The meaning of jade

The meaning of ancient jade patterns

Chinese ancient jade patterns reflect people's traditional mentality of seeking good fortune and avoiding disaster. Each pattern expresses a desire for happiness through the patterns on its surface, whether it is a harp, a symbol, or a meaning. Now I will give some introduction to the common patterns in ancient jade. 1． Blessings to the soul: bat, longevity peach, Ganoderma lucidum. The peach is for longevity and its shape is like a heart. It borrows the word "spirit" from Ganoderma lucidum, which means that the arrival of happiness will make people smarter. This pattern is commonly used in round carvings and jade plaques in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. 2. Crane Deer Rejuvenate: Crane Deer and Pine Trees. The ancients called deer a "fairy beast". In mythology, there is a longevity star riding a sika deer; deer is a homophone for Lu and Lu, and crane is a homophone for He, so it means "Liuhe" and spring (Liuhe refers to heaven and earth, east, west, north, south), and also means wealth and longevity. It is often seen in jade screens and jade signs. Pixiu is an ancient auspicious animal with short wings, curly tail and beard. It is the strongest feng shui tool. , pronounced as "Pixiu" in Cantonese. Legend has it that Pixiu is a ferocious and auspicious beast, and this beast is divided into male and female. The male is called "Pixiu" and the female is called "Pixiu". It is divided into one horn or two horns, with a long rolled mane, one horn is called "Tianlu", and the two horns are called "evil war". In the south, most people like to call this. The auspicious beast is called "Pixiu", but in the north it is still called "to ward off evil spirits", and some people call it "monster" or "four different beasts". Pixiu feeds on wealth and receives wealth from all directions. People who are engaged in the main business or side business will place a Pixiu in their company or place of business, such as gambling, stocks, futures, finance, horse racing, entertainment, real estate and other industries. Detailed explanation of jade meaning

China. People have had the habit of wearing jade pendants since ancient times, some out of hobbies and some out of good wishes. In recent years, wearing jade pendants has become a fashion that consumers are pursuing. In fact, consumers feel that they have no choice. Most of the Hetian jade themes have clear themes. These themes may come from an anecdote, a legend, and entrust people's rich thoughts and emotions. The rich patterns on the pendants mostly take the meaning of longevity, blessing, and happiness. The decorations include figures, animals, flowers, texts and other patterns. Common ones are: Buddha and Guanyin: The Buddha in the pendant often takes the shape of a big-bellied Maitreya Buddha. It is actually shaped by the image of a monk named Qibi. According to historical records, Qibi was a native of Mingzhou (now Ningbo, Zhejiang Province) during the Five Dynasties. He often held a tin staff with a cloth bag hanging on it and traveled around towns and villages to beg, so people called him the "Budai Monk". According to legend, he was fat, casually dressed, could predict good and bad luck, and knew the weather and rain. Later, in the third year of Liang Zhenming, Qibi passed away. Later generations believed that he was the reincarnation of Maitreya, so he built a pagoda to worship him. The incarnation of trouble. Guanyin is regarded as the god of salvation and the embodiment of compassion. People wear such decorative pendants to borrow the power of Buddha and God. Come to bless yourself and pray for peace and happiness. The longevity star is decorated with the Antarctic fairy peach, which symbolizes happiness and longevity. Modern jade carvings often use it as a material to express people's yearning for health and longevity. It is decorated with ancient children, wishing for many children and good fortune. Dragon and Phoenix: The dragon is the most representative auspicious animal in China, and the phoenix is ​​the most representative auspicious bird in China. Legend has it that the phoenix represents good fortune. Women and dragons represent men. When paired together, they mean good luck in marriage. Fish: The word "fish" is a homophone for "yu", which means wealth. For example: there will be a surplus (fish) every year, there will be a surplus (fish) every year, and there will be a surplus (fish) every year. Bat: "Bat" and "Fu" are homophonic, meaning happiness. For example: Blessings are before your eyes (a bat carries a string of copper coins), etc. Toad: represents wealth since ancient times. The common bangs resemble golden toads, implying prosperity, happiness and good fortune. Monkey: "Monkey" and "Hou" are homophonic. The combination of horse and monkey means that you will be granted a title of marquis immediately, or you will be promoted to a noble title. There are also two monkeys together, which means "being granted the title of marquis from generation to generation". Twelve zodiac signs: The zodiac signs are also called elephant pendants, which are regarded as talismans to bless peace and happiness. Plant decoration: Plant decoration is often combined with animal decoration to produce rich patterns and meanings, such as: more than one year after another, pine and crane for longevity, etc. There are also individual plant patterns, such as bamboo, which represents height; flowers, which represent blooming and wealth; and the four gentlemen among plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum, which represent people’s integrity and character.

