Writing Methods and Skills of Zhihu Journalists
2. This structure has the following aspects: title, introduction, theme, background and ending title. Look at people first, read the text first. The quality of a manuscript is often determined by the cleverness and brightness of the literary eye. The reader's first impression is the title, so we should scrutinize it carefully and tolerate no carelessness. First, it should be appropriate, eye-catching and vivid. The second is to be shorter and more concise. The third is to have personality, make people feel refreshed, and avoid conformity. There are three kinds of news headlines: theme (topic), leading topic (eyebrow topic) and subtitle (sub-topic). Subject: Summarize and explain the main facts and opinions. Introduction: Reveal the ideological significance of news or explain the background, explain the reasons and set off the atmosphere.
2. Writing skills and methods 1. Improve the ability to understand and express things. Mr. Ye Shengtao, a famous educator in China, pointed out: "Writing anything depends on knowledge and experience. What kind of knowledge and experience can make you write something. On the other hand, if you don't have the ability to express understanding, you can't write a good composition. "
Second, take the cognitive structure as the core of the composition, including learning knowledge, observing accumulation, memory storage, training thinking, enriching imagination, cultivating emotion and exercising will; From talking about writing, scrutinizing and revising, reading more books and writing more.
Third, set up a big composition concept and combine listening, speaking, reading and writing organically.
First, we should pay attention to the examination of questions; The second is to make clear the purpose of writing and be innovative; Third, the selection of materials should be based on evidence; Fourth, we should pay attention to writing skills and arrange the structure of the article; Fifth, we should pay attention to the segmentation of the article and list the subheadings and composition outlines in advance; Sixth, we should pay attention to the writing and usage of the article; Seventh, we should use language skillfully and use thought to schedule language. Learn five ways to conceive: praise people with things, express their feelings directly, reason with things, touch the scene and express their feelings with things.
Fourth, the composition goal is broken down year by year:
First-grade words, second-grade sentences, third-grade fragments, fourth-grade chapters, fifth-grade synthesis, and sixth-grade improvement.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) carries out five trainings.
According to the principle that cognition is the core of composition, around the core of developing students' psychological mechanism, five trainings have been carried out in a down-to-earth manner:
(1) word training. Learn to master many words. Master the golden key to using words: contact with things you are familiar with; Contact your own life reality; Contact your knowledge of language and writing. Use the method of "ten quotations" to combine word learning with oral training. The "Top Ten Quotations" are: 1, analyzing glyphs; 2. Use teaching AIDS; 3. Look at the pictures and learn words; 4. Word formation and expansion; 5. Choose words to fill in the blanks; 6. collocation of words; 7. Adjust the word order; 8. Words used to move the scene; 9. Word classification; 10, conjunctions into sentences. Enrich the content of oral training, so that I can accumulate a large number of words that I can speak and use, and lay a solid foundation for writing.
(2) Sentence training. As long as it is a sentence, it includes two aspects: one is about people, things, things and scenery, and the other is about purpose. However, some teachers do not use pictures and things to seriously teach students the methods of observation, understanding, analysis and expression when instructing students to say a sentence. They just take out a picture or something for students to say and write a sentence. Students don't know why to say and write a sentence, how to say and write a sentence, and what sentence patterns to say and write, which leads to a single, dull and lifeless composition tone. Students can be taught to speak and write a sentence with four complete elements, four sentence patterns and nine sentence patterns, according to pictures, things, dialogues and exercises. Students will use different sentence patterns and sentence patterns to express different thoughts, feelings, attitudes and purposes in their compositions.
(3) Paragraph training. Combination of eight segments: the development of things is a sequential segment, time is a sequential segment, and spatial transformation is a sequential segment, a general and substructure segment, a causal segment, a turning segment, a progressive segment, and a parallel segment. In order to understand the law of occurrence and development of objective things. No matter what kind of paragraph, it describes the development of things and people's understanding of things, that is, the content and the center of the paragraph. Like a sentence, it is also a description of people, things, things and scenery, and it also expresses a meaning. Just to make a sentence clearer and deeper.
