Should biotechnology be a liberal arts or science subject?

Science

Business training objectives

This major cultivates basic theories, basic knowledge and basic skills of life sciences and more systematic biotechnology. Can engage in scientific research or teaching in scientific research institutions or colleges and universities, and can engage in biotechnology-related applications in enterprises, institutions and administrative departments in industry, medicine, food, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, environmental protection, gardening and other industries Senior professionals in research, technology development, production management and administrative management.

Business training requirements

Students in this major mainly learn basic theories and basic knowledge in biotechnology, and are trained in scientific thinking and scientific experiments in applied basic research and technology development, and have relatively good skills. Good scientific literacy and preliminary basic abilities in teaching, research, development and management.

Biotechnology is the product of the development of modern biology and its integration with related disciplines. Its core is genetic engineering centered on DNA recombinant technology, and also includes microbial engineering, biochemical engineering, cell engineering and biological products. and other fields. Cultivate senior professionals in biotechnology who have mastered the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic skills of modern biology and biotechnology, obtained preliminary training in applied basic research and scientific and technological development research, and have good scientific quality, strong sense of innovation and practical ability. .

The biotechnology major cultivates senior professionals with ecological knowledge who can engage in ecological environment protection and management in scientific research institutions, colleges and universities, enterprises and administrative departments.

Biotechnology graduates should acquire the following knowledge and abilities:

1. Master the basic theories and basic knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc.;

2. Master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic experimental skills in basic biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, genetic engineering, fermentation engineering and cell engineering, as well as the basic principles and basic methods of biotechnology and product development;

3． Understand the general principles and knowledge of similar majors;

4. Familiar with relevant policies and regulations such as national biotechnology industry policies, intellectual property rights and bioengineering safety regulations;

5. Understand the theoretical frontiers, application prospects and latest developments of biotechnology, as well as the development status of the biotechnology industry;

6. Master the basic methods of data query, literature retrieval and the use of modern information technology to obtain relevant information; have the ability to design experiments, create experimental conditions, summarize, organize and analyze experimental results, write papers, and participate in academic exchanges.

Main subjects

Biology, chemistry

Main courses

Microbiology, cell biology, genetics, zoology, plant Science, ecology, behavior, plant physiology, animal physiology, biological evolution, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetic engineering, cell engineering, microbial engineering, biochemical engineering, bioengineering downstream technology, fermentation engineering equipment, etc.

Main practical teaching links: including teaching internship, production internship and graduation thesis (design, etc., generally scheduled for 10-20 weeks.

Length of study

Four Year

Degree awarded

Bachelor of Science

In recent years, modern biotechnology represented by genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering, and fermentation engineering has developed rapidly. , and increasingly affecting and changing people's production and lifestyle. The so-called biotechnology refers to "using living organisms (or biological substances) to improve products, improve plants and animals, or cultivate them for special purposes. "Microbiological technology". Bioengineering is a general term for biotechnology, which refers to the use of biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, genetics and other principles combined with biochemical engineering to transform or re-create the genetic material of designed cells and cultivate New varieties use existing biological systems on an industrial scale to manufacture industrial products through biochemical processes. In short, it is the process of industrializing living organisms, life systems or life processes. Bioengineering includes genetic engineering and cell engineering. , enzyme engineering, fermentation engineering, bioelectronic engineering, bioreactors, sterilization technology and emerging protein engineering, etc. Among them, genetic engineering is the core of modern bioengineering (or genetic engineering, genetic recombination technology). Genes from different organisms are cut and combined in vitro and connected to the DNA of vectors (plasmids, phages, viruses), and then transferred into microorganisms or cells for cloning, and the transferred genes are expressed in cells or microorganisms to produce the desired

Currently, more than 60% of biotechnology achievements are used in the pharmaceutical industry to develop new specialty drugs or improve traditional medicines, which has caused major changes in the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceuticals have also developed rapidly. Biopharmaceuticals are the process of applying bioengineering technology to the field of drug manufacturing, the most important of which is genetic engineering methods, which use cloning technology and tissue culture technology to cut, insert, connect and recombine DNA. Thereby obtaining biomedical products.