Text and pattern decoration: Commonly used text and pattern decorations include the words longevity, fortune, fortune, happiness, longevity, etc., as well as the Yin and Yang Bagua and auspicious patterns. It means good luck and peace. Regarding "Auspicious Ruyi" and "Peaceful Jiqing", they are the themes with the ontological meaning of "Auspicious", which are the themes of the "Auspicious Pattern":

(1) "Auspicious Ruyi", the pattern is generally made of a boy Holding Ruyi in hand, ride on the back of the elephant and play; or play on the back of the elephant; or carry a treasure vase on the back of the elephant, insert "halberd" and "ruyi"③ in the bottle, and borrow "halberd" and "ji" , the sounds of "xiang" and "xiang" are harmonious, meaning "good luck and good luck"; there are also patterns that use the Chinese character "good luck" and "good luck" together to form a pattern.

(2) "Peaceful celebration". The pattern shows three sharp halberds inserted in a vase, with a chime (an ancient musical instrument) hanging on the halberds. "Ping" and "Ping", "Ji" and "Ji", "Qing" and "Qing" are homophonic. The "halberd" and "chime" placed in the bottle mean "peace and happiness".

(3) The "Eight Treasures of Auspiciousness" are represented by "Dharma Conch", "**", "Lotus" (also known as "Auspicious Flower"), "Sky Cover" (also known as "White Cover"), " "Goldfish", "Treasure Vase" (also known as "Treasure Pot", "Relic Pot"), "Treasure Umbrella", "Pan Chang" ("Chang" means "intestine", also known as "Eight Knots", "Hundred Knots" ) and other eight mascots form the pattern, and each object is wrapped with a wind belt. It means good luck, wealth and longevity. Literature records: "The offerings include lids, fish, pots, flowers, wheels, snails, umbrellas, and intestines, which are called 'Eight Treasures Auspicious'. ④ In addition, "(Python robe) patterns have many names, with two group flowers In respect, there are two dragons in a group of lights, one in the shape of a jade, and one with eight auspicious signs. "⑤

(4) "Everything goes well", the pattern is usually composed of the characters "evergreen", "" and "persimmon", "ruyi" and other objects. It is composed of "" and "万", "persimmon" "" is a homophonic pronunciation of "things" to replace "all things". There are also those who do not use persimmons, but only use the word "" as the background pattern, and draw a wishful pattern on it.

(5) "Good luck every year", pattern The pattern is composed of two catfishes and Ruyi. Since "catfish" and "year" are homophones, this pattern transforms "ruyi" into "water patterns" and "sprays" in terms of object representation, like fish in water, which is quite innovative. The pattern composed of lotus and carp means "every year there will be more than enough (fish)"

