Who can briefly introduce metaphysics?
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ruling group split and the social crisis became increasingly acute. Confucianism, which is dominant in ideology, began to shake, and the contents of Confucian classics and divination were empty and absurd, which did not help solve social and political problems at all. Laozi and Zhuangzi began to rise with the ideas of "nature" and "inaction". The Tales of People, written by Liu Shao at that time, combined Taoist thoughts with the thoughts of famous scholars and legalists, and raised the general principles of judging characters to the philosophical level for discussion. As the fundamental study of Confucianism, the Book of Changes, at this time, because of its obscure meaning, it is necessary to re-explore the Book of Changes. Under the background of the development of social politics and academic thought, metaphysics appeared in Wei and Jin Dynasties. The name of metaphysics first appeared in the Biography of Lu Yun in the Book of Jin, saying that "there is no metaphysics in the cloud (Lu Yun), and we have been talking about old age since then." During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the word metaphysics was not widely popular, and its meaning refers to both words and deeds, and most of them are profound. "Xuanyuan" refers to the ontological problem of "transcending words and images" and staying away from concrete things. Therefore, emptiness, metaphysics and knowledge of metaphysics can be called metaphysics. Metaphysics scholars are mostly celebrities at that time. They flaunt their family background, appearance and vague "talk" and become a temporary trend. Some metaphysical scholars advocate destroying etiquette, but most of them still maintain feudal ethics.
Philosophically, there are two schools of metaphysics, that is, not paying attention to and worshiping something, mainly focusing on the question of whether there is something. Guiwu school advocates "governing by doing nothing" and thinks that everything is unified in a common ontology "Tao" or "nothing" Everything in the world can exist because of this ontology, and all kinds of things in the universe are the manifestations of this ontology, which is the so-called "rootlessness". The school that worships "self-existence" advocates "self-existence" and opposes the view that "non-existence" is unfounded. It holds that "existence" is not caused by another thing, but by "self-existence" and "self-possession" of all things, and regards the whole universe as composed of all things themselves, that is, the so-called "initiator, self-existence" and "complete chaos"
The development of metaphysics has gone through different stages. According to Justin, a historian in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xia Houxuan, Yan He and Wang Bi were official celebrities at that time. Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Dan Tao, Xiang Embroidery, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian and Wang Rong, the seven sages of bamboo forest, are famous bamboo forest people. Pei, Wang Yan, Wang Cheng, Ruan Xiu are famous metaphysics masters in China (that is, the Western Jin Dynasty, often referred to as the Yuankang period). They divided metaphysics into three stages. Contemporary scholars basically admit this plan, but think that the representatives of metaphysics in the Western Jin Dynasty should be Pei and Guo Xiang, and put forward that the Eastern Jin Dynasty also had its own stages.
Zhengshi metaphysics (about 240 ~ 249), represented by Wang Bi, is the first stage of the development of metaphysics, which evolved from the discussion of talents at the end of Han Dynasty to the category of metaphysics ontology. Yan He, Wang Bi and other ancestors described Laozi and Zhuangzi and explained Zhouyi with Taoist thought. At that time, people paid attention to Laozi, Zhuangzi and Zhouyi and called them "San Xuan", which was the favorite work of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties. They think that everything in the world is out of thin air. "Nothing" is the noumenon of the world, "Being" is all kinds of concrete existence, and it is the expression of noumenon "Nothing". Wang Bi also philosophically discussed the relationship between nature and Ming Jiao (generally referring to feudal ethics and moral norms whose main content is to correct the name), and advocated that Ming Jiao originated from nature, and its ranking was the inevitable result of nature and should reflect nature. Yanhe wrote The Tao Te Ching and The Analects of Confucius, Wang Bi annotated the Book of Changes and Lao Zi, and wrote The Analects of Confucius, all of which explained Confucian classics with Taoist thoughts in an attempt to unify Confucianism and Taoism and reconcile the contradiction between nature and Confucianism. It is a unique way for the development of metaphysics that how Wang and metaphysics scholars inherit the atmosphere of the Qing Dynasty, ask difficult questions about some philosophical issues and argue them repeatedly, which is called "making it clear". Metaphysical works also adopt the style of question-and-answer debate. Wang, who was born in Confucianism, occupied a prominent position, was attached to Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and showed a detached attitude. He could not only identify and maintain the rationality of the life of a noble family, but also win the praise of "Senior One", and metaphysics became a common practice in a short time.
