Secrets in the popular science calendar
As for when the calendar appeared, no one can tell clearly, just according to historical records. About 1 100 years ago, this calendar was used in the Forbidden City in Yongzhen Garden, Tang Shunzong. At that time, the calendar, also known as the yellow calendar, not only recorded the date, but also was an important material for compiling the national history. Today's popular calendars, whether paper publications, mobile phone applications or electronic desk calendars, usually include three kinds of calendars: Gregorian calendar, lunar calendar and dry calendar.
In the Gregorian calendar, there are 12 months in a year, but many people don't know the origin of the English name 12 months.
Calendars in the calendar are divided into lunar calendar, solar calendar and yin-yang calendar.
The solar calendar is also called the solar calendar, and its Gregorian calendar year is the tropic of cancer. At present, the Gregorian calendar, which is widely used in the world, and the dry calendar in China belong to this kind of solar calendar.
The lunar calendar is also called the lunar calendar, or lunar calendar. Its calendar month is a lunar month, with 12 lunar months, 30 days for the big month and 29 days for the small month. The Islamic calendar is one of the lunar calendars.
There are obvious differences between normal years and leap years in the lunar calendar, and the number of years is very different. Calendar month is the first month of the lunar calendar. Because there is a certain difference between 12 in the first lunar month and the tropic year (about 1 1 day), leap months are set in the lunar calendar to coordinate the relationship between the tropic year and the first lunar month, and there are leap months in thirteen months of the year. Generally, there are seven leap years every 19. It is different from the normal year with twelve moons in a year. Therefore, this calendar is consistent with the periodic movements of the moon and the earth around the sun.
The Gregorian calendar has 12 months in a year, which originated from the ancient Roman calendar. The original Roman calendar was only 10 months, and the Roman emperor decided to add two months at the end of the year. Later, Julius Caesar moved these two months to the beginning of the year, becoming 65438+ October and February, and the original 65438+ October and February became March and April, and so on. This is the Gregorian calendar used in the world today.
January -65438+ October
In Roman legend, a patron saint named Ya Lu Si had two faces, one looking back on the past and the other looking forward to the future. Symbolizing the end of the past and the beginning of the future, people think that it is meaningful to choose his name as the name of the first month, and it can bid farewell to the old and welcome the new. English 65438+ January evolved from the Latin name of the patron saint Januarius.
February to February
At the beginning of February every year, the Romans killed animals and drank wine to celebrate the festival. On this day, people often whip infertile women with a whip made of cattle grass called Februa in order to get pregnant and have children (this is unfair and barbaric). On this day, people will also repent the sins of the past year, wash their souls, seek forgiveness from the gods, and make themselves a chaste person. February in English is derived from the Latin Februarius (February Festival).
March-March
1 month in the original Roman calendar, the beginning of the new year. After Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, the original 1 month became March, but the Romans still regarded March as the beginning of the year. In addition, according to traditional habits, March is the season of going out every year. To commemorate Mars, people take the Latin name of Mars as the name of March. March March is the name of this god of war in English. At the beginning of the year, the moon of the god of war was released and the door was opened to fight, which showed its aggressive ambition.
April to April
April in Rome is a beautiful season of spring flowers, just like all life is opened. April in English comes from Latin April (the day of flowering).
May-May
Maya is a goddess in Roman mythology, specializing in spring and life. To commemorate this goddess, the Romans named Mei after her-Latin Maius, and English May evolved from the name of this goddess.
June to June
In Roman mythology, Juno is the king of the gods and the god in charge of fertility and protection of women. The ancient Romans revered her so much that they dedicated June to her and named it after her.
July to July
After Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler, was assassinated, the famous Roman general marc anthony suggested that July in which Julius Caesar was born be named Julius in Latin. The bill was passed in the Senate. July in English comes from this.
August. Auguste
After Julius Caesar died, his nephew Octavian inherited his Roman wasteland. In order to be as famous as Caesar, he wants to be named after himself for another month. His birthday was in September, but he chose August, because after he succeeded to the throne, the Roman Senate awarded him the title of Augustus in August. So he decided to use this honorific name to name August. The result is that August is one day less than July. In order to be equal to Caesar, he decided to take a day from mid-February and add it to August. Since then, February has lost a day. English August evolved from the Latin honorific title of the emperor.
September to September
July of the old calendar is September after Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, which means "7" in Latin. Although the calendar has been reformed, people still use the old name to call September. English in September evolved from this.
October-10/October
English 10 month comes from Latin Octo, which means "8". Just like September mentioned above, the calendar has changed and the title has not changed.
1 1 month to1month.
Roman emperors Augustus and Caesar both had their own months named after them. Roman citizens and the Senate asked the then Roman emperor Tiberius to name the month 1 1, but Tiberius disagreed. He wisely told everyone that if every emperor in Rome named the month after himself, what would happen if the emperor of 13 appeared? Therefore, 165438+ October still retains its old name Novm, which means "9" in Latin. English 165438+ October and November evolved from this.