(6) "Everything goes well", "everything" means "everything" or "all things". It is usually represented by the pattern of two persimmons or persimmon stems. It is said that the persimmon tree has seven virtues: one is longevity; For viewing; six fruits are abundant; seven fallen leaves are fat and can be written (see "Youyang Zazu" written by Duan Chengshi of the Tang Dynasty), so the sound of "persimmon" is mixed with the sound of "shi" to incorporate many auspicious and beautiful connotations; and then it is combined with "ruyi". "" objects are painted and embroidered together to form an auspicious pattern of "everything goes well". There are also people who refer to "things" with the harmonious sounds of "lion" and "thing". The pattern often shows a boy carrying "everything goes well" on his shoulders. Holding double persimmons; there are also those who carry "Ruyi" on their shoulders and hang "Double Persimmons"; there are also those who cross two "Ruyi" with "persimmons" or lions on both sides; they are especially commonly used for birthdays, celebrations, and weddings. . Widely circulated in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

(7) "Ruyi Lian Yun", also known as "Ruyi Clouds", is a pattern made of floating connected flowing clouds, or the head end of "Ruyi". , or Ganoderma lucidum, or auspicious cloud patterns, which are connected with the handle of "Ruyi" to form a pattern of flowing and connected auspicious clouds, hence the name. Volume 10 of "Sericulture Collection" written by Weijie of the Qing Dynasty lists "Ruyi" under the heading "Tribute Flower Patterns". "Lianyun".

(8) "Sihe Ruyi", that is, using the Ruyi head as the basic pattern, making a four-way symmetrical and continuous pattern, that is, a "four-way continuous" pattern. In 1975, Fuzhou Fuzhou, Fujian Province, Song Dynasty Among the items unearthed from the tomb, there is a white-glazed head-shaped pillow with four-in-one Ruyi pattern in brown color. "Ruyi". The pattern is composed of "writing brush", "ink ingot" or "silver ingot" and "ruyi". "Bi" and "bi", "Ingot" and "ding" are all homophonic, and they are integrated into one, which means: "It will definitely go as you wish."

(10) "Hehe and everything will go well". "Hehe" is said to be two immortals, namely "Hanshan" and "Shide". Although they have different surnames, they are more than brothers. They both fell in love with a beautiful girl but didn't know each other. When they were about to get married in Hanshan, they realized that Shide also loved his daughter, so they abandoned their homes and ran away, becoming a monk in Fengqiao, Suzhou, and marrying a monk.

After Shizhi learned about this, he left his daughter and went to Hanshan to find the thatched hut in Hanshan. He broke off a blooming lotus and went to see him as a gift. Hanshan was overjoyed when he saw Shizhi come from a long way to find him, fearing that he would be hungry, so he rushed out with a food box. The two were very happy to welcome him. They both became monks and opened a temple on the mountain, which was called "Hanshan Temple". The images of the two immortals "Hanshan" and "Shide" often appear in paintings and handicrafts. They are smiling and wearing green clothes. One holds a "lotus" and the other holds a "round box". They borrow "lotus" and "box". "harmony", "harmony" and "harmony" take the meaning of "harmony and harmony". This theme and decoration often appear in folk patterns, and a large number of real objects have been handed down.

(11) "Four Seasons", the picture uses persimmons, loquats, grapes, watermelons, pomegranates, lychees, white lotus and other four-season fruits or four-season flowers such as plums, orchids, bamboos and chrysanthemums to match "Ruyi" Make up patterns.

(12) "The road is smooth", with two or several running deer forming a pattern. "Deer" was regarded as an auspicious animal in ancient times. "Deer" is not only homophonic with "Lu", but also homophonic with "road". Counting deer running together and traveling unimpeded means smooth sailing and accessibility in all directions. In addition, there are also "peace every year", "peace for a hundred years", "peace and good luck", "cohabitation with nine peaces", "good luck every year", "good luck in the house" and "live and work in peace and contentment".

The themes of "luck, wealth, longevity" and "the test of wealth and longevity" in "auspicious patterns" are one of the most extensive, common and popular themes among the people, and are also the most popular themes in Cizhou kiln. One of the most distinctive themes among aesthetic cultural decoration themes.