(4) Text training. A chapter consists of paragraphs. Through the knowledge and methods of examining topics, making ideas, selecting materials, planning articles, defining methods and terms, through the four expression methods of narration, description, lyricism and discussion, the methods of beginning and end of articles, transition and echo, and the knowledge and methods of various article genres. Learn to write narrative and practical articles with clear center, complete meaning and appropriate details.
(5), life on-site training. Use on-site training to better understand writing from the content. Through various composition teaching activities such as "centering", "selecting materials", "composition consultation meeting", "Xiao Zhuge grade examination meeting" and "wonderful word competition meeting", we can learn composition knowledge and writing methods vividly and concretely from the activities. In addition, you can also carry out various activities inside and outside the school, such as skipping rope, tug-of-war, kicking shuttlecock, ball games, endorsement competitions, etc., and learn how to write competition compositions; Carry out voluntary labor inside and outside the school and learn how to write labor scenes; Hold poetry recitals and lectures to learn how to write conference scenes and experiences; Learn how to write travel notes and travel notes by visiting and browsing places of interest. Learn to observe methods and pay attention to things around you. "Pay attention to everything and you will learn. The cultivation of human feelings is the article." Through on-site life composition, I further realized that life is fertile ground for composition. So as to learn something, express the true feelings, cultivate the sentiments of truth, goodness and beauty, and cultivate a good style of writing.
Implement "mutual evaluation and mutual reform" to cultivate students' thinking independence and creativity. After students write their compositions, organize group comments. Learn the advantages of other people's compositions first, and then point out the shortcomings in their own compositions with critical eyes and suggestions for improvement. Rewrite on this basis, so that students can learn something from each article they write.
Write down your truth.
"Write your honest words" is what the old educator Mr. Ye Shengtao said. It aims to create a colorful "independent" composition world. The so-called "autonomy" means that students are free to think and write without being restricted by rules and regulations. "Independent" composition means "speaking from the heart", acting spontaneously, showing self-style, and embodying distinctive personality.
3. Writing skills 1. Examine the questions carefully.
Every article has a theme. The topic is often the high concentration of the article. An article has thousands of words, and if it is condensed into one or two hundred words, it is the main content of the article. If condensed into a few sentences, it is the title of the article.
Off-topic is the biggest problem in the article.
When reviewing the topic, we must start with each word that constitutes the topic and understand what rules and restrictions the topic has made on the article. For example, after-school life brings me fun, so we should grasp the words after-school life and fun.
2. Have a clear center.
The center of the article reflects our understanding of someone or something, expresses some feelings, and is also the purpose of writing the article. This is the central idea.
The center should be clear. What to praise and criticize should be clear and unambiguous.
The center should be correct. We should describe people and things and express our feelings under the guidance of correct thinking.
The center should be concentrated. An article has only one center, so as not to have too many centers.
3, content and form should be innovative.
Always lag behind others, others are even less, and I don't write it. This is the worst. Because everyone's thinking, way of thinking, living environment and experience can't be the same.
Writing activities require that things observed and felt in one's life be turned into a brand-new article in the concession through special processing of the brain, which is a kind of "creative labor". If you always repeat what others have written, your writing level will never improve, and no one wants to read such articles. Such writing is meaningless.
4. Write down my feelings carefully
When writing an article, some people often pay attention to the narrative and the object because of their lack of personal experience, and are not very good at expressing their feelings. They are busy exercising in the morning, and the result is always dry.
First, we should pay attention to careful observation and experience. We should always ask ourselves, "What am I thinking at this time?" "What do I think?"
Second, the composition should think about how to reflect my feelings in the text.
Third, after the first draft is written, it should be carefully revised again and again to see if I have written out my feelings in detail.