December -65438+ February
The Roman emperor Julius wanted to name the last month of the year after his mistress Amagonius, but the Senate opposed it. Therefore, the old name Decem, which means "10" in Latin, is still in use in June of 12. English 65438+ December, which evolved from it.
The origin of "Zhou"
Zhou originated in Babylon as a time period. The world-wide seven-day week system was first formulated by the Roman emperor Constantine the Great, who officially declared seven days as a week on March 7th, 32 1 year, and this system has been in use ever since. In China, when Christianity spread in China in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Zhou gradually became known. After the use of the Gregorian calendar was stipulated in the Republic of China, the week gradually became popular.
Zhou is called the Seven Obsidian in China. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China, Seven Obsidian refers to the seven main stars, such as the sun, the moon and the five major planets, which was an important part of astronomical astrology at that time. China's seven points didn't start from the time unit. In the west, the ancient Babylonians first used seven days as a week. Later, the Jews spread it to ancient Egypt and from ancient Egypt to Rome. After the 3rd century AD, it was widely spread to European countries. Both Islam and Christianity have weekly religious worship activities, so in many dialects, "worship" gradually has the meaning of "week".
The origin of a week should be the period connected with the moon, because seven days is about a quarter of the moon's week.
In ancient China, the ancients regarded the sun, the moon and the five planets of gold, wood, water, fire and earth as seven kinds of planets, and created seven kinds of brilliance. In the Preface to Biographies of the Liang Dynasty by Fan Ning in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there are seven records that the Japanese suffered from "Ju Yu".
The seven obsidians used in ancient China were parallel to the Latin Week. In Latin, Sunday is called "Death Day", Monday is called "Death Month" and Tuesday is called "Death Day". Wednesday (Obsidian Day) is called dies Mercurii, Thursday (Obsidian Day) is called dies Jovis, Friday (Obsidian Day) is called dies Veneris, and Saturday (Obsidian Day) is called Saturn Day. French directly adopts the Latin name, but changes Sunday to "Sunday"; Because the names of the five planets are the names of gods in ancient Roman mythology. English has turned several of them into gods in ancient Germanic mythology and Nordic mythology. For example, Tuesday became the "Tyre" of Valkyrie profile, Friday became the German goddess "frigga", Wednesday became the Germanic god "Walden" (corresponding to "Odin" in Nordic mythology), and Thursday was also the name of the Nordic god "Sol". In Russian and Slavic, it has become "the first day" and "the second day".
Date Creation in Ancient China
Zhou came from the west, but there were similar rules in ancient China.
In the Han Dynasty: According to historical records, in the Han Dynasty, the court clearly stipulated in the laws and regulations: "Officials should rest for five days." This "taking a break" means taking a vacation. It is mentioned in Historical Records and Biography of Zheng Dangshi that when he was a prince in Han Jing, Zheng Dangshi took a bath every five days, which shows that he had a rest every five days at that time.
Ancient Babylonian date
In the 7th and 6th centuries BC, the Babylonians had a weekly system. They divide a month into four weeks, seven days a week, that is, a week. Babylonians built a seven-star altar to worship the stars. The seven-star altar is divided into seven layers, and each layer has a star god. There are seven gods from top to bottom: sun, moon, fire, water, wood, gold and earth. God is in charge of one day of the week, so he sacrifices to a god every day, and every day is named after a god: Chamakh, the sun god, is in charge of Sunday, which is called Sun Day; The moon god Xin is in charge of Monday, which is called moon day; Nilga, the god of Mars, is in charge of Tuesday, which is called Fire Obsidian Day. Naboo, the god of mercury, is in charge of Wednesday, which is called Water Glory Day. Duke, the god of Jupiter, is in charge of Thursday, which is called Obsidian Day. Venus God Hista is in charge of Friday, which is called Golden Yao Day. Saturn's god Nini Nurda rules Saturday, which is called Earth Obsidian Day.
The weekly system founded by Babylonians first spread to ancient Greece and Rome. The ancient Romans named the gods they believed in 1 week seven days: Sun Day, Moon Day, Mars Day, Mercury Day and Jupiter Day. After these seven names spread to Britain, the Anglo-Saxons changed four of them with their own names of gods, replacing Mars Day, Mercury Day, Jupiter Day and Venus Day with Wednesday, Thursday and Friday respectively. Tuesday came from Tiu, the Anglo-Saxon god of war. Wednesday comes from Wharton, the highest god, also known as the Lord God. Thursday is from Raytheon, it's Raytheon. Friday comes from frigga and is the goddess of love. This forms the name of 1 week seven days in today's English:
Sunday (Sun God Day)
Monday (Luna Day)
Tuesday (God of War Day)
Wednesday (Sunday)
Thursday (Raytheon Day)
Friday (Love Day)
Saturday (Land God Day).
(The article refers to Baidu Encyclopedia. The above pictures are all from the Internet and have been deleted. )
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