(1) "Five Blessings and Longevity" were popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The so-called "Five Blessings" refer to the five kinds of good fortune. The words come from "Shang Shu." "Hong Fan": "The five blessings: the first is longevity, the second is wealth, the third is health, the fourth is good virtue, and the fifth is life." Han Huantan's "New Theory" has a new explanation: "Five blessings: longevity, wealth , nobleness, peace and happiness, and many descendants." Usually, five "bats" surround a "longevity" character to form a circular or square pattern. According to the homophony of "bat" and "福", its combination with the word "shou" contains the meaning of "wealth" and "longevity".

(2) "Five Blessings of the Calendar". In the old calendar, the winter solstice is the beginning of the first year, Pingshuo is the beginning of the first month, and midnight is the beginning of the first day. Pingshuo and the winter solstice fall on the same day in the middle of the night, which is called "Liyuan". Refers to the New Year. It is usually composed of "lychee", "Guiyuan" or "copper coins" and five "bats"; borrowing "lychee" means "li", borrowing "Guiyuan" or "copper coins" and five "bats" means "yuan" and "Five Blessings." Among the "five blessings", "shou peach" means "longevity", "peony" means "wealth", "osmanthus" means "nobility", "quail" or "deer" means "safe" or "happiness" and " "Pomegranate" is composed of "many children". The specific meaning of "Five Blessings" comes from the "New Treatise" written by Huan Tan of the Han Dynasty.

(3) "Blessing from Heavenly Official" is also called "receiving blessing from Heaven". The fifteenth day of the first lunar month of the lunar calendar is the Shangyuan Festival. According to folklore, the heavenly official descends to bless the world. Therefore, it is used as a folk decorative pattern. The pattern usually consists of heavenly officials and flying bats. Borrow "bat" to represent "blessing". There are also people who are decorated with scrolls held by Heavenly Officials, who write the four words "Blessings from Heavenly Officials". It is widely used in folk utensils, decorations, sculptures and New Year pictures.

(4) The pattern of "luck falls from the sky" is composed of "bat" and "auspicious cloud" patterns, which symbolizes the arrival of good fortune.

(5) "Good luck, longevity and good fortune", mostly auspicious patterns composed of "bat", "bergamot", "peach" and "ruyi". There are also those who use the word "shou" to replace "peach", and those who use "ganoderma" to replace "ruyi". "Bat" and "Buddha" are both homophonic with the word "Fu"; "Peach" is also called "Shou Peach", symbolizing longevity, and combined into a pattern, it means "good luck and longevity". It was more popular during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(6) "Fu and fortune are connected", "deer" is regarded as an auspicious animal in ancient times. It has been a green deer for a thousand years, a white deer for another five hundred years, and a black deer for another five hundred years. explain. The meaning of "deer" and "lu" are harmonious, so it contains "official salary", "salary" and "remuneration position", etc. "Lu" refers to the salary given to officials in ancient times. "Deer" and "bat" form a pattern, forming a circular pattern connected end to end, which is called "Fu Lu connected". There are others that are combined with "Shou Tao", which were especially popular after the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. On the jade openwork plaque unearthed from the Orimi Golden Tomb in the lower reaches of the Songhua River in 1974, there is a pair of red deer carved. The male deer has long antlers and a hunched back, standing proudly; the female deer looks back and stares, gentle and docile. It has distinct characteristics of nomadic people. This shows that auspicious patterns began to appear in the ornaments of ethnic minorities during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. This has been proven by many unearthed cultural relics.

(7) "Crane longevity prolongs life". Folks regard cranes as birds with longevity, so there is a saying of "Crane longevity".

