He was a gangster and a slave. He (later) became a soldier who was relegated to guard the border. He was not as talented as ordinary people, let alone The virtuous people like Confucius and Mozi were not as wealthy as Tao Zhugong and Yidun. (He) joined the ranks of the garrison soldiers, suddenly rose up from the fields, led the exhausted soldiers, commanded a team of several hundred people, turned around to attack Qin, broke branches as weapons, and raised bamboo poles as weapons. Flags, the world's heroes gathered like smoke (gathered like clouds, responded like echoes), responded to him one after another, (many people) were carrying food, and followed him like a shadow. The heroes to the east of Mount Laoshan then revolted together and ended up wiping out the Qin dynasty.
Besides, the Qin Dynasty that dominated the world has not been weakened. The terrain of Yongzhou, the dangers of Xiaoshan Mountain and Hangu Pass are still the same as before. Chen She's status is no more noble than that of the kings of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei, and Zhongshan; the hoe stick is no sharper than the hook, halberd, and spear; (Ability) cannot match the troops of the Nine Kingdoms; (Chen She)'s foresight and strategy of marching and using troops are not as good as those of the previous generals and advisers of the Nine Kingdoms. However, those with good conditions failed and those with poor conditions succeeded, and their achievements were completely opposite. Why? If we compare the length and size of the eastern countries with Chen She, and measure the power and strength, there is simply a huge difference. However, Qin relied on its mere territory to develop into a country with tens of thousands of troops and chariots. It caused eight states to come and return, and all the princes of the six countries came to pay homage. It has a history of more than a hundred years; , Hangu Pass as one's inner palace; if the garrison troops attack, the country will perish, and the princes, emperors and grandsons will die in the hands of others and be ridiculed by the world. What is the reason? If benevolence and righteousness are not practiced, the situation of offense and defense will be different. .
Teaching design of "On the Passage of Qin"
Teaching purpose
1. Learn how to use historical data to refine opinions.
2. Understand the language features of this article: the use of paired sentences.
3. Understand Jia Yi’s criticism of the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty - "failure to practice benevolence and righteousness" was the reason for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty.
Teaching ideas
1. Teaching focus and difficulties:
This article is a historical theory, and most of the space is used to describe the historical process of the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty. In fact, it uses historical facts as an argument to prove that Qin's rapid demise was due to "the failure of benevolence and righteousness and the difference in offensive and defensive momentum." Therefore, the teaching focus should be on the last paragraph.
Historical narrative history is different from historical biography. It is highly summarized and even subjective to a certain extent. This article is written in parallel style, so this color is more obvious. It is difficult to explain this clearly.
In addition, it is also necessary to consider that the amount of recitation of this article is relatively large, so that students can recite it smoothly without increasing their burden.
2. Teaching methods:
The text exercises only require the recitation of the last three paragraphs, which is also out of consideration of not increasing the burden on students. However, from the perspective of teaching needs, reciting the full text is a big step. There are benefits. To this end, it is planned to adopt the teaching method of chanting.
There should be strict requirements for recitation, but relaxation can be made in some places. For example, the order of the nine kingdoms listed in the second paragraph is "Han, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei, Zhongshan", while the fifth paragraph lists, "Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei , Song, Wei and Zhongshan." It can be seen from this that the author's basic arrangement method is to put the six major countries of Shandong in the front and the three small countries in the rear. There is no certain criterion for which of the six major countries is in front and behind. When reciting, it is not necessary to follow the order of the original text. Secondly, the second paragraph also lists 20 names, which are examples, but they are just picked out casually (for example, Le Yi is a person who "makes soldiers" and is included in the "Tongyi" category). When reciting, It doesn’t have to be recited one by one, and it doesn’t have to be in the order of the original text. In short, we must look at the overall situation and ignore individual words as long as they do not violate the author's original intention. Of course, errors in key words must not be allowed. This is the principle for memorizing long articles (more than a thousand words).
