Basic knowledge of grave robbery
Grave robbery is a long-standing crime.
Archaeological data of the Neolithic Age can already see the remains of conscious destruction of tombs. After the social change of "bad manners, happy collapse" in the Spring and Autumn Period, the wind of reburial rose, so grave robbery prevailed.
Shaanxi Fengxiang 1 Qin Cemetery is the largest tomb in the pre-Qin period discovered so far, and it is also the largest tomb excavated by scientific archaeological methods in China at present. A total of 247 stolen caves were found in this ancient tomb, of which 10 directly entered the tomb.
1. In Ma Po Village, Mangshan, Luoyang, there was a man named Li, who lived by robbing tombs since he was a child. Twelve years of the Republic of China. One day, he went to a county town more than ten miles away for a fair. An acquaintance in Magou Village, Yanshi County is building a shed to sell fried steamed bread. When the two sides met and greeted each other, he saw that the man had dug a small hole in the ground with a tile-shaped shovel with short handle to put it in the shed post. The man went down with this shovel. When he carried it up, he brought out a lot of dirt, which immediately aroused his inspiration. This guy is better than a shovel. We can judge the situation of different underground strata, so we found a piece of paper, drew a big pattern with a shovel, and found someone to build it according to the map when we got home. I tried it, and it was handy and the effect was good, so I popularized it. 1. The general Luoyang shovel was eliminated, and the shovel used was modified on the basis of Luoyang shovel, which was divided into heavy shovel and shovel (also called mud shovel).
Because the wooden pole attached to the back of Luoyang shovel head is too long ... the goal is too big, so I gave up and used a threaded pipe ... up and down half a meter, which can be extended at will. Usually look at the terrain, just take it apart and carry it in your backpack.
Similarly, different graves were dug ... different tools were used to rob tombs. A heavy shovel evolved from Luoyang shovel used in Han tombs.
Generally speaking, there is no wing in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, and there are two more wings in the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is a sign. The tombs of the Tang Dynasty were made of tomb bricks, and there was no bond between bricks, so the dome was built.
However, the brick tombs of Han Dynasty are not common (except the big tombs), and most of them are tomb pits or pits with wooden squares. Tombs in Ming and Qing dynasties are mostly brick structures with lime and iron pieces embedded in them. Some tombs in the Ming Dynasty were more than two meters thick (seven spokes and seven coupons) ... very strong.
The depth of the Ming tombs from the ground is generally no more than six meters, and they can be excavated overnight without special methods. Han tombs are generally about 1 1 and 12 meters away from the surface, and the Western Zhou tombs are deeper. If the excavation work is to be completed overnight, special methods must be used.
Especially the tombs of the Han Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty are very old and miracles are hard to find. There is a process of "finding a place" first. Determine the location, explore the poles, shovel, look at the ash of the pit, determine the shape and orientation of the tomb (that is, determine the age) ... then we can get ready and complete the excavation overnight in a special way.
Grave robbers have a very strong purpose of robbing graves, for example ... when they enter the grave, they will dig directly to the position of the coffin ... and then look for something in the "left shoulder and right foot" and then search in the ear room (Dongcang Xiku) ... As for other positions, it depends on the length of time, and it will be abolished if the time is short. There is also a lot of "experience" in seeing the terrain. For example, ancient grave pits such as "Qin Buried Ridge and Han Buried Slope" are square pits, but in modern times they are round pits, which are called "ancient square near circle".
2. Who can tell me something about grave robbery?
Touching Gold-Touching Gold The rudiment of a captain began in the Warring States Period, and he was proficient in "finding dragons" and "dividing gold into points". General Faqiu did not appear until the later Han Dynasty, also known as Faqiu Tianguan or Faqiu Lingguan. In fact, the method of Faqiu Tianguan is almost the same as that of touching a captain, except that there is a bronze seal engraved with God bless the people and forgive them, which is an irreplaceable relic in the hands of grave robbers.
Faqiu-Faqiu Tianguan Faqiu Tianguan is almost the same as touching a captain's gold, but the so-called "Faqiu" is recorded in Zhuangzi Foreign Things, and the specific technology has now been lost. Judging from the record in the article that "controlling students with golden vertebrae, allowing them to divide their cheeks, and not hurting them", it may also be technical work.