"Huainanzi." "Speaking of Lin Xun": "The crane lives a thousand years, so that he can travel to the extreme." Unearthed from the 5th floor of the 3rd exploration area of ​​Guantai Cizhou Kiln, the white-glazed oval pillow with black flowers on a white ground No. 110 has a pattern painted on it, which is "The crane lives longer ". There is a poem that goes: "Peach blossoms and white leaves cannot become spring, and cranes that live for thousands of years will not be immortal." ⑥ Therefore, the pattern uses "crane" and "shou peach" or "peach blossom" to form an auspicious pattern, which means longevity. It was very popular during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(8) "Pine and Crane in the Age", also known as "Pine and Crane in Spring", "Pine and Crane in Spring", "Crane and Longevity in Pine", the picture is composed of green pines and cranes. The pine trees are evergreen, evergreen and vigorous, elongating their lives; the crane is said to be a thousand-year-old bird, and often dances to express its youth. "Pine" and "crane" are both symbols of longevity, and when combined into one, it means good luck and longevity, so it is logical. It became popular during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(9) "Liu Hai Plays with Toad", Liu Hai is a Taoist figure. According to legend, he became enlightened and became an immortal when he saw the danger of a stranger trying to build money. The pattern usually features a childlike figure with bangs, fluffy hair and a big mouth, wearing a shirt with wide sleeves, and fishing for a three-legged golden toad. Because bangs are regarded as lucky stars, they are decorated with auspicious meanings of wealth and happiness. Some people also call this pattern "bangs scattering money", which is a metaphor for people giving up fame, wealth, and money. The "Tianshui Bingshan Record" written by an unknown person in the Ming Dynasty recorded that among Yan Song's confiscated clothes, there was "a pair of Jinxiang Dafeng 'Liu Haixichan' jewelry".

(10) "Eight Immortals' Birthday Celebration", also known as "The Immortals' Birthday Celebration", "Eight Immortals' Birthday Celebration", etc. The traditional pattern is composed of the "Eight Immortals": Zhang Guolao, Lu Dongbin, Han Xiangzi, He Xiangu, Li Tieguai, Han Zhongli, Cao Guojiu, Lan Caihe, etc. gathering together to celebrate their birthdays with wine. It is mostly used in folk men's and women's scarfs, dresses, pendants, jewelry, etc. There are also eight "cranes" flying gracefully, and the "immortal" in "crane" is used to refer to the "immortal" of the "Eight Immortals"; it is also said that immortals often fly around on cranes and travel around the world, that is, they use the "cranes" on their mounts. ” instead. In addition, if the Eight Immortals look up to the longevity star riding a crane in the sky, it is called "Eight Immortals Yang Shou" or "Eight Immortals Gongshou". In addition, the "auspicious patterns" with the theme of "Fu, Lu, Longevity" include: "Turtles and cranes are of the same age", "Three more and nine Ru", "Three more" means "more life, more blessings, more descendants" "Jiuru", "The Book of Songs". Xiaoya. "Deer Sky" contains: "Like a mountain, like a mountain; like a hill, like a mausoleum; like a river, which never fails to increase;...like the permanence of the moon; like the rising of the sun; like the longevity of the Nanshan Mountain, which does not rise or collapse; like the luxuriance of pines and cypresses. , All of them are signs of Zhenxiang. "Continuous hair of gold and jade", "Full of gold and jade", "Full of wealth in the hall", "Wealth in the jade hall", "God's longevity", "Luxury and longevity", "Longevity and longevity", "Shoushan and sea of ​​blessings", "Immortal" (this is " Ground peanuts form the pattern, and peanuts are commonly known as "Eternal Life Fruit" because of its continuous roots and numerous fruits, hence the name), "Yunzhi Ruicao" (with "auspicious clouds", "Ganoderma lucidum", etc. to form auspicious patterns), "Wanfu Longshou" (with "Xiang Yun" and "Lingzhi" etc. forming auspicious patterns) Chinese characters such as "" and "Shou" form auspicious patterns), "longevity", "longevity", "longevity", "longevity", "longevity", "fushoukao", "wealth" (with "peony") "flower", "osmanthus" and "white-headed bird" form auspicious patterns), "wealth for generations", "longevity white-headed" ("rose flower" or "marigold", "longevity stone" and "white-headed bird" form patterns) ), "Yuanshou character" is also known as "Tuanshou character" (an auspicious pattern is composed of a variant of the seal character "Shou"), "Magu presents longevity" (it is represented by the fairy "Magu" combing her bun with a hairpin and holding a fairy peach. Auspicious patterns), "Qimei eyebrows to celebrate birthday" (with "plum blossoms", "green bamboos" and "ribboned birds" forming auspicious patterns. "Qi Mei" is cited in "Dong Guan Han Ji. Liang Hong Biography", and later "Qi Mei" It means husband and wife respect each other and love each other; "Qimei Meishou" means husband and wife praying for longevity;), "Qingluan Xianshou" (the auspicious pattern is composed of "Qingluan bird", "Shou peach" or "Shou"), etc.