3. Class schedule:
This article is planned to be read in 3 class hours.
The first lesson: introduce the author and the writing intention of "On the Passage of Qin", analyze the layout of the full text, and read the first and second paragraphs.
Lesson 2: Read paragraphs 3 and 4.
Lesson 3: Read paragraph 5.
Preview arrangements
1. Read the text 2 to 3 times, requiring accurate pronunciation:
Supplementary phonetic notation is as follows:
It is convenient to take advantage of it (chéng) Yao Han (xiào) He Cong (zòng) Zhai Jing (zhái) will bring hundreds of people (jiàng) with arrowheads (zú) flogging (chī) Gao Fu (yú) Ten thousand people who take advantage of the situation (shèng) call slip (shào) < /p>
2. Think about the following questions:
⑴ This article is a historical essay, why is most of it a narrative? What is the author's purpose in narrating this way?
⑵ How many stages does the article divide the process of Qin's unification of the country into? Why is it divided like this?
Teaching steps
First lesson
1. The author and the intention of writing "On Guo Qin"
Jia Yi's "On Guo Qin" 》***There are three chapters: the first, middle and second chapters. What we studied is the previous chapter. The article summarizes the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty, exposes the tyranny of Qin Shihuang, and finally points out that "the failure of benevolence and righteousness and the difference in offensive and defensive strength" is the fundamental reason for its rapid demise. This is extracted from historical facts point of view. In the middle part, the author analyzes this point of view and further points out that Qin II ignored the "cries of the world" and continued to implement tyranny, "prioritizing the lack of morality", and then put forward the principle of governing the world from the front: "the way of the herdsmen" , It’s just about being safe.” This is the author’s original intention. The second chapter mainly accuses the third and last monarch of the Qin Dynasty, Ziying, for his faults.
"On the Passage of Qin" clearly expresses Jia Yi's political stance.
Jia Yi (200 BC to 168 BC) was a political commentator and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. People from Luoyang. When he was 18 years old, he was praised by the people of the county for his ability to read poetry and calligraphy, and was good at literature. Ting Wei Gong Wu recommended him to Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and was appointed as a doctor. Soon after, he was promoted to the rank of Taizhong doctor, but was excluded by ministers Zhou Bo and Guan Ying, and was demoted to the title of Changsha Wang Taifu. Later he was the Taifu of King Huai of Liang. He died of depression at the age of 32.
Jia Yi lived in the early Western Han Dynasty. Due to the destruction of more than 500 years of wars, social and economic decline, and population decline, he strongly advocated benevolent government to "pacify the people." He wrote many times to criticize current affairs. "On Guo Qin" was written to promote this idea. Discussing "ancient" is to discuss "present". This is the first thing you should pay attention to when reading this article.
2. Roughly analyze the layout of the full text
1. First divide the full text into two parts according to the way of expression:
⑴ Narrative part: write about the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty (first four paragraphs).
⑵ Discussion part: Point out the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty (last paragraph).
2. Analyzing the level of the narrative part, it can be divided into two major levels.
⑴ The process of emergence (first three paragraphs).
⑵ The process of destruction (the fourth paragraph).
3. Reciting Paragraph 1
In the reciting exercise, clarify the key points of this paragraph by asking questions:
1. Qin’s geographical advantages;
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2. Qin Xiaogong’s political ambition - to unify the world;
3. Basic national policies (farming war, continuous balance) and achievements.
Supplementary historical facts:
1. "Strengthen the external balance and fight against the princes" - this is corresponding to the above "internal legal system...the tools for cultivating and defending war" , in fact, this was a later policy.
Some "Jiaoshen" even associate it with Zhang Yi, the founder of the Lianheng policy, which is incorrect. Zhang Yi came to Qin ten years after the death of Duke Xiao of Qin, that is, the tenth year of King Huiwen of Qin (328 BC). . It can be seen that historical discussion is different from historical biography, and the emphasis is on "understanding".