Biopharmaceuticals are biologically activated preparations made from microorganisms, parasites, animal toxins, and biological tissues as starting materials, prepared using biological processes or separation and purification techniques, and using biological techniques and analytical techniques to control the quality of intermediate products and finished products. , including vaccines, vaccines, toxins, toxoids, serum, blood products, immune preparations, cytokines, antigens, monoclonal antibodies and genetic engineering products (recombinant DNA products, in vitro diagnostic reagents), etc. At present, biological drugs that have been developed by humans and have entered the clinical application stage can be divided into three major categories according to their uses: genetic engineering drugs, biological vaccines and biological diagnostic reagents. These products play an increasingly important role in diagnosing, preventing, controlling and even eliminating infectious diseases and protecting human health.

The relationship between biotechnology and information technology

The relationship between biotechnology and information technology

Biotechnology (Biotechnology) is based on life science and uses biological ( or biological tissues, cells and other components), the design and construction of new substances or new strains with expected properties, and the comprehensive technology that is combined with engineering principles to process and produce products or provide services. Information technology (information science) is the technology that studies the acquisition, transmission and processing of information. It is a combination of computer technology, communication technology and microelectronics technology. It uses computers for information processing and modern electronic communication technology for information collection and storage. , processing, utilization and related product manufacturing, technology development and new disciplines of information services. Information technology and biotechnology are both high and new technologies. In the new economy, the two are not in a trade-off relationship. Instead, they complement each other and jointly promote the rapid economic development in the 21st century.

1. The development of biotechnology requires the support of information technology

(1) Information technology provides powerful computing tools for the development of biotechnology. In the development process of modern biotechnology, computers and high-performance computing technology have played a huge role in promoting it. In the release of the draft human genome jointly drawn by Celera Gene Research, the British Sanger Center, the Whitehead Institute of the United States, the National Institutes of Health, and the Human Genome Center of the Institute of Genetics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, many in the United States Research institutions particularly emphasize that it is the high-performance computing technology provided by information technology manufacturers that makes all this possible. Similarly, during the creation of the human genome draft known as the "Life Sciences Apollo Moon Landing Program," Compaq's Alpha servers also provided researchers with excellent computing power. Industry analysts say that behind this fierce race to decode genes is a competition for supercomputing power. At the same time, this competition will help the public form a general understanding of the superpowers of supercomputers. Until then, these ultra-high-speed machines, which cost at least millions of dollars to build, had been unknown. They were used to control nuclear reactors, predict the weather, or play against world-class chess masters. Nowadays, people are increasingly aware that supercomputers are crucial in creating new kinds of drugs, curing diseases, and ultimately enabling us to repair human genetic defects. High-performance computing can make greater contributions to mankind. .

The CEO of Celera Corporation said in an interview with USA Today: "This is the first time in human history that the human genetic code has been combined in a linear manner." Celera The company had to put 3.2 billion base pairs into the correct order, a challenge that was the most severe of any large-scale calculation ever attempted. In order to complete the extremely large amount of data processing required for this historic project, Celera used 700 interconnected Alpha64-bit processors, with a computing power of 1.3 trillion floating-point operations per second. At the same time, Celera also adopted Compaq's Storage Works system to complete the management of a database with a space of 50TB and an annual growth rate of IOTA. The chairman of the board of directors of Compaq Computer Company once said in a speech: "Now , it is difficult to separate the progress of biotechnology from the development of high-performance computing. In fact, many leading scientists believe that high-performance computing is the future of biology and medicine, with more and more powerful functions. Computers and software will be used to collect, store, analyze, simulate and distribute information.

Information technology will also help enhance various database management, information delivery, retrieval and resources in the field of biotechnology*. **Xiang, etc. Another piece of hardware that has attracted attention in the field of biotechnology after gene sequencers is gene chips, whose development also relies heavily on information technology to arrange gene fragments on substrates such as microscope slides or silicon wafers. , fixed, this is the gene chip. Put the gene fragments on this chip and the gene fragments of the specimen on the gene chip reader (also a deciphering device), and you can quickly compare and decipher the specimen information. It is a device that deciphers the genetic information of a specimen from scratch, while the gene chip and its reader are devices that decipher the information by comparing it with existing genetic information. In this field, American companies are relatively famous, but Japanese companies are also famous. While cooperating with American companies, we will actively participate in the development of this field.

