What did Qin Shihuang do?
(former 259 ~ former 2 10)
China unified the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty. Won the surname, Zheng Ming. Son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. /kloc-king at the age of 0/3, and emperor at the age of 39. At the end of the Warring States period, Qin was the most powerful country and had the conditions to unify the six eastern countries. When the King of Qin ascended the throne, the state power was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei. In 238 BC, he personally took charge of state affairs, relieved Lv Buwei of his ministerial position, and appointed Liao Wei, Reese and others. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, six countries, namely, Korea, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi, perished one after another, and finally the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Dynasty, was established.
Wang Zheng of the Qin Dynasty established the honorific title of "Emperor", calling himself the first emperor, and announced that his descendants would be called II and III, and even be inherited from generation to generation. Subsequently, he abolished the enfeoffment system nationwide and replaced it with the county system; Under the direct control of the emperor, a whole set of bureaucracy was established from the central government to the counties. On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, it absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws. The nobles before the Six Kingdoms were moved to Guanzhong and Bashu to prevent their separatist activities. It also explicitly prohibits the collection of weapons by the people, destroys the confiscated weapons, and casts 12 gold men.
Economically, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce was implemented to foster the development of feudal private ownership of land. In the thirty-first year of the first emperor (2 16 BC), landlords and yeomen who occupied land were ordered to declare the amount of land to the government and pay taxes. Their land ownership was recognized and protected by the government, and the national weights and measures system was unified with the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang as the standard. Unify the national monetary system. In order to develop China's land and water transportation, the "car on the same track" was implemented, and the Chidao from Xianyang to Yanqi and Wu Chu and the straight road from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now Baotou West, Inner Mongolia) via Yunyang were built. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, and a canal was dug to connect Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River.
In terms of cultural thought, based on the popular characters of Qin State, Biography was formulated and promulgated throughout the country. And using the theory that the five virtues of Yin and Yang in the Warring States period began at the end, Qin gained water virtue, the water color was black, and the final number was six. Therefore, it is stipulated that clothes, banners and flags are still black, and there are six kinds of symbols, crowns and riding systems. Water dominates yin, which represents punishment and killing, so the implementation of criminal law is aggravated on this basis. In the thirty-fourth year of the first emperor, he ordered the destruction of poems, books and hundreds of languages collected by the people, and banned private learning. Later, more than 400 Confucian scholars and alchemists participated in the escape of Hou Sheng, Lu Sheng and other immortals, all of whom were killed in Xianyang.
After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he sent Meng Tian to crusade against the Huns, and linked the Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period, and built the Great Wall of Wan Li from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong in the east. After conquering Baiyue area, Guilin, Xiang Jun and Nanhai were established. At the end of the first emperor, the number of Qin counties increased from 36 counties at the beginning of unification to more than 40 counties, with the territory of "East to the Haichao, West to Lintao and Zhong Qiang, South to Beihu, North to the River, and Yinshan to Liaodong".
After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang built the luxurious Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li, made five large-scale cruises and carved stones in famous mountain resorts to show off his prestige. In order to live forever, he sent alchemist Xu (that is, Xu Fu) to lead thousands of boys and girls to the East China Sea to seek immortality. It has consumed huge financial and human resources and deepened people's suffering. In thirty-seven years, Qin Shihuang returned to the plain and died of illness. So he wrote a book and ordered his eldest son Fu Su to be buried and succeeded by him. Going to the sand dunes (now northwest of Guangzong, Hebei Province), Qin Shihuang died of illness. Zhao Gao colluded with Hu Hai and Reese, the youngest sons of the first emperor, forged a testamentary edict, made Hu Hai a prince, and gave Fu Su the death penalty. Shortly after Qin Ershi Hu Hai ascended the throne, a peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu broke out. The Qin Dynasty perished.
How to evaluate Qin Shihuang's merits and demerits
First of all, the students saw from the video: China more than two thousand years ago: the ancient Great Wall, the mighty king of Qin, the mysterious mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor ... The students were curious and curious.