2. “Then the people of Qin gave up their hands and took possession of the area beyond the Xihe River” - "Historical Records of the Wei Family": "In the thirty-first year (i.e. the 22nd year of Qin Xiaogong, 340 BC),... Qin General Shang Jun deceived my general's son and captured his army. Qin used Shang Jun to march east to the river. "East to the river." That is, Qin took the land west of Hexi. This is an outstanding example of Qin using "deceptive force" to seize the land of princes. Note: This was the beginning of Qin's seizure of Hexi. In the eighth year of King Huiwen of Qin (330 BC), Wei also offered Shaoliang (south of Hancheng, Shaanxi) to Hexi.
IV. Reciting Paragraph 2
Question: Which events during the reign of the Qin kings are described in this paragraph? (King Huiwen, King Wu, King Zhaoxiang, King Xiaowen, and King Zhuang Xiang are the five kings after Xiaogong and before the First Emperor.) King Huiwen came to the throne in 337 BC, and King Zhuang Xiang died in 247 BC, during which time 90 years, how does the author describe the history of these 90 years?
After discussion, the summary is as follows:
1. Concentrate the events of the 87 years of Huiwen, Wu, and Zhaoxiang into one point: Qin’s increasing territory caused fear among the princes; Use the princes to contrast Qin. The two dynasties of Xiaowen and Zhuang Xiang were passed over in one stroke. This is from an overall perspective.
2. When writing about Qin’s expansion of territory, it is divided into four directions: south, west, east, and north, showing that its military power is extremely powerful; when writing about the princes, it is based on the principles of "joining and following to establish diplomatic relations" and "coordinating and following from Liheng". "The order of "conforming to the dissolution of the agreement" is said, and the momentum is greatly exaggerated to reflect the difficulty of the Qin people in trapping the princes ("The Qin people opened and closed the enemy, and the divisions of the Nine Kingdoms patrolled and did not dare to advance"). This is from a local perspective.
3. Looking at this historical narrative, it is almost an artistic summary. The essence is true, but the objective historical process is not like this.
Supplementary historical facts: "Uniting and establishing diplomatic relations, and becoming one with each other" - Su Qin said that the six countries were related to each other, about 334 to 332 BC. At that time, Su Qin was the chief of the agreement, and Wear the seal of the Six Kingdoms. "Qin soldiers did not dare to peek at Hangu Pass for fifteen years." This is the first time. In 318 BC, Su Qin once again invited troops from the Six Kingdoms to attack Qin, with King Huai of Chu as the commander-in-chief. When they arrived at Hangu Pass, Qin sent troops to attack the six kingdoms, and all the soldiers of the six kingdoms were led back (referred to as "Five Kingdoms" in the "Chronology"). This is the second time to join forces. In addition, in 298 BC, Wei, Qi, and Han jointly attacked Qi. In addition, in 247 BC, Lord Xinling led the five kingdoms to defeat Qin outside the river, which was no longer within the above-mentioned 87 years. It can be seen from the above historical facts that the so-called "master of the Nine Kingdoms" is just a general term, which also shows the difference between historical narrative and historical biography.
Recitation requirements:
1. You can directly transition from "all of Han, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei, and Zhongshan" to "taste the ten "Twice the land";
2. "So the people of the six countries... controlled their armies" can be skimmed.
5. Leave homework
Recite paragraphs 1 and 2; prepare to recite paragraphs 3 and 4.
Second Lesson
1. Check homework
Recite paragraphs 1 and 2.
Use questions to transition: The title of this article is "Passing the Qin Dynasty". Do these two paragraphs mention Qin's fault? (No, although it also expresses Qin's "deceitful force" policy, every party will use "deceitful force" in the struggle. It just depends on who uses it better.) In this case, what is the use of writing like this? (To pave the way for the following, compare the strength during the unification process with the rapid destruction later.) Therefore, the next paragraph will first talk about Qin’s faults.