Fourth, when reading a book, we should carefully study which excellent rhetorical questions express our feelings. Read more touching articles and experience while reading.
4. Writing skills Writing skills can be said to be skillful or not. Mainly read and write more, practice calligraphy at any time, and keep a diary every day. This seems unrealistic.
I'll give you some writing methods for the on-site exam. First, I will tell you how to write a narrative. If you really need my help or my answer is useful to you, you should set the answer as the essence before asking me. When writing a narrative, try to draw a simple line and impress the teacher with simple language. If you don't have a good command of vocabulary, don't use flowery words. It will be self-defeating. Don't divide the article into too many paragraphs, up to four paragraphs. The topic must be novel, but the format of the article should not be too innovative. It's over when you meet an old-fashioned marking teacher. Don't try to innovate at will.
At the end of the article, you must express some feelings. By analyzing the essence of your narrative, you can deepen the depth of your article.
5. Writing skills and key points of various compositions. Improving the level of composition depends only on the surprise in the last few days or the intensive training of several compositions, which often gets half the result with half the effort.
If you can sort out some of your previous compositions, please ask the teacher for help. What are your strengths and weaknesses? Composition training can foster strengths and avoid weaknesses. For every student, there is a relatively good form of expression.
What does the exam composition advocate, and you can't "walk". The components of "four unlike" are difficult to be recognized in the current evaluation system.
If you are good at narration, you might as well find a suitable narrative angle; Good at lyricism, you might as well brew the source of lyricism; In order to explain this argument, we might as well dig a clever starting point. Choosing the style that you are good at has become one of the keys to winning the composition.
Choose a topic that you are familiar with. Some students come from the countryside, and the life scenes in the countryside are deeply rooted in their hearts. If you want to write, you might as well start with rural life. If you have to follow the fashion to write about life in a metropolis, it may be full of loopholes, just like being ineffective and lacking life experience.
If you have your own profound and unique experience of real life, you can extract the material from it, but you don't have to go far, but you have to make up those sci-fi things at random, which is neither fish nor fowl. Some students are influenced by the composition of 1999 college entrance examination "If memory can be transplanted", and they are exposed to too many cartoons, which makes many students like to write some sci-fi works in their compositions, such as parody and rewriting.
It's not impossible. The key is whether you are familiar with such subjects. If you are more sure that you can handle such subjects, that is beyond reproach. However, this is not the case. Many compositions are fabricated and groundless, and there are many so-called sci-fi stories that violate science and are unimaginable. Not only can they not give people freshness, but they are disgusting.
In order to keep up with the fashion, some students pursue some new topics that they are not familiar with. They see others writing about men and women, and they also write about men and women, which are just things grafted from the articles they read. Freshness lies not only in new topics, but also in your own unique feelings.
I don't have my own feelings about this subject. How can I make it clear with my vagueness? First, the composition should learn to accumulate "reading thousands of books, writing like a god" and "a clever woman can't cook without rice". These ancient summaries illustrate the importance of "accumulation" in writing from both positive and negative aspects. "Usually rely on accumulation, the examination room depends on play", which is the same experience of the students in the examination room.
(A) language to establish a "vocabulary". Vocabulary is the cell of an article.
Vocabulary in a broad sense refers not only to the collection of words and phrases, but also to sentences and sentence groups. There are two ways to establish "vocabulary": the first is reading.
Usually, you should read books, newspapers and periodicals extensively, take reading notes, extract some beautiful words, sentences and paragraphs from a specific notebook, or make reading cards. The second is life.
At ordinary times, we should capture the fresh language in the popular spoken language and write it down in a small notebook or card that we carry with us. Over time, we can say it chapter by chapter and write it beautifully. (2) Strengthen the accumulation of materials.
Materials are the flesh and blood of the article. Because many students usually don't pay attention to accumulating materials, they are worried every time they write a composition, or edit or copy it.