The relationship between husband and wife is one of the "five ethics" relationships that maintain the order of feudal society. Children have stories, friends have letters. " is the moral code of the "Five Ethics" relationship. The "auspicious meaning" expressed in folk "auspicious patterns" is more about the themes of husband and wife's love, "the same heart" and "the same harmony until old age": < /p>

(1) "Hibiscus with the same heart", also known as "Hibiscus with the same heart". The lotus with double stems is a type of lotus, and the two flowers come from the same stem. "Both flying butterflies are chasing each other, and the hibiscus is a pair of two." This is the chant.

The pattern often shows a section of white lotus root sprouting a number of lotus leaves and lotus flowers. There are holes on the lotus root, which means that the heart is connected, and the sounds of "tong" and "tong" are harmonious, implying the love between husband and wife, accompanying each other in form and shadow, and growing old together. Popular utensils in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(2) "A knot of the same heart will win the day", also known as "the knot of the same heart will last forever", which forms an auspicious pattern with "the two sides win" and "double happiness". "Fang Sheng" is two diamond shapes connected to each other, which means "concentric". Take the auspicious connotations of "good marriage" and "harmony of piano and harp". Chapter 51 of "Jin Ping Mei Ci Hua" records Pan Jinlian's sweat scarf, which is embroidered with auspicious patterns such as "Ten Brocades" and "Concentric Knot".

(3) "Because of harmony, we get a couple", with "lotus", "lotus pod" and "white lotus root" forming auspicious patterns. "Lotus" and "harmony", "lotus root" and "even" are all homophonic, which means a good match in heaven and harmony between husband and wife.

(4) "We grow old together", with "copper basin", "bronze mirror" and "shoes" forming auspicious patterns. Because "copper" and "tong", "shoes" and "kai" are all homophonic, it means that the husband is honorable, the wife is noble, and the piano and harp are harmonious. It is mostly used in folk scarves, hats, dresses and accessories for men and women.

(5) "Childhood Plum and Bamboo Horse", with "Heavenly Bamboo" and "Wangmei" forming an auspicious pattern. "Plum Blossom" is used to replace "Green Plum" and "Tianzhu" is used to replace "Tianma", implying the couple's childhood sweethearts and mutual respect and love. In addition, there are also "white-headed wealth", "mandarin ducks playing in the water", "manchichijiao", etc., which are all auspicious patterns of this type of theme.

Human beings have always promoted the reproductive phenomenon of reproduction and prosperity. Therefore, auspicious patterns with the theme of having many children and grandchildren and melons and melons are also rich and colorful:

(1) "Qilin sends a son", also known as "Jade Qilin is a gift from heaven". A boy riding a unicorn forms an auspicious pattern. The boy wears a crown and robe, holding a lotus in one hand and a sheng in the other; "lotus" and "sheng" mean "continuous life", and the unicorn, the ideal spiritual beast of mankind, descended from the sky to send his precious son. Popular in Qing Dynasty utensils.

(2) "A hundred sons bloom in a durian", also known as "a hundred sons live in the same room". Use "pomegranate" to form an auspicious pattern. Pomegranate has one fruit and many fruits, so it is used as a metaphor for "many sons" among the people. The auspicious meaning of progeny and continuous reproduction.