Around Qin Shihuang, I will focus on the following issues (many of the following views are still controversial in the history circle):
1. Qin Shihuang's biological father: Ying Zheng, born in Zhao in 259 BC. Judging from the lineage of the monarch of the State of Qin, his father was Chu, the son of the State of Qin who was superior to Zhao at that time (that is, an alien, and later became King Xiang of Zhuang). Historical records? Lv Buwei Biography records a legendary story, in which Ying Zheng is actually the son of Lv Buwei, saying that Lv Buwei first lived with Evonne, who can sing and dance, and after learning that Zhao Ji was pregnant, he asked Evonne to seduce Zi Chu. Soon, Zi Chu fell in love with Evonne, and Lv Buwei dedicated Evonne to Zi Chu. After Evonne gave birth to Ying Zheng, Zi Chu married Evonne. Zi Chu returned to China and succeeded to the throne. After his death, he passed on the throne to Zi Zheng. ..... Qin Shihuang's illegitimate son does not affect his great image of unifying China. For example, Confucius and Jesus are illegitimate children.
2. The appearance of Qin Shihuang: "Historical Records? There is a passage in Qin Shihuang's book: "The king of Qin is a human being, with accurate bees, long eyes, loyal birds and cunning voices, but he has lost a kindness and gained a Tigerheart. "On this basis, it is pointed out that Qin Shihuang's appearance is not flattering, because the four items of bee essence, long eyes, loyal birds and falsetto are all physically incomplete. The so-called' loyal birds are false' is what medicine calls chicken breasts, which is a symptom of rickets. " "Quasi-bee" should be a saddle nose with a flat nose. The voice of the jackal indicates that Qin Shihuang suffered from bronchitis. Skeletal development in patients with rickets is abnormal, so the shape of chest and bridge of nose varies, and the deformity of chest and nose leads to frequent attacks of tracheitis. As for "long eyes", that is, "horse eyes", it is a symptom of exophthalmos. To sum up, it can be concluded that Qin Shihuang was not only not handsome at all, but also sick. No wonder he was so grumpy.
3. Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses: The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is located at the foot of Lishan Mountain in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. Since the discovery of 1974, it has aroused great concern and interest from archaeologists, historians and tourists at home and abroad. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is known as one of the "eight wonders of the world" because of its large scale and rich and exquisite buried cultural relics. The pits of Qin terracotta warriors and horses are neatly arranged and have a strange structure. Terracotta warriors and horses arrayed in an army are dressed in armor or battle robes, armed with weapons such as spears, daggers and halberds, and their postures and expressions are different, showing their different identities, arms and personalities. Because the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is close to the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, scholars at home and abroad generally believe that it is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang since its excavation. In other words, this well-equipped and magnificent terracotta army was the first Qin Shihuang to guard the tomb. ..... The number of these pottery figurines is so huge, only nearly 10,000 pieces have been excavated, and they are true and standardized, with different personalities. Terracotta warriors and horses are not recorded in any historical books that have been handed down to this day. It can be said that there is not even a trace, which really makes historians feel ashamed.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located five kilometers east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, with Lishan Mountain in the south and Weishui in the north. It is the largest and best preserved imperial mausoleum in ancient China. The mausoleum faces west and east, with a strange layout. As we all know, in ancient China, the position facing south was respected. When the emperor ascended the throne, he was often called "south solitary", which means facing south. Emperors' tombs in past dynasties basically sat in the pattern of facing south, but why did Qin Shihuang, who unified the world, sit in the west facing east? One view is that during his lifetime, Qin Shihuang sent Xu Fudong across the Yellow Sea to find Penglai and Yingzhou Wonderland, and made many personal expeditions, which made him yearn for the East China Sea Wonderland. Unfortunately, Xu Fu's absence and indefinite return made the first emperor's wish to visit the fairyland go up in smoke, which was a great regret of Qin Shihuang in his later years. Even if you don't get the elixir of life before you die, you must face the east after you die, so that you can extradite the immortal and reach the kingdom of heaven. So Qin Shihuang built this mausoleum, which sits west and faces east.