(2) The development of biotechnology requires the support of specific software technology.

The development of biotechnology and its industry will further increase the demand for biotechnology software, and software technology will become one of the key forces supporting the development of biotechnology and its industry. Corresponding professional software is needed to support various fields of biotechnology: 1) The construction of various biotechnology databases requires software technology with excellent performance and rapid updating; 2) Nucleic acid low-level structure analysis, primer design, plasmid mapping, and sequence analysis , protein low-level structure analysis, biochemical reaction simulation, etc. also require corresponding software and technical support; 3) Strengthening biosafety management and bioinformation security management is also inseparable from the support of software and technical development.

2. Biotechnology has opened up a new path for the development of information technology

(1) Biotechnology promotes the development of the supercomputer industry. With the completion of various tasks of the Human Genome Project, sequence and structural data on nucleic acids and proteins have increased exponentially. Faced with such huge and complex data, only by using computers to manage data, control errors, and speed up the analysis process can humans ultimately benefit from it. However, to complete these processes is not within the capabilities of ordinary computers, but requires computers with supercomputing capabilities. Therefore, the development of biotechnology will place higher demands on information technology, thereby promoting the development of the information industry. A more convincing example is that in the "Nature" magazine published on November 22, 2002, Israeli scientists announced the development of a miniature "biological computer" composed of DNA molecules and enzyme molecules. There are one trillion such computers. It is only as big as a drop of water, has a computing speed of 1 billion times per second, and an accuracy of 99.8%. Of course, like all new technologies, some scientists are skeptical. They believe that this kind of computer in a test tube has a fatal flaw. Because the biochemical reaction itself has a certain degree of randomness, the results of this operation may not be completely accurate; moreover, the DNA molecules involved in the operation cannot communicate with each other like traditional computers. , can only "fight independently", which is not enough to handle some large-scale calculations.

European and American countries and Japan have successively established bioinformatics data centers. The United States has the National Center for Biotechnology Information (ncbi), the United Kingdom has the European Bioinformatics Institute (ebi), and Japan has more than 70 pharmaceutical, biological and The "Biological Industry Informatization Alliance" composed of high-tech companies, etc. A 2001 report by the Goldman-Sachs Group showed that IBM, Sun, Compaq and Motorola each had reached at least 12 cooperation intentions with biotechnology companies and research companies,* **There are more than 140 cooperation agreements, and the cooperation content involves various technical fields, including gene chips, computer simulation of drug effects, etc.

(2) Biotechnology will fundamentally break through the physical limits of computers. The computers currently used are based on silicon chips. Due to the limitations of physical space and problems such as energy consumption and heat dissipation, they will inevitably encounter development limits. To achieve major breakthroughs, they need to rely on the innovation of new materials. In 2000, scientists from the University of California, Los Angeles, developed molecular switches based on the characteristics of biological macromolecules that can produce information and no information in different states. In 2001, the world's first self-operating DNA computer was launched and was rated as one of the top ten scientific and technological advances in the world that year. In 2002, Professor Adleman, a pioneer in the field of DNA computer research, used a simple DNA computer to find an answer to a mathematical problem with 24 variables and 1 million possible outcomes in an experiment. The development of DNA computers took an important step forward. step.

The information industry and the biological industry are undoubtedly products of high technology. Computer work is always indispensable in life science research. If you go to a genome sequencing research institute, you will see that a large number of them use super Computer-based sequencers can fool you into thinking you've arrived at an information technology company. The biological industry has accelerated due to the addition of computers, and the information technology industry has also developed and made profits due to the needs of life sciences. Using various tools of mathematics, computer science and biology to clarify and understand the biological significance contained in the data obtained from large amounts of genome research, biology and informatics intersect and combine to form a new discipline. The benefits brought by its progress in bioinformatics or information biology are immeasurable. A large number of companies based on bioinformatics have emerged in the United States, hoping to unearth wealth in fields such as genetically engineered drugs, biochips, and metabolic engineering. The bioinformatics industry has huge potential. It can be said that the integration of biotechnology (biotechnology) and information technology (information technology) is the future of the world economic market. At the high-tech forum of the Third China International High-Tech Fair held in Shenzhen, Academician Hou Yunde, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, pointed out that the biotechnology industry should be positioned as a key industry second only to the information industry. He said that information and biotechnology are key technologies related to my country's economic development and national destiny in the new century, and will become the economic growth point of my country's innovative industries.