The solution to this problem is to accumulate materials. Usually, you can take a video camera and tape recorder with you, observe life deeply, actively participate in life, and record your experiences in family life, campus life and social life in time in the form of sketching, keeping a diary and writing observation notes.
When recording, we should grasp the details and the characteristics of people, things, things and scenery. The article written in this way is flesh and blood.
(3) We should strengthen ideological accumulation. Opinion is the soul of an article.
The center of the article is not clear, or the thought is not profound, which often shows that the author's thought is superficial. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a "think tank".
There are two ways: first, be thoughtful. "One more miss, one more gain."
Think deeply at ordinary times and ask "why", "what" and "how" when something happens. So you can see the essence through the phenomenon.
It is also necessary to record the "sparks" of thinking and the conclusions of thinking at any time. The second is compilation, that is, extracting famous sayings and aphorisms.
In short, the composition should be accumulated, and the three writing warehouses of vocabulary, material and thought should be regularly counted, sorted and classified to continuously enrich and expand. Second, to write a good composition, first learn to observe that Mr. Lu Xun emphasized two points when answering the question of "how to write a good article" for literary youth: one is to read more books, and the other is to practice more.
Here, "seeing more" means observing more. This shows that in order to write a good article and master skillful writing skills, it is necessary to observe more and learn to observe, and observation is the necessary premise and foundation of writing.
Russian novelist Chekhov earnestly warned beginners: "A writer must train himself to be a keen observer and never give up! -It is a habit to exercise your own observation, as if it were second nature. " It takes time to hone observation into habit and second nature, which is very useful and remarkable.
Pay attention to the people, events, sights and things around you, and hunt for the materials needed in the composition: be interested in some seemingly insignificant but meaningful things, and pay attention to the cause, process and result of things; You should pay attention to how the plants in the campus flower beds change their colors all year round, and learn to get to the bottom of it and find out the ins and outs of these changes; You should go out, enter the society, meet more people, observe their words and deeds, think about some things, and integrate into your own thoughts at any time. This is the process of observation. In the process of observation, we should pay attention to the following points: (1) Observation should never be limited to "seeing with eyes".
Broadly speaking, more practical observation refers to mobilizing all the five senses of people: listening with ears, feeling with the body and, more importantly, thinking with the mind, so that the observation will be more delicate and profound. (2) Pay attention to the use of "bad writing" in the observation process.
As the saying goes, a good memory is better than bad writing. Many students see a lot and think a lot every day, but they are not good at writing it down at any time, which will make the observed materials wasted and many valuable things wasted.
6. Writing skills It is not difficult to write a composition, but writing a good composition does require certain skills.
If you want to write a good article, you should either have an attractive theme or be full of articles and feelings. Accumulating rich composition materials is the first condition for writing a good composition.
Many experts in writing are quick-thinking, and the important reason is that they have a rich library of materials in their brains. They can write articles with ease and make ends meet. I recommend you go to Li's blog to see the specific writing methods. The blogger used to be the top scholar in the double-subject college entrance examination, and he has some writing methods and skills, as well as some blog posts about learning, all of which are the summary of his personal experience. They are very detailed and practical. If necessary, learn from them, hoping to help you. Let's go