Metaphysics of bamboo forest (about 255 ~ 262), represented by Ji Kang and Ruan Ji, is the second stage of the development of metaphysics. Philosophically, Ji, Ruan and Xiang Xiu developed Wang Bi's thoughts of "focusing on the end and benefiting from the end" and "focusing on the end and benefiting from the end" respectively, which made metaphysics in the initial stage develop in two aspects. Ji and Ruan advocate nature and think that "nature" is the original state of the universe, a regular, harmonious and unified whole, in which there is no contradiction. As a part of nature, human society should be a harmonious whole without conflicts of interest. They believe that the famous religion has destroyed this harmonious state, so they advocate that "the more famous religion is, the more natural it is" and "it is not Tang Wu, but a thin hole". He was extremely dissatisfied with Sima Group's use of Zoroastrianism to cover up political corruption and denied that nature was consistent with Zoroastrianism. Contrary to Ji and Ruan, Xiang Embroidery holds that there is no contradiction between nature and Ming Jiao, and explains "nature" by "expression" and "getting natural", and puts forward the proposition that "people are born with affection and natural expression", and thinks that human desire is inseparable from nature. It is acknowledged that there is a biological basis of "no life and no death" as the basis of materialization of all things, but the concepts of "self-generation" and "self-transformation" have been introduced, which has become an intermediate link in the development of metaphysics from Wang Bi's lofty nothingness to Pei and Guo Xiang's worship of existence.
Metaphysics in the Western Jin Dynasty (about 263 ~ 3 16), represented by Pei and Guo Xiang, constitutes the third stage of the development of metaphysics. During this period, metaphysics was still developing in two directions: First, the idea of "learning from famous teachers and letting nature take its course" developed from optimates to the extreme, which made some celebrities at that time, such as Ruan Zhan, Wang Cheng and Ruan, inherit the decadent side of their thoughts, indulge in debauchery and pursue superficial freedom. This poor imitation of debauchery completely stifled the metaphysical school's ideological creativity and made it decline. Secondly, together with Xiang Xiu's thought, it developed into the philosophy of existence worship of Pei and Guo Xiang. Pei Xiu's son Pei (267 ~ 300) wrote On Your Worship, denouncing the disadvantages of the times, criticizing the ethos of "letting nature take its course" and reaffirming the role of Ming Jiao. Philosophically, the view that "nothing can be born to the utmost, and only then can it be born by itself" is put forward. It opposes looking for the noumenon of things outside of everything, thinking that everything is "born with its own body" and there is nothing else as the basis of its existence, thus completing the transition from expensive to worshipful. Guo Xiang (252 ~ 3 12) further developed Pei's theory of worshipping existence, put forward new propositions such as "nothing can be born" and "everything is independent and unequal", and put forward the concept of "uniqueness" on the basis of the theory of "everything is born", which pushed the theory of worshipping existence to the extreme.
Metaphysics in the Eastern Jin Dynasty represented by Zhang Zhan is the fourth stage of the development of metaphysics. At this time, Sima's regime moved south, and social contradictions were sharp and complicated, which further led to ideological emptiness. Therefore, the problem of transcending life and death and getting rid of life and death has become the central content of metaphysics. Liezi, Zhang Zhan's annotation, integrates the theory of valuing the essence and not valuing the essence, and puts forward the idea that "things in the group are even illusory, and everything is tested by extinction". He regards the world and life as fast-changing, fleeting and hypocritical, and advocates an indulgent outlook on life, which makes metaphysics into a desperate situation. This reflected the gentry's political decline. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, metaphysics and Buddhism merged, and most Prajna schools explained Buddhist scriptures in the language of metaphysics. Therefore, discussing non-existent Buddhism replaced metaphysics, and the development of China's philosophy entered a new stage.
1, the origin of metaphysics
In the mouth of Jianghu people, there has been a mysterious story related to China traditional culture.
This story can be traced back to more than 4600 years ago.
It is said that after Pangu created the world and Nu Wa Niangniang refined five-color stones to fill the sky, our ancestor, the Yellow Emperor Gongsun Xuanyuan, was born under an incredible situation. ...
After the rebellion of Chiyou, the Yellow Emperor got the help of the gods, granted the heavenly book to break Chiyou's witchcraft, captured and killed Chiyou, and unified the world. The legendary god is Xuan Nv, the goddess of Nu Wa. After the Yellow Emperor pacified the war, he ordered Cangjie to create characters, and recorded all kinds of occult arts in the gobbledygook of Xuan Nv. This book was later regarded as a treasure by Jianghu people.
2. The inheritance of deception
The secret script left by the Yellow Emperor was obtained by Jiang Taigong of the Zhou Dynasty in Kunlun Mountain. He used the magic of secret books to help Zhou cut Zhou, which made the Zhou Dynasty rule for 800 years.
During the Warring States Period, it spread to Wang Chan's Guiguzi-the bodhi old zu. He taught the secrets to his disciples-Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Sun Bin and Pang Juan, making them famous generals at that time.
During the Han Dynasty, Sean got a secret book from Huang Shigong, which had been circulating for 400 years. In this way, the golden seal jade letter was handed down from generation to generation in a magical way and spread to Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms period, winning three points in the world. During the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, although some people used gold to obtain the letters of the imperial seal, most of them were incomplete. For example, Zhuge Liang got Taoism, and Guo Pu and Yang Junsong got Feng Shui (Yin and Yang Feng Shui). In the Song Dynasty, it was Zhu, a scholar with great achievements and works, who got the golden seal and imperial seal. In the Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji (word Bowen) got the imperial edict of Jin Yuxi, helped Zhu Yuanzhang to establish a famous country, and then retired. Jin Zhuan Yu Han has been circulated for 4,000 years, but its contents have been lost, added or deleted, or diverged, resulting in many schools. Roughly divided into: mountain, medicine, life, divination, phase, collectively known as the five techniques of metaphysics.