Biotechnology and Application Major

Many people believe that 2000 is the year of investment in the biotechnology industry. The completion and publication of human gene sequencing is another milestone in the history of science. It has fascinated many people who have committed suicide.

In 2000, the U.S. biotechnology industry stock market added $30 billion, a value that greatly exceeded the total investment in the industry's stock market in the previous five years. Biotechnology stocks and other technology industry stocks were extremely high. There are many signs that the biotechnology industry, although less than 30 years old, is entering a mature stage.

In 2001, when the U.S. economy was in recession, the biotechnology industry still absorbed US$15 billion in investment, which was the second largest investment year in the history of the industry. Investors believe that biotech companies, especially those that specialize in new drugs and the pharmaceutical companies they partner with, will launch hundreds of new Class I drugs in the next five years. Breakthroughs in biotechnology in the fields of genetic science, proteomics, bioinformatics, computer-aided drug design, DNA biochips and pharmacogenetics have enabled the fight against disease to enter the molecular level. Many investors believe that using biotechnology methods to develop new drugs will pay off.

According to statistics from the U.S. Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), approximately 120 biological drugs entered the market from 1982 to 2000; in 2001, 300 new drugs were in the final stage of clinical trials. Based on past experience, by 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will approve approximately 240 of these new drugs to enter the market, thus doubling the number of biotech drugs on the market. Most new biotech drugs are a new class of drugs used to treat heart disease, cancer, diabetes and infectious diseases.

The significant application of biotechnology is not only in the health industry, but also the R&D investment of biotechnology in other industries is very prominent. Relying on biotechnology, agriculture can use less land to produce more healthy food; manufacturing can reduce environmental pollution and save energy consumption; industry can use renewable resources to produce raw materials to protect the environment.

In addition to product development, another major indicator of the maturity of the biotechnology industry is the industry's cash reserves. In 2000, as the biotechnology industry raised a large amount of capital from the society, most biotechnology companies were in good financial condition in 2001. According to Ernst & Young’s 2001 Biotechnology Report, more than half of the 340 biotechnology companies listed in the United States have cash reserves that can last for more than three years, which lays a good foundation for the rapid development of the industry in the future.

Another sign of the maturity of the biotechnology industry is consolidation. Well-funded biotech companies, such as Genetics, are merging with other ancillary technology companies to form integrated biopharmaceutical companies that can develop, produce and sell their own products. This kind of merger activity not only increases the company's product variety and revenue, but also helps improve the competitiveness of the entire industry.

The biotechnology industry is the main driving force of the new economy. Although the biotech industry's share values ​​have also declined significantly recently, it has gained more in the past than it is currently losing. Over the past year, the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index has declined 20%, but compared to the previous three years, the index is still up nearly 100%. In its current bear market status, the index has outperformed the Nasdaq Composite and the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Many analysts believe that biological and pharmaceutical stocks will perform mediocrely but develop healthily in 2002. In the next 12 to 24 months, biological stocks will take off again and new biotechnology products will begin to enter the market.

Many state governments in the United States support the development of the biotechnology industry and have launched many economic development plans to attract biotechnology companies. For example, Michigan is one of the top ten biotechnology states in the United States. The state government has promised to enter the top five in the United States in the biotechnology industry and plans to invest US$1 billion to build the Michigan Life Sciences Corridor. There are currently more than 300 biological companies in the corridor.

From genes to drugs

In the first year of the 21st century, scientists completed the sequencing of human genes. The impact of this achievement on the development of the biotechnology industry will be inestimable. In the process of exploring the mysteries of human genes, some new drugs have been discovered, which has become a focus of biotechnology.

In May 2001, the FDA approved the marketing of Gleevec developed by Novartis, which is a good drug for the treatment of chronic leukemia. This is the first new anti-cancer drug designed and developed based on the mechanism of cancer cell activity. During the treatment process, traditional anti-cancer drugs will also affect normal cells and cause serious side effects to patients, while Gleevec only kills genetically mutated cancer cells. The latest research shows that Gleevec is effective against both blood cancers and tumors, and it may become a new broad-spectrum anti-cancer drug.