2. Read the third paragraph
1. Read it silently and talk about Qin Shihuang’s fault.
2. Find the wrong layer ("So the way of the previous king was abolished...Chen Libing and who will do it") Use a few words to summarize Qin Shihuang's domestic policy. (Fooling the people, weakening the people, and treating the people as the enemy.)
3. Divide the whole paragraph into levels and answer questions:
⑴ The first sentence writes about Qin Shihuang’s unification of the country. It has only one meaning, but it is used together. Four sentences to express, why?
This is China's unprecedented unification, which is remarkable and deserves to be elaborated; it speaks volumes about the incomparable power of the Qin Dynasty.
⑵ What is the function of expanding the territory by writing a second time?
It is still extremely powerful to say that the Qin Dynasty was powerful. It is requested to note that the sentence "Scholars dare not bend their bows and complain" is used to highlight the power of Qin Shihuang, which can be regarded as a false statement. If we want to explain it realistically, there will be contradictions. In 218 BC, Zhang Liang hired a strongman to assassinate the First Emperor in Bolangsha, but he accidentally hit the deputy chariot.
⑶ What is the key to writing about Qin Shihuang’s domestic policy?
"No benevolence and righteousness" is the conclusion Zhang Ben.
Additional explanation: "Who" and "He" are interrogative pronouns used like verbs, which leads to the meaning of "asking him who he is".
The above two sub-layers can be combined into one layer: describing Qin Shihuang’s domestic and foreign policies.
⑷ What is the function of the last sentence describing the First Emperor’s vision?
In contrast to the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty.
(Explain that the above contents can be discussed in sequence in layered recitation. Recitation and discussion are carried out cross-wise. After the whole class has basically mastered the recitation, the following questions can be asked.)
4. What role does this paragraph play in the structure of the full text?
The above article states that Qin became increasingly powerful, laying the foundation for unification. This paragraph describes the measures taken after unification, indicating that Qin has turned from offensive to defensive; it is precisely because of improper measures that it led to its rapid demise, so The next paragraph goes on to write about its demise, and the author's meaning of "passing the Qin Dynasty" is all in it.
3. Recite paragraph 4
Read it silently and summarize the main idea of this paragraph: Chen She uprising, the world gathered to respond, and the Qin Dynasty rose and fell.
Question: What is the purpose of writing "The First Emperor's Remaining Power" at the beginning? (It implies that the people are dissatisfied and everyone is in danger.) In the author's passage about Chen She's uprising, which sentence is the key? ("The world gathers to respond, and when you win food and scenery, you will follow.") What does this mean? (The people across the country were dissatisfied with the rule of the Qin Dynasty.) Which sentence does it foreshadow? ("Benevolence and righteousness are not given.")
Again, which sentence does "bringing hundreds of people" correspond to the sentence above? ("Millions of troops" - the Qin people were able to defeat the "millions of troops" of the Nine Kingdoms, but were defeated by Chen She's "hundreds of troops", which is thought-provoking.) How does "cutting trees into soldiers" follow the above article? A sentence that echoes the same? ("Collect the soldiers from all over the world, gather them in Xianyang, sell them, and cast them into twelve golden figures.") What does this mean? ("Retreating the troops" is not enough to curb the people's resistance.)
After students have basically mastered the chant, you can also ask: What do you think of Jia Yi's evaluation of Chen She?
The teacher mainly talks about two points in the summary:
1. Jia Yi was the first person to speak highly of Chen She’s uprising;
2. Class prejudice There are also some.
IV. Homework
1. Recite paragraphs 3 and 4, and prepare to recite paragraph 5.
2. The following two paragraphs are excerpted from "On the Passage of Qin (Part 2)", and only the general idea is required. After reading, talk about your own experience on the following two questions:
Quotation (1): "The King of Qin was greedy and ambitious, did not believe in meritorious officials, was not close to the people, abolished the king's way, and established Private rights, prohibiting documents and punishing laws, first deceiving force and then benevolence and righteousness. The world begins with tyranny. The one who combines husband and wife is high in deceit and power, and the one who is stable values obedience to power. This saying means that the Qin Dynasty left the Warring States and ruled the world. , Its path is not easy, its politics are not changed, it is the same as those who take it and keep it, so it can stand and wait for its death.