(3) "Progeny for generations", the auspicious pattern is formed by the word "gourd" and "gourd vine" or "". "Gourd" is a multi-seeded plant, which is a metaphor for the reproduction of descendants; "vine", " "" is a homophone for "ten thousand", and the vines are winding and winding, implying longevity for all generations. There are also auspicious patterns composed of "pomegranate" and "bamboo shoots", which have similar meanings. It was more popular in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(4) "Yi Zi Sun", the so-called: "Yi Zi Sun" is an auspicious word, which means that a woman is suitable for childbirth and continuous heirs. Most of the auspicious patterns use the method of "color generation" to express the auspicious pattern of "Hemerocallis". Hemerocallis is also known as "yellow flower grass" and "daylily". It is said in ancient times that women wearing the flower during pregnancy can give birth to a boy; therefore, "Hemerocallis" is also known as the "flower suitable for men". In addition, the gold pendant unearthed from the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb in Wuguidun, Hefei, Anhui Province, is the Chinese character "Yi Zisun" in seal script, which is an auspicious decoration. It can be seen that this auspicious picture has a long history.

(5) "It is suitable for a man to have many children", also known as "It is suitable for a man to have a long life" and "to have a long life and prolong life". "Hemerocallis" and "pomegranate" form an auspicious pattern. There are also those who use "Shou Stone" and "Hemerocallis" to form auspicious patterns. In addition to the above-mentioned meaning of having descendants, it also means good luck and longevity. In addition, the molded porcelain fat male doll is also an expression of "men are suitable for having many children". The "Children's Pillow with Black Flowers on White Ground" from Cizhou Kiln embodies this auspicious meaning.

(6) "The melons are endless" and "the melons" are big melons and small melons, which means that the descendants will be prosperous and multiply endlessly. The patterns usually consist of "butterfly", "melon" and "melon vine". It is mostly used in folk clothing, jewelry and pendants for men and women. Popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, there are also "early birth of a noble son" (the auspicious pattern is composed of "red dates" or "jujube tree" and "longan"), "Fu Zenggui son" (the pattern is usually represented by "osmanthus tree" or "osmanthus flower" and "bat") and "continuously giving birth to a noble son" and so on.

The so-called success in the imperial examination in feudal society, the title on the gold list, and the prosperity of the official career are also an important aspect of the auspicious patterns:

(1) "Three good news" "Yuan", the pattern usually consists of a "magpie" perched on a "longan" branch, drawing its neck and chirping. The Cizhou kiln's glutinous rice-glazed longan-faced tiger pillow with black flowers and magpie patterns on a white ground is an example. Three "longan" pieces mean "three yuan". The "Three Yuan" people were the first placers in the three-level examinations of the provincial examination, the general examination, and the palace examination in feudal society: they were called "Jie Yuan", "Hui Yuan", and "Zhuang Yuan".

The pattern also includes a spider embroidered next to three lychees or three citrons. The meaning is the same.

(2) "The number one scholar and the first place in the palace examination" is called the "number one scholar"; the second place is called the "second place", and the third place is called the "third flower". After the palace examination, there are rankings of A and B. Usually the top three are awarded Jinshi by the emperor, and the last seven are awarded Jinshi by birth. The pattern usually consists of a crowned boy riding a dragon. "Crown" and "official" are homophonic, and wearing a crown is an allegory for high school. When a boy rides on a dragon, he means "taking the lead", which means he is "the number one scholar" and achieves the highest rank.

(3) "Lianke all the way", in the feudal society, the continuous passing of the scientific examination is called "Lianke". "Lianke all the way" means success in the field and smooth sailing. The pattern usually uses "egret" (egret), "lotus", "lotus leaf" and "reed" to form a small scene of a pond. This is what the Cizhou kiln white-glazed rust flower pillow is all about. "Yilu" means "all the way", and "Lu" and "胪" are homophonic. The imperial examination was decided by the emperor and was sung in the palace. After the singing was completed, it was taken over by the pavilion door and passed down the steps. The guards announced the name in unison and shouted, which is called "passing the body". It borrows the meaning of "Lianke" and "Chuanlu".