Another type of biotech drug for treating cancer is monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies target specific molecules associated with cancer cells. Since 1980, the magical effects of monoclonal antibodies have attracted the attention of many pharmaceutical companies. After more than ten years of research, monoclonal antibodies have been initially realized as new anti-cancer drugs. Currently, many pharmaceutical companies are developing monoclonal antibodies, and their applications have expanded from anti-cancer to the treatment of other diseases. By 2000, the FDA had approved 9 monoclonal antibodies, and more than 60 other products were undergoing clinical trials.

In terms of anti-cancer, monoclonal antibodies function like the body’s own immune system, but in most cases, the body’s own immune system will not block cancer cells as harmful cells, allowing cancer cells to remain in the body. reproduction, endangering human life.

The function of monoclonal antibodies is to target cancer cells, destroy them or activate the body's immune system to attack cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can also serve as a "smart bomb," carrying radioactive or chemical agents that select cancer cells for attack.

In 1997, the FDA approved the first monoclonal antibody, Rituxin, for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In 1998, another monoclonal antibody, Herceptin, was launched for the treatment of breast cancer.

Herceptin was developed by the American Gene Technology Company, which was founded in 1976 and was the earliest biopharmaceutical company established. U.S. Genentech is one of the top ten biotechnology companies in the world. It has ten protein-based biopharmaceutical products on the market and more than 20 products under development, mainly therapeutic drugs for cancer, cardiovascular and immune system diseases. The company has more than 5,000 employees. Founded in 1992, Human Genomics was the first company in the biotechnology industry to develop human genes. The company first studies and explores the relationship between human genes and diseases, with the goal of discovering genes related to diseases and developing related therapeutic drugs. The company currently has eight products in clinical trials.

Other biomedical products include gene therapy, stem cells and vaccines. As people's understanding of human biology increases, drug discovery becomes more complex. The biotech and pharmaceutical industries have to rely on more advanced and sophisticated tools to develop new drugs. Historically, Agilent has been a major manufacturer of pharmaceutical testing equipment. The company has very close business relationships with the world's top ten pharmaceutical companies. Today, Agilent can also provide new scientific instruments for disease diagnosis and new drug research.

Agricultural biotechnology

The application of biotechnology in agriculture is based on the understanding of plant and animal genetics and proteomics. Many experts believe that only by relying on biotechnology can developing countries overcome hunger, and can the global food shortage caused by population growth be alleviated.

By harnessing specific genes in plants and animals, it is possible to grow more crops on less land while reducing the use of pesticides. Using biotechnology, crops can be produced in harsh climates. The use of biotechnology can also improve the nutrition and taste of food.

St. Louis in the United States is the fastest growing region in the world for agricultural biotechnology. The area is considered a bio-industry belt, and the famous agricultural biotechnology company Monsanto is located in the area.

Biotechnology is a fast and effective breeding method. By introducing specific genes to change the quality of animals and plants. For example, scientists can extend the shelf life of tomatoes by inserting anti-ripening genes into tomatoes. Introducing insect-resistant genes that are harmless to humans in plants can prevent pests and diseases and reduce the use of pesticides. Introducing genes that produce vitamin A in rice can improve the nutritional value of rice.

Another possible application of biotechnology in agriculture is the production of edible vaccines, using fruits and vegetables to produce vaccines against infectious diseases such as hepatitis and cholera. Cloning technology is used in animals to preserve the high-yield performance of high-quality animals.

The agricultural biotechnology products on the market are mainly genetically modified soybeans, corn, rapeseed, cotton, etc. Genetically modified plants were quickly accepted by farmers for their excellent quality. In 2001, the planting area of ​​genetically modified plants in the world reached 53 million hectares, an increase of 19% from 2000.

Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology

Biotechnology is used in industrial manufacturing and environmental management to promote the sustainable development of industry. In 1998, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development believed that biotechnology will It plays a key role in the sustainable development of industry and encourages its member countries to support research in industrial and environmental biotechnology.