Quotation (2): "Second generation... ...The most serious one is lack of morality, which ruins the ancestral temple and the people, and then builds the Epang Palace, with severe punishments, harsh officials, inappropriate rewards and punishments, and excessive taxation. . Then traitors and falsehoods arise together, and the superiors and inferiors escape from each other, and those who are guilty are all condemned, and they face each other in punishment and death, and the world suffers. From the king to the common people, people are in danger of themselves and are living in poverty. They are not secure in their position, so they are prone to move. Therefore, if Chen She did not use the talents of Tang and Wu, and did not borrow the honor of the princes, but if he fought hard in the great marsh and the whole world responded, his people would be in danger. ”
⑴ How should the sentence “If benevolence and righteousness are not applied, the offensive and defensive forces will be different”?
⑵ How does the author analyze Chen She’s uprising?
Lesson 3
1. Check homework
1. Recite paragraphs 3 and 4 of the text. 2. Answer questions: Read the quotation (2). Finally, look at the description about Chen She in paragraph 4 of the text. What do you think is the overall meaning of the sentence "The son of the rope hub of the urn... was stubborn in the streets" (He did not rely on his noble status and outstanding achievements)? Talent, but very appealing, because his resistance is in line with the aspirations of the people, but the sentence "the talent is not as good as the average" has an obvious derogatory meaning.) Looking at the entire paragraph, its content can be quoted ( 2) What words can be used to summarize it? ("People's danger" and "easy to move" - these are the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty. And "people's danger" and "easy to move" are exactly the results of tyranny. From this, the natural transformation Enter the discussion.)
2. Read paragraph 5
1. Supplementary notes:
⑴ "The world is not full of small and weak people"──meaning It is said that Qin has the world, which is not the same as a local political power.
⑵ "The land of Yongzhou is as solid as Yaohan." - The terrain of Yongzhou and the solidity of Yaohan. It is still the same, which means that the superior terrain of Qin has not changed. ⑶ Thorns - textbook note, "thorns" are connected with "halberds" above. Note: "Ji Jin" should be interpreted together, that is, cutting thorns is called "Jin Zhan." It corresponds to the following "Hook Ji Long Qi"
⑷ It can also be written as "Same Day and Talk", which means to compare with each other
⑸ To achieve the power of ten thousand times. , ordering the eight states and dynasty in the same line - this sentence talks about what happened before Qin unified the whole country. The big country during the Warring States period was also called "Tongli". The countries in Qin and Shandong were all princes, so they were called "Tongli". "Preface" and "Chao" are intertextual. This sentence means that Qin was very powerful at that time, so the princes from the eight states came to worship it.
Note: From Qin Xiaogong to Qin's unification of the country, there were 140 years, so the following text goes on to say "more than a hundred years." It was not until "Liuhe was his home and Yaohan was his palace" that Qin unified the world.
⑹ The offensive and defensive momentum─“offensive” refers to before the unification of the six countries; “defense” refers to after the unification of the six countries.
2. Divide the levels: The first level (from the beginning to "You can't talk about the same age") compares and discusses the power of the Nine Kingdoms' masters and Chen She's group. At the beginning, it is pointed out that the advantages of the Qin Dynasty still exist, which is the premise of the comparative discussion. The comparison shows that Chen She's status and the weapons and quality of the peasant army are far inferior to the king of the Nine Kingdoms and his troops. The key point is the horoscope "success or failure changes, achievements are opposite", which sets the stage for the conclusion of the full text. The second level ("Ran Qin is only a mere place" to the conclusion) echoes the entire article and summarizes the central argument. The following four sentences of "Ran Qin" refer to paragraphs 1 and 2, the two sentences of "then" refer to paragraph 3, and the three sentences of "一夫" refer to paragraph 4. "If benevolence and righteousness are not applied, the offensive and defensive forces will be different" is the central argument of the whole article.