7. Writing skills Generally speaking, writing a composition is inseparable from four aspects.
First of all, we should be diligent in accumulating new materials (including new people, new events and new ideas) that can reflect the characteristics of the new era. Nowadays, society is changing with each passing day, and there are many news events that can reflect the essence of society, such as truth, goodness, beauty, falsehood, ugliness and evil. Then, can students consciously pay attention and learn to absorb it seriously? This question is worth discussing by Chinese teachers! Judging from the requirements of the development level of college entrance examination composition, one of them is "innovation", that is, it puts forward one thing that makes the composition brilliant: the materials should be fresh; From the point of view that high school students must have a "Chinese social view", without it, it means that high school Chinese textbooks and readers are excellent, or it is possible to draw water with a sieve. Why? Due to the weak social awareness of the concept of China people, there is a lack of understanding, analysis and evaluation of nature, human, nation, country, society and the world. At present, many news media, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, television and the Internet, are closely related to our lives. Then, as a Chinese teacher, we should provide conditions to serve students wholeheartedly in writing, cut and paste newspapers and news, collect fresh articles by ourselves, and organize students to read newspapers, listen to the radio and watch some life and social programs of provincial and CCTV. In this way, the teacher becomes active and passive, so that every student can consciously accumulate materials for the new era. Over time, students' vision of social language will be broadened. It is worth mentioning that students should not be allowed to read after class. Students are generally required to write a "reading note", including title, source, genre, length, author, abstract, feelings and evaluation. It is particularly worth mentioning that the feelings and comments in the notes must be written by the students themselves, bold, individual, insightful and colorful.
Secondly, the common writing methods and skills are accumulated and applied to the usual composition practice. There are ***6 Chinese textbooks (compulsory books) published by People's Education Publishing House, each with modern and contemporary prose. Chinese teachers should carefully study the writing methods and skills in articles, often analyze with students why Chinese and foreign writers write well, discuss with students whether there are more "bright spots" in articles, and combine with students' reality to see if students can accept them, so that they can boldly use writing methods to guide themselves. For example, reading the first unit of the second volume of the full-time Chinese textbook for senior high schools (compulsory) published by People's Education Press, my students and I concluded that Blessing has a great writing technique, flashback recording; "Border Town" has a great writing technique, the psychological description of the characters (written through fantasy or dreams); There are two writing techniques in Lotus Lake: ① environmental description; ② A comprehensive description of the characters' language, movements and demeanor; The Man in the Condom has a great writing technique, that is, the cartoon method of writing people (using satirical cartoon method). Teachers must emphasize that writing notes should be taken well, especially asking students to understand and feel consciously in their spare time, and urging students to apply what they have learned.
Third, accumulate common or rare sentences and paragraphs with literary talent. In recent years, students' expanded sentences, compressed paragraphs, imitation sentences, and changed sentence patterns have attracted attention in the sixth question of college entrance examination. This can fully reflect the necessity of gloomy writing language from another angle. Of course, one of the requirements of the development level of college entrance examination composition is "literary talent", that is, students are required to use vivid words, flexible sentences, be good at using rhetorical devices and make sentences meaningful. Then, students must strengthen the accumulation of sentences and paragraphs in this area at ordinary times. Chinese teachers should emphasize that it is not only a waste of time to extract the whole article, but also futile and even counterproductive; Only by collecting some literary sentences and paragraphs, chewing, studying and using them repeatedly can we achieve remarkable results and excel.
Finally, strengthen your practice ability of "operating" to modify your composition. At present, the general routine writing teaching is that students spend an hour writing a big composition independently, then the teacher corrects it carefully, and finally the teacher comments patiently. Of course, this has a certain effect, but often the effect is half the effort. Why? Because a series of writing teaching processes are teacher-centered. If students are allowed to be teachers-evaluating teachers is not necessarily worse than the teachers themselves! Let them start by looking for typos, punctuation errors, improper words, ill sentences, opening sentences or paragraphs, turning sentences or paragraphs, literary sentences, meaningful and philosophical sentences, good materials with fresh breath, the center of the full text of the topic, the ending echoing the opening sentence, and the "phoenix head, pig belly and leopard tail". Perseverance, students with poor composition gradually became interested, and the initiative and enthusiasm of the whole class were greatly improved.
These "skills that are not skills" are composed of four aspects, which are interdependent. The key is that teachers should boldly let go, focus on students and arouse their enthusiasm in writing teaching; Teachers should start from the basic grade and persevere. In addition, Chinese teachers should boldly write down the composition of water and use it to test the correctness of the theory.