Microbes are considered natural chemical factories. They are replacing industrial catalysts in the manufacture of chemicals. For example, enzymes can replace phosphorus in detergents and sulfur compounds in leather tanning processes. In the papermaking process, enzyme preparations can reduce the amount of chloride used in the pulp bleaching process. The application of microorganisms in industrial production processes makes industrial production clean, efficient and sustainable.

Enzymes can also serve as biocatalysts to convert biomass into energy, ethanol, etc. What's even more tempting is that through biological enzymes, corn stalks can be converted into degradable plastics for food packaging and so on.

The application of genetics and proteomics in industrial biotechnology is not only to discover the characteristics of microbial enzymes, but also to enable microorganisms to produce new enzyme preparations for various purposes through target variation.

Scientists predict that in 10 to 20 years, the application of biotechnology in industry will become as important as its application in human health.

Other applications of biotechnology

In addition to its main applications in human health, agriculture, industry and the environment, biotechnology also has some applications in other fields.

There are now more and more biological companies developing animal husbandry medical products. The annual market for animal health products in the United States is about 4 billion US dollars. There are about 100 kinds of animal biological products approved by the United States Department of Agriculture, mainly to prevent Vaccines and therapeutic drugs for animal infectious diseases and common diseases.

Biotechnology is also used in the protection of rare wild animals, using DNA identification to identify animal species and track their activity areas.

The application of marine biotechnology enables the survival of marine life that is endangered by overfishing. At the same time, it provides a way for humans to discover new drugs from rich marine biological resources. For example, a toxin in conch is an effective painkiller, and sponges can be used as an anti-infection.

The application of biotechnology in space development can build a life support environment for astronauts required for long-term space exploration. In addition, biotechnology is also used in human archeology and criminal investigation, and the evolutionary history of human populations can be studied through DNA analysis. The application of DNA technology to criminal investigation can help law enforcement officials identify criminals.

Bio-terrorism

The 9/11 terrorist incident in the United States and the subsequent anthrax cases made most Americans feel that bio-terrorism incidents may occur in the future, and the defense against bio-terrorism incidents It must be taken seriously.

In the past, several U.S. biotech companies have collaborated with officials to propose bioweapon defense strategies, but most of the experiments were merely simulations. Before the 9/11 incident, the U.S. Department of Health's research funding for bioterrorism was US$50 million. But after the 9/11 incident, the budget increased significantly. A bioterrorism bill passed in June this year allocated $4.5 billion to the US Department of Homeland Security for bioterrorism. Experts predict that biological counter-terrorism will become a new field of national defense, and the United States will use biotechnology to defend against various possible bioterrorist attacks. Biological counter-terrorism will be closely related to the public health system, traditional defense industry, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. After the 9/11 incident, the United States quickly developed vaccines against anthrax and smallpox. About 24 U.S. biotechnology companies are participating in the research and development of other vaccines and drugs. The U.S. government plans to pay $640 million to stockpile related disease vaccines to prevent various possible bioterrorism incidents. For example, new antibiotic and antiviral treatments are being developed for use against pathogens that have become resistant. One company is studying the use of monoclonal antibodies to remove toxins from the blood. Other products in development include specialized enzyme preparations for remediation of intentionally contaminated environments, rapid atmospheric monitors, infectious agent diagnostic reagents, new drug delivery systems, and more.

Application of biotechnology

Application of traditional biotechnology

Application of modern biotechnology

Application of traditional biotechnology

Including:

Microscope technology, slide specimen preparation and staining technology, isotope labeling and tracing technology, soilless culture technology, crop breeding technology, microscope technology, photoelectric microscope technology, electron microscope technology

Applications: Cells (microscopic level, submicroscopic level) Slide specimen preparation and staining technology

Application: Isotope labeling technology for studying cell structure and function*

Application: Research Issues related to chemical substances in cells or organisms, such as the location of a certain substance, its movement path, the mixing situation of the substance, etc. < /p>

Using the principle of solution culture, various mineral elements required for the growth and development of plants are prepared into a nutrient solution in a certain proportion, and this nutrient solution is used to cultivate plants.

Apply for the "Biotechnology" major

Biotechnology is still a very new major, so it is not easy to find a job, and biotechnology is a very expensive major. Generally, undergraduate colleges This major is not very high-standard, let alone college and biotechnology. If you want to develop in the future, you can only continue to study for a Ph.D.