Moving mountains-Taoist priests move mountains with seals on their hair, symbols for touching gold, skills for moving mountains, and armor for unloading mountains. One of the most mysterious is the "Taoist who moved mountains". Because of their clothes, they have added a lot of mystery. Many people think that their excavation of ancient tombs is a magic similar to Maoshan Daoism.
Unloading the ridge-unloading the ridge between the green forest and the grave robbery. Dig a grave if there is one. When the cemetery can't be found, the leaders will gather on the mountain to rob the property through Jiaka. There are always many people. As long as you can find a place, you dare to dig even if there is a huge grave.
Second, geographically, there are many schools in Shaanxi, Henan, Zhejiang and Shanxi in the north, while grave robbers in the south are concentrated in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan and Hubei. Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou in the southwest have simple folk customs and few grave robbers.
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Another one:
● The "three disappearances" in Tomb Raid: no soil, no pit and no corpse.
No soil, no pit, dig a grave without piles of soil, you must fill it back into the pit, there is no body, but you can't "uncover" the grave, expose the body, and cover it with a coffin when you leave. Some old Germans will also leave a sign next to the tomb that only insiders can understand, telling others that they have been here and don't come.
● Stealing skills
Look at the terrain, such as "Qin burial ridge, Han burial slope". In ancient times, grave-robbing pits were all square pits, but in modern times, they were all round pits, which is the so-called "ancient square near the garden".
There are "cooked soil", "living soil" (also called "flower soil") and "dead soil" to distinguish raw soil from cooked soil. Experienced grave robbers can tell at a glance whether there is an ancient tomb here, or even whether it is an ancient tomb.
Explore the feeling to "feel" whether there is a tomb; When confirmed, shovel, for example, to 10 meter, and then ... look at the depth and what is taken out of the shovel. ...
3. Tomb-robbing knowledge, begging.
Touching Gold-Touching Gold The rudiment of a captain began in the Warring States Period, and he was proficient in "finding dragons" and "dividing gold into points". General Faqiu did not appear until the later Han Dynasty, also known as Faqiu Tianguan or Faqiu Lingguan. In fact, the method of Faqiu Tianguan is almost the same as that of touching a captain, except that there is a bronze seal engraved with God bless the people and forgive them, which is an irreplaceable relic in the hands of grave robbers.
Faqiu-Faqiu Tianguan Faqiu Tianguan is almost the same as touching a captain's gold, but the so-called "Faqiu" is recorded in Zhuangzi Foreign Things, and the specific technology has now been lost. Judging from the record in the article that "controlling students with golden vertebrae, allowing them to divide their cheeks, and not hurting them", it may also be technical work. Moving mountains-Taoist priests move mountains with seals on their hair, symbols for touching gold, skills for moving mountains, and armor for unloading mountains. One of the most mysterious is the "Taoist who moved mountains". Because of their clothes, they have added a lot of mystery. Many people think that their excavation of ancient tombs is a kind of magic similar to Maoshan Taoism.
Unloading the ridge-unloading the ridge between the green forest and the grave robbery. Dig a grave if there is one. When the cemetery can't be found, the leaders will gather on the mountain to rob the property through Jiaka. There are always many people. As long as you can find a place, you dare to dig even if there is a huge grave. Second, geographically, there are many schools in Shaanxi, Henan, Zhejiang and Shanxi in the north, while grave robbers in the south are concentrated in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan and Hubei. Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou in the southwest have simple folk customs and few grave robbers.
-Another: ● The "three shortages" of grave robbery: no soil and no pit. Some old Germans will also leave a sign next to the tomb that only insiders can understand, telling others that they have been here and don't come.
● Looking at the terrain with the method of stealing and digging "Qin Buried Ridge and Han Buried Slope" and other ancient grave pits are square pits, and modern ones are round pits, which is the so-called "ancient square near garden". There are "cooked soil", "living soil" (also called "flower soil") and "dead soil" to distinguish raw soil from cooked soil.
Experienced grave robbers can tell at a glance whether there is an ancient tomb here, or even whether it is an ancient tomb. Explore the feeling to "feel" whether there is a tomb; Shovel when you're sure. For example, shovel it to 10 meter, and then ... look at the depth and what the shovel brings.
4. Knowledge about Mausoleum Do you know the saying of Mausoleum?
Mausoleums and sacrificial buildings of ancient emperors and empresses in China.
Like palaces and temples, it belongs to a large-scale memorial building with strong political nature, which embodies the political system and ethical concepts of slavery and feudal dynasties. Architectural Form and Evolution In ancient times, the system of martyrdom was relatively simple.
