What are the sanitary technical measures to prevent the harm of metal poisons?
(1) Replace toxic and highly toxic materials or processes with non-toxic and low-toxic materials or processes;
(2) sealing the production process and controlling dust and toxic sources;
(3) ventilation, dust removal and gas protection;
(4) Improve operation technology and production equipment, strengthen equipment maintenance, and put an end to running, running, dripping and leaking;
(5) Remote operation or isolated operation of the instrument.
What are the measures to prevent electrostatic hazards? There are many hazards of static electricity, first of all, it comes from the interaction of charged bodies. When the aircraft fuselage rubs against air, water vapor, dust and other particles, it will make the aircraft charged. If no measures are taken, it will seriously interfere with the normal work of the aircraft radio device and make the aircraft deaf and blind. In a printing factory, the static electricity between pages will make the pages stick together, making it difficult to separate them, which will bring trouble to printing; In the pharmaceutical factory. Because static electricity will attract dust, the purity of drugs will not reach the standard; When the TV is turned on, the static electricity on the screen is easy to absorb dust and oil, forming a dust film, which reduces the clarity and brightness of the image; The common dust that is difficult to pat off on blended clothes is also a ghost of electrostatic rammer. The second biggest hazard of static electricity is that it may explode because some flammable objects are ignited by electrostatic sparks. In the dark night, when we take off our nylon and woolen clothes, there will be sparks and a beep, which is basically harmless to the human body. But on the operating table, in addition to electric spark, it will also cause the explosion of anesthetic, hurting doctors and patients; In coal mines, gas explosion will be caused, resulting in the death and injury of workers, and the mine will be scrapped.
In a word, electrostatic hazards are caused by electricity and electrostatic sparks, and the most serious electrostatic discharge in electrostatic hazards causes fires and explosions of combustible substances. People often say that the preventive measures are generally to reduce the flow and velocity, transform the process links with strong electrification, and adopt equipment materials with low electrification. The simplest and most reliable method is to ground the equipment with wires, which can attract charges to the earth and avoid electrostatic accumulation. Careful passengers will probably find out; The discharge brushes are installed at the wing tip and tail of the aircraft. When the plane lands, in order to prevent passengers from getting electric shock when flying down, special grounding tires or grounding wires are often used on the landing gear of the plane. Release the static charge generated by the aircraft in the air. We often see a chain dragging at the tail of the tanker, which is the grounding wire of the tanker. Increasing the humidity of the working environment properly and letting the charge discharge at any time can also effectively eliminate static electricity. It is for this reason that it is not easy to do a good electrostatic test in wet weather. The antistatic agent studied by the researchers can eliminate the static electricity inside the insulator well.
However, everything has two sides. For the troublemaker of electrostatic hiding. As long as we understand its temper, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, we can also make it serve mankind. For example, electrostatic printing, electrostatic spraying, electrostatic flocking, electrostatic dust removal, and Hongkong Electric sorting technology have been widely used in industrial production and life. Static electricity has also begun to play a great role in seawater desalination, pesticide spraying, artificial rainfall, low temperature freezing and many other aspects, and even electrostatic feeders and other electrostatic devices have been installed on spacecraft.
In order to prevent the occurrence of static electricity, it is necessary to maintain a certain humidity indoors, often mop the floor, often sprinkle water, or humidify with a humidifier; Take a bath and change clothes frequently to eliminate the static charge accumulated on the surface of human body. When you find that your hair can't be combed, soak the comb in water for a while, and then comb your hair after the static electricity is eliminated. After taking off your clothes, gently touch the wall with your hands, and touch the wall with your hands before touching the door handle or faucet to "discharge" the static electricity in your body, so as not to hurt you. For the elderly, we should choose soft and smooth cotton textiles or silk underwear, and try our best to reduce the harm of static electricity.
1, wash your hands before going out, or put your hands on the wall to remove static electricity, and try to * * * chemical fiber clothes.
2. In order to avoid electrostatic strike, you can use small metal devices (such as keys) and cotton cloth to touch doors, door handles, faucets, chair backs, bed railings, etc. To eliminate static electricity, and then touch them with your hands.
3. Wear cotton underwear.
When you are ready to get off, hold the gear with your right hand, then touch the iron part below with your fingers, then open the door, put your left hand on the iron part of the door, but don't let go of your left hand, then let go of your right hand and get off. At this time, if you hold the door with your right hand, you won't be electrocuted. . Then push hard and it's done ~ ~
5. To deal with static electricity, we can adopt both "prevention" and "release". "Prevention", we should try to choose pure cotton products as fabrics for clothes and home decoration, and try to avoid using chemical fiber carpets and furniture with plastic as surface materials to prevent friction and electrification. Try to stay away from TV, refrigerator and other electrical appliances to prevent induction electrification. "Discharge" is to increase the humidity and make the static electricity in the area easy to release. When you turn off the TV and leave the computer, you should wash your hands and face immediately, so that the electrostatic charge on the surface of the panel can be released in water. Try to choose high moisturizing cosmetics in winter. Commonly used humidifier. Some people like to keep ornamental fish and daffodils indoors, which is also a good way to adjust indoor humidity.