(4) "Huang Jia Chuan Lu", also known as "Er Jia Chuan Lu". In the Ming Dynasty, the person who ranked second in the palace examination and ranked first in the top three was called Chuanlu. In the Qing Dynasty, the first person in the second class was called Chuanlu. "Erjia Chuanlu" is the top player in the high ranking list. Since the list of successful candidates is mostly written on yellow paper, it is also called "Yellow Jia". Hua Yue of the Song Dynasty wrote a poem in "Wang Zhu Tongshe": "If you don't climb Huang Jia in three moves, you will return home empty-handed and smiling." That's what it means. The pattern usually consists of two "ducks" or "two crabs" and "reeds". "Duck" and "A" are homophonic, and two ducks mean "two armors"; "crab" has a carapace, which also means "a".

(5) "Spring Swallows in the Apricot Forest", a pattern composed of several branches of "apricot trees" or "apricot flowers" and a pair of "flying swallows". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, imperial examinations were used to select scholars, and it was stipulated that every February During the Jinshi examination, apricot blossoms were in bloom, so "apricot blossoms" were known as "the flower of passing exams". Those who pass the palace examination will receive a banquet from the emperor. Yan is the auspicious bird that knows spring, and it is homophonic with "Yan", which means "Jinshi and the first place".

(6) "Toad Palace Wins the Laurel", also known as "Toad Palace Gui Rabbit". Winning the first prize in an ancient scientific examination was called "winning the title in the Toad Palace". The pattern uses "toad", "laurel tree" and "jade rabbit" to form a mid-moon wonderland.

(7) "Langui Qifang", also known as "Guizi Lansun" and "Langui Shengfang", uses "orchid" and "osmanthus" to form an auspicious pattern. Because Xie An, a famous scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, compared his nephew to "Zhilan", Dou Yujun of the Five Dynasties taught his five sons to all become famous, and they were called Gui (Gui) son, collectively known as "Five Gui". Later, "Lan Gui Qifang" was used as auspicious words. Chapter 120 of "Dream of Red Mansions" has "In the future, orchids, Gui, and fragrant flowers, it is natural for the family to return to its original state." Most of the patterns use "color" as an expression technique. In addition, there are also "one, one, one" (pattern Usually it is composed of a "duck" or a "crab" and a "reed"), "the number one scholar celebrates his birthday" (the pattern is composed of "citron", "green bamboo" and "ribboned bird"), "five sons win the championship" ( The pattern consists of five boys competing for a helmet), "Five Sons Enrollment" (the pattern consists of a "rooster" and five "chicks" in a "chicken nest". According to legend, Yu Jun of Yanshan in the Five Dynasties taught his children well, and the five All the sons passed the humanities examination and became famous all over the world. Later generations were said to be successful in their studies and successful in the examinations as "the five sons passed the examination"), "the first grade of incorruptibility" (the pattern is composed of a "lotus" and several lotus leaves), and "the first grade of Dongtian" ( The pattern is composed of "Taihu stone". Taihu stone has characteristics such as thinness, transparency and leakage, hence the name), "Yipin Dangchao" (the pattern is composed of "crane", "water wave" and "rising sun", with the crane as a feather. The head of the clan is the pattern of the first-rank civil official "Bu Zi" (also known as the "first-rank bird"), "the official is added to the official" (the pattern may be a "cockscomb" with a "rooster" under it, or " The "cockscomb" has a "crab" underneath it, or the "cockscomb" has a "grasshopper" sitting under it, both of which mean "offer to official"). In addition, there are "promoted to the third level", "promoted to a noble title" and "immediate profit".