After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he thought that his achievements were unmatched by emperors in history. He thinks that those who surpass Huang San in moral character and contribute to the Five Emperors call themselves emperors. The emperor called himself "I" and ordered it to be called "imperial decree". Advocate black.
6. Qin Shihuang's superstition: He was once prevented from crossing Xiangjiang River by geomantic omen, and the strange goddess worshipped him. So he sent 3000 prisoners to the mountain to cut down trees as revenge. It can be seen that he is fighting against supernatural forces, not being shocked by supernatural forces.
7. Qin Shihuang implemented a series of unified measures:
(1) the establishment of authoritarian centralization, monopolizing power, the central set up the prime minister, the suggestion and Qiu, known as the "three public". The "three fairs" are appointed and removed by the emperor, and they absolutely obey and carry out the emperor's orders. Establish a county system at the local level and divide the country into 36 counties. Each county has guards (equivalent to the governor), governors (equivalent to the commander of the border region) and supervisors (equivalent to the overseers). There is a county under the county, and the county chief and county order are directly appointed and removed by the emperor.
(2) Unified measurement, currency and writing, the so-called "a scale, a car on the same track, a book on the same text". China's writing had a tendency of differentiation in the Warring States Period, and since then it has been based on seal script. Units of measurement have also been standardized, and axle lengths have also been unified. There are 1.2 million prestigious families in the country, all of which have moved to the vicinity of the national capital to prevent the resurgence of local forces. All weapons except those used by Qin Jun were confiscated and destroyed, and a huge bronze statue of 12 was cast and placed in front of the palace.
③ unify the law. According to Records of Historical Records and Hanshu, the death penalty in Qin Law is divided into slaughter, beheading, chopping, burying alive, chiseling, clubbing and beheading, and the method of sitting together and clan execution is implemented to suppress the people.
(4) "Burning Books" and "Burning Books to Pit Confucians", except the books of medicinal species, all others were burned, which caused dissatisfaction among Confucian scholars. In 2 12, Qin Shihuang buried 460 Confucian scholars alive. ..... Qin Shihuang adopted many astrologers and alchemists, and two of them were hired by Qin Shihuang to seek immortality medicine. Instead of finding medicine, they spread rumors and accused Qin Shihuang of being grumpy and not meeting the requirements of longevity. The emperor was furious and ordered the guards to search from house to house in the capital. The two men were not found, but 460 people were arrested. They have either had contact with these two people or are showing off in a similar way. In the end, more than 400 people were buried alive.
⑤ In order to resist the invasion of Xiongnu, Qin Shihuang sent general Meng Tian to lead 300,000 troops to the Northern Expedition, and recovered the Hetao area in 2 15 and set up 44 counties. Fearing that the Huns would invade again, Qin Shihuang recruited farmers and connected the Great Wall of Qin, Yan and Zhao during the Warring States Period, starting from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west and Liaodong in the east, and built a defense line near Wan Li, which was called "Wan Li Great Wall" in history.
Evaluate the merits and demerits of Qin Shihuang (text arrangement, projection display)
(1) completed the unification, ended the separatist regime of vassals, and was conducive to the stability of people's lives and the development of social production.
(2) A unified multi-ethnic centralized state has been established, and the county system has been implemented throughout the country.
(3) unified currency, weights and measures and writing, created a vast Qin empire, and promoted economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic areas.
(4) The feudal autocratic system was established, which suppressed the people's thoughts.
⑤ Burn books to bury Confucianism and destroy culture.
⑥ Tyranny, large-scale construction, construction of Epang Palace, and repair of Lishan Mausoleum cost manpower and material resources; The cruelty of the law eventually led to the peasant uprising and the demise of the Qin Dynasty.
Overall evaluation: Qin Shihuang established the first unified multi-ethnic autocratic and centralized feudal country in China, which set a new milestone in the long history of China's development and made great achievements. However, Qin Shihuang imposed exorbitant taxes, forcing farmers to pay taxes according to two-thirds of the harvest, and had to bear heavy long-distance services. More than 2 million people were recruited to repair the Epang Palace, the mausoleum and build the Great Wall. The tyranny of Qin Shihuang buried the consequences of his demise.