3. Five Techniques of Metaphysics-Mountain
Mountains contain the secrets of cultivating the mind, nourishing nature and exercising. "Mountain" is also the most profound and mysterious, and it is also the most easily misunderstood as "superstition". "Mountain" includes Xuan Dian, health preservation and Xiu Mi's practice. Xuandian-all good books that can cultivate one's self-cultivation can be used for practice, such as Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Sun Tzu, Taigong Yin Fujing, Huangdi Neijing, Daozang and even Journey to the West, all of which are used to enrich one's mind and realize the truth of the universe. Health preservation-the breathing method of pursuing health and longevity-qigong. Taoist alchemy is called Tiandan, Ren Dan and Didan. "Xiu Mi"-spelling, pressing, praying for stars, martial arts, etc. Use sports and the unity of spirit and concept to improve the physical and mental realm. There is also metaphysics that divides "mountain" into five ways: fairy, Tao, illusion, spirit and soldier. And its scope does not deviate from the above three parts.
Mountain is the most difficult field to reach in mysterious art. Strictly speaking, it is the time for ordinary people to cultivate immortality and to pursue transcendence metaphysically. Only the circulation of "life, divination, physiognomy and medicine" can help the world.
4. Five Metaphysical Techniques-Medicine
The esoteric medicine consists of three parts.
Prescription-a method of treating various diseases with drugs according to exterior, deficiency, cold and heat, and then applying the eight diagrams of ancient Zhouyi.
Acupuncture —— Distinguishing eight meridians and eight points with Huangdi Neijing and Difficult Classic, and treating diseases with copper needles.
Psychotherapy-a method of treating diseases by hypnosis, suggestion and concentration of mental thoughts, taking thirteen subjects of wishing as medicine.
5. Metaphysics-Five Skills of Life
"Destiny" in occult science is a way to judge people's destiny through the space-time magnetic field. Its important methods are:
Astrology-Astrology includes seven policies, four surpluses, Wei Zi's bucket number and five stars.
Branches and Branches-According to the birth time of people and the fate order of heavenly stems and earthly branches, some ancient books with four pillars of fate are the most. Important ancient books include: Lao Guo Hangzong, Xing Ping Hui Hai, Yuan Hai Zi Ping, Guigu's suicide note, Sun Bin's suicide note, Sanhui, Poor Bamboo Slips (also known as Lan Jianggang), and there are countless modern life science works. Since the reform and opening-up, Shao Weihua, the first master of Qin Yi, has played a great role in promoting the development of Yi-ology and numerology.
Shao Weizhong's theory of balance, especially the relationship between cadres and party branches, makes up for the theoretical deficiency of his brother Shao Weihua's four-pillar foresight. However, his theory and concrete image are obviously vague, and he is often summarized by his political, commercial and literary fame, which is his deficiency.
After Li Hongcheng and Hongkong registered Hainan to set up a forecasting company, his four-column book followed Bernard Shaw's theory, with no outstanding innovation, but its influence was even worse than that of Bernard Shaw, with more than 10,000 disciples.
Wang Qing's four pillars theory has made a great breakthrough in numerology, and the author has no chance to read his masterpiece. It is said that there is great innovation on the basis of following the traditional theory.
The publication of Li Hanchen's "The Original Eight-character Prediction" has once again set off a numerology craze. Its brand-new prediction theory is controversial in numerology, and different people have different opinions. But its spirit of being the first in the world and its brand-new theoretical thinking framework are recognized by everyone.
6. Five Metaphysics Techniques-Divination
All numerology metaphysics is based on divination, and most military strategists in historical dynasties are proficient. Zhuge Liang in the Han Dynasty, Li in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Bowen in the Ming Dynasty, Zeng Guofan in the Qing Dynasty ... All kinds of divination are based on divination and evolved from the ancient Zhouyi, such as the number of plum blossoms, the number of families, the number of gods in Liu Ren, the number of gods in Taiyi and so on. In this part of divination, some sects also include divination, coping with dreams, interpreting characters, signing and pasting, scientific names and so on.
7. Five skills of metaphysics-stage
There are two phase parts;
People's physiognomy-palm reading, physiognomy, touching bones and moles are equivalent, and the representative works include Microscopic Observer, Balancing the Truth, Knife for Gods, Mirror for Gods, Hemp Clothes for Gods, and Golden Hinge Scissors.
Geomorphology-Geomorphology is an ancient geomantic theory, which is divided into two methods, namely, the method of guarding wells and the method of observing sand and water in dragon holes, which is generally called geomantic omen. Its main schools are ternary law, three laws and nine planetary laws.
The above is the basic composition of metaphysics, which is said to come from a heavenly book. The author thinks that all the above methods are derived from Zhouyi, which covers everything in time and space and the universe, and is a classic work to explain the universe. The Book of Changes is known as the sect that "returns all laws to the sect".