In addition, an economical and practical humidification method is recommended: put a basin of water under the heating, use an old towel (or absorbent cloth), put one end in the water and the other end on the heating, so that about three liters of water can be evaporated into the house day and night. If every heater does this, the whole room will feel damp and pleasant. it wont hurt you to try it
6. Bathing and changing clothes frequently can effectively eliminate the static electricity accumulated on the surface of human body.
Air pressure, temperature and humidity should be well controlled, and good grounding measures should be taken.
What are the measures to prevent the harm of harmful gases? Mine air environment is also called mine air environment. Ground air is called mine air after it enters the mine. Due to the influence of various natural factors and production processes underground, mine air is different from ground air in composition and quality. Measures to prevent harmful gas hazards: (1) Strengthen ventilation. It is one of the main measures to prevent the harm of harmful gases by diluting the concentration of various harmful gases to below the safety standards stipulated in "Coal Mine Safety Regulations". (2) Strengthen the detection of harmful gases. According to the prescribed inspection system, adopt reasonable inspection methods and means, find hidden dangers and problems in time, and take effective measures to deal with them. (3) Gas drainage. A large amount of high concentration gas in coal seam or surrounding rock can be solved by drainage, which can not only reduce the underground gas emission and ventilation pressure, but also make use of the gas pumped to the ground. (4) Blasting shotcrete or using water cannon shotcrete. The water mist produced by sprayer and water cannon mud blasting can dissolve harmful gases such as nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide in cannon smoke and reduce its concentration. This method is simple and effective. (5) Strengthen the management of poor ventilation and underground blind alley. The goaf of working face should be closed in time, and the roadway with temporary ventilation should be fenced and hung with warning signs. When you need to enter, you must first check the harmful gas and confirm that it is harmless before entering. (6) underground personnel must carry self-rescuer. In case of fire, gas and coal dust explosion accident in mine, people can quickly use self-rescuer to evacuate the dangerous area. (7) Give first aid to people suffering from hypoxia, suffocation or poisoning in time. In general, the heavy hammer is to move the wounded to fresh air first, and take artificial respiration (except for N02 and HzS poisoning) or other first-aid measures according to the specific situation. [Filter hyperlinks in articles]
What technical measures are there to prevent electricity theft? 1. Before checking electricity theft, we should know the production and operation status, load and electricity consumption, electrician quality, etc. of the checked users. If the power suddenly drops, check carefully and never let go of any clues. When we want to check suspicious users, we must arrive at the installation site of the electric energy metering device as soon as possible and make a surprise inspection to prevent them from damaging the electricity stealing site.
2 when checking, be sure to carefully check whether the lead seal of the metering device is in good condition, whether the wiring of the metering device is correct, whether the execution state is consistent with the actual situation, and whether there is overheating and poor contact. , and pay special attention to details. The author once found a case of stealing electricity. The electricity thief uses high-voltage metering power supply, and the 10KV metering box is connected with the electricity meter box by cable. The thief short-circuited the current cable with a short-circuit ring, and then wrapped it with the same color tape. Although this method of stealing electricity is simple, it is often more difficult to detect because of its delicate technique.
Pay attention to check whether the configuration of metering device is consistent with the actual load of users, and replace it in time if it is found to be inconsistent. If the primary current of the current transformer is between 20% and 120% of the rated current, the proportion of excitation current is small and the measurement is more accurate. When the current transformer works above 120% of the rated current, the iron core is saturated and the excitation current is large, resulting in serious negative error and underestimating a lot of electricity. When the current transformer works below 20% of the rated current, there is a phenomenon of "big horse-drawn car", and when it works below 5%, there is a large negative error.
4 electricity inspectors should be patient when they go to the site for inspection. When we check the electricity consumption, we need the relevant personnel of the public utilities to be on site, especially the users of special transformers. Without the person in charge, we can't cut off the power supply at will for inspection, so as not to affect production. So some thieves learned that we were going to check the electricity, so they dodged first. At this time, we have to wait patiently. If we leave the scene, the thief will take the opportunity to destroy the scene of stealing electricity. We went back to check, and we couldn't find any evidence of stealing electricity.
Pay attention to the electricity inspection procedure and do a good job of obtaining evidence in all aspects. Without the relevant personnel of the electricity thief, they can't enter the electricity thief's home to check the electricity, so as not to cause unnecessary misunderstanding. With the continuous progress of science and technology, the means of stealing electricity are more and more diversified and scientific. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct technical training and experience exchange for electric power inspectors on a regular basis, continuously improve the technical level of electric power inspectors, support and control the trend of electric power theft in time, and better combat, stop and prevent illegal acts of electric power theft.
What are the measures to prevent dust hazards? People who work and live in a dusty environment can eat more pig blood in their daily diet, so that the dust in their bodies can be discharged quickly. Long-term consumption can prevent dust poisoning.