3. Reading guide: This paragraph is the focus of the whole text. Every sentence talks about Qin's mistakes. It must be read with momentum to express the author's profound meaning of "crossing Qin".
⑴ Qifu─Advance one level and take up the tone of discussion.
⑵ Use six "ye" in a row below and read it in an extremely positive tone.
⑶ The stress in the parallelism sentence is: "fei belongs to (belongs to)", "fei qian (yu)", "fei resists (yu)" and "fei and". (In fact, you can also add "yu" after "feiji").
⑷ "The scholar of the time" is followed by a pause to change the momentum of the next sentence.
⑸ "However, success or failure changes, and the achievements are opposite."─There is a long pause after "ye". If the word "ye" is removed and the sentence "why" is added, the answer is the conclusion of the whole text. It can be seen that the author intends to build momentum for the following, so he states without asking.
⑹ In the three sentences of "Try to make", repeat the above meaning, change the tone of hypothetical, and make another move.
⑺ The three sentences of "Ran Qin" have a downward trend, rising step by step until they reach the peak of "the one who laughs for the world". After a short pause, the sentence "He Ye" is forced out.
⑻ "Benevolence and righteousness are not applied" is a program, which is read in a tone of deep responsibility; "the offensive and defensive forces are different" is read in an explanatory tone, which means "not knowing the power of the world".
(The above contents are interspersed with explanations during the reading process.)
3. Summary of the full text
1. Summarize the center of the full text:
Ask students: What is the purpose of writing this article?
Using ancient metaphors to the present, we advise the rulers of the Western Han Dynasty to implement benevolent policies to calm the people.
Try to find a sentence from the previous quotation (2) to explain.
"The way of a herdsman is to ensure peace of mind."
2. Analyze the argumentation method of this article:
⑴ Use historical facts as evidence:
Question: The first three paragraphs of this article are purely historical narrations, which requires the author to argue What does the point of view matter?
Before Qin unified the country, it was on the offensive against the princes, and after the unification, it was on the defensive against the people of the country. This is to illustrate the point that "the offensive and defensive forces are different."
Question: Are there any differences in the policies adopted by the Qin Dynasty in these two different periods?
In the offensive period, the policy of deceitful force is adopted, while in the defensive period, the policy of oppressing the people is adopted. There is no difference in essence between the two.
Let’s use the words in the quotation (1) to illustrate:
“When Qin left the Warring States Period and ruled the world, his path was not easy and his government did not change. Ye"
Question: What does "the way is not easy and the politics will not change" mean?
Be kind and righteous.
⑵ Comparative argument:
Question: What is the purpose of comparing the Master of the Nine Kingdoms with Chen She in paragraph 5?
The Nine Kingdoms' divisions had a large number of counselors, sophisticated weapons and well-trained soldiers, but they could not defeat Qin. However, a group of peasant soldiers who cut trees into soldiers defeated Qin. This shows that Qin's tyranny and cruelty has reached its limit. Make it lose all the people in the world.
Use the words in the quotation (2) to illustrate: ‘
“People are in danger” - Chen She’s “spark” ignited a prairie fire.
Q: What other comparisons are there in this article?
The contrast between the Qin people's "opening and closing to delay the enemy" and the divisions of the Nine Kingdoms who "were patrolling and not daring to advance"; the contrast between "making alliances and seeking to weaken Qin" and "fighting for territory and bribing Qin"; "Preface 8" The contrast between states and dynasties in the same row" and "one man is in trouble and seven temples are in trouble". (Point out: These comparisons are only indirectly related to the argument.
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