What is productive dust? Generally speaking, it is solid particles produced in the production process, which can float in the air for a long time in the production environment. The harm of productive dust to human body is various, but the most prominent harm is in the lungs. Because of the different nature and chemical composition of dust, the harm to the lungs is also very different. According to the performance after the victim, the lung diseases caused by dust can be divided into three situations. The first is pneumoconiosis. This is one of the main occupational diseases, which has been listed as legal occupational diseases in China. This disease is a systemic disease characterized by pulmonary fibrosis due to long-term inhalation of high concentration of productive dust. There are many kinds of pneumoconiosis, such as silicosis, asbestos lung, talc lung, mica lung, coal lung, coal silicosis, carbon pneumoconiosis and so on.
The second type is pneumoconiosis, which is caused by inhaling some metal dust or other dust, thus presenting foreign body reaction, which is less harmful than pneumoconiosis.
The third is the lung pathological reaction and allergic diseases caused by dust. This kind of disease is mainly caused by organic dust, such as cotton dust, hemp dust, wool dust, wood dust and so on.
The harm of productive dust to human body is influenced by many factors, the first is the chemical composition and properties of dust, and the dust with high content of free silica is more harmful than that with low content. Dust containing free silica is more harmful than dust containing no free silica. Secondly, the particle size of dust. Generally speaking, dust with larger particles is easy to fall off and drift in the air for a short time, so it is not easy to be inhaled and will not cause harm.
In addition, the solubility of dust in lung tissue, the specific gravity, shape and hardness of dust are all related to the harm to human body. Are workers engaged in dust operations harmful? The key is to ensure quality. Regular attention to protection can minimize the harm, or even completely control and eliminate the harm of dust. Comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent dust, mainly from the following aspects.
Preventing pneumoconiosis is very beneficial to protect workers' health and develop economy. China has many creative experiences in dust prevention, such as wet operation, sealing dust sources, ventilation and dust removal, personal protection, equipment maintenance and repair, measuring dust concentration in the air, and vigorously carrying out publicity and education. The concentration in the production environment is often related to the cleaning system, so paying attention to the cleaning of the environment and implementing cleaning can effectively reduce the dust concentration.
1, strengthen organizational leadership, formulate dust-proof rules and regulations, set up special * * * personnel, and provide organizational guarantee. Strict health examination should be carried out for employed people. Suffering from active pulmonary tuberculosis and various respiratory diseases (rhinitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, etc.). ) are not suitable for contact with dust. Workers exposed to dust should have regular physical examinations every year. If pneumoconiosis is found, you should immediately change jobs and actively treat it.
2, gradually reform the production process and production equipment, using wet operation mode, reduce dust flying.
3. Reduce the dust concentration in the air, seal the machinery to prevent dust from escaping, and adopt ventilation and exhaust devices and air purification and dust removal devices to reduce the dust in the workshop to below the national occupational exposure limits standard. 4. Strengthen personal hygiene protection. Workers engaged in dust operations should wear work clothes and work caps to reduce the exposed parts of the body. According to the nature of dust, choose to wear various dust masks to prevent dust from being inhaled from the respiratory tract and causing injuries.
The measures to prevent the harm of productive dust are the eight-character policy, waterproof protection and discipline inspection.
What are the preventive measures against noise hazards? (1) Control and elimination of noise sources This is the fundamental measure to prevent noise hazards, and different methods should be adopted according to specific situations and different objects. 1. Use welding or pressure welding instead of riveting, use extrusion instead of stamping, and use press instead of forging hammer. 2. Blowers and motors can be isolated or moved out of the room. 3. Correct or bend the steel plate with a plate bender instead of knocking the steel plate; When removing rusty screws, use hydraulic tongs instead of chisels. 4. Replace the metal gear with a gear made of less noisy material, or place parts made of less noisy material between metal parts. 5. The unit with high exhaust noise shall be equipped with a special muffler. 6. Improve the gear manufacturing accuracy and reduce the movable clearance of the steering device. 7. Realizing the automation of production process can reduce the influence of noise on production personnel. (2) Control the transmission and reflection of noise 1) Decorate indoor walls or ceilings with sound-absorbing materials to reduce indoor noise. 2) Noise elimination is the main measure to prevent aerodynamic noise. At present, there are three types of silencers that are most commonly used: resistance silencers, reactive silencers and impedance matching silencers. 3) Vibration reduction In order to prevent vibration and noise from spreading through solids, it is necessary to set up a vibration isolation and reduction device at the beginning of the connecting line between the machine or vibrating body and the floor and wall.
What are the measures to prevent rainstorm disasters?
First, low-lying residential areas can take "small encirclement" measures according to local conditions, such as building fences, placing water baffles at the gate, and configuring small pumps.
Second, don't throw rubbish and sundries into the sewer to prevent blockage, which will cause water accumulation in heavy rain.
Third, the electrical sockets and switches in the homes of residents at the bottom should be moved to a safe place above the ground 1 m. Once the outdoor water overflows into the house, cut off the power supply in time to prevent electric shock from hurting people.
Fourth, pay attention to observation when walking in stagnant water. Prevent falling into manholes or pits or holes.
Fifth, the river is an important drainage channel in the city. Don't dump garbage and waste at will to prevent siltation.