"Book of Rites Talking about Gong" contains: "Ancient times are also tombs, not graves; "Yi copula" contains: "The ancient burial was rewarded with thick clothes, and it was buried in the field, and it was not sealed or trees." Shang dynasty attached great importance to the burial system.
At the latest in the Zhou Dynasty, the funeral system was brought into the scope of the imperial ritual system. In Zhou Li Chun Guan, the duty of the "undertaker" is: "To be in charge of the cemetery, to distinguish its omen and make statues, and to bury the king in the middle of the tomb.
..... the title is the highest degree, not the number of trees. ..... is the grave, the grave, guarding the grave. "
The earliest known tomb remains on the ground are the tomb of King Zhongshan in Pingshan County, Hebei Province during the Warring States Period. There is a mound on the tomb, and there is a sleeping hall at the top of the tomb. Trees can be planted all over the tomb. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in Lishan Mountain, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, is very rigorous in planning and modeling.
The mausoleum is a three-story square rammed earth platform with a sleeping hall at the top; The grave is covered with cypress trees, symbolizing the forest. The mausoleum of the ancient emperor is commonly known as the mausoleum, also known as the mountain mausoleum, from which the image comes.
There are two walls around the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, with a gate in the middle, which is neat and symmetrical; There are also large terracotta warriors and horses pits outside the tomb wall. Han inherited the Qin system.
Most of the tombs in the Western Han Dynasty are located in Xianyang to Xingping, northwest of Chang 'an, and the tombs are all square truncated cones, which are called Fangshang. There is a sleeping hall above the mausoleum and a wall around it, which is symmetrical with the transverse axis.
Next to the mausoleum, there are the queen's tomb and the hero's tomb, which are similar in form to the mausoleum, but greatly reduced in scale. There are also government offices, aristocratic houses and gardens around the mausoleum, surrounded by walls, which are called supernatural, and are very special aristocratic residential areas.
Most of the tombs in the Eastern Han Dynasty were concentrated in Mangshan Mountain in the north of Luoyang (Northern Wei Dynasty), which inherited the shape of the Western Han Dynasty, but the volume was reduced and there were no tombs. The tombs in the Southern Dynasties were small in scale, and no sleeping halls were built on the mounds. However, a deep Shinto was set in front of the mausoleum, and stone carved Kirin (to ward off evil spirits), tomb table and monument were symmetrically arranged on both sides of the Shinto.
Tombs in the Tang Dynasty are another typical form after the Han tombs. In the Tang Dynasty 18 Mausoleum, 15 takes natural hills as the mausoleum, surrounded by square mausoleums, with a sparrow gate in the middle and a lion outside. There is a long Shinto in the south and a big sparrow gate in the south.
Stone statues, stone horses, suzaku and huabiao are arranged on both sides. Instead of building a sleeping hall at the top of the mausoleum, a sacrificial hall was set up inside the door.
The tombs of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms are not large in scale. From the excavated tombs of two masters in the Southern Tang Dynasty and the tomb of Wang Jian in the former Shu State, we pay more attention to the decoration in the tombs, and the composition and techniques of sculptures and murals are very high. The tombs in the Northern Song Dynasty combined the characteristics of the Han and Tang Dynasties, but they were more standardized.
The main body of the mausoleum is called the Upper Temple, which has a symmetrical cross axis, a square wall, a door in the middle of all sides, a watchtower in the corner, a Shinto in the south, and a que door. On both sides of Shinto, the sacrificial ceremonies of the big court are symmetrically arranged. There are stone carvings of ladies-in-waiting, officials, envoys, horses, elephants, sheep and tigers. There is also a door at the southernmost tip called the chest platform.
In addition, there is a lower palace in the north of the upper palace, which is a memorial building dedicated to the statue of Empress Dowager Cixi and used as a memorial hall. To the northwest of the mausoleum is Hou Ling, which has the same shape as the mausoleum, but on a smaller scale.
Before the Song Dynasty, only a few emperors' tombs were excavated, so it was difficult to fully judge the shape of the tombs. However, according to the known relevant information, generally speaking, before the Han Dynasty, most of them were square single rooms with wooden piers. After the Han dynasty, it was mostly a masonry arch structure, with three burial chambers, namely, front, middle and back, or two burial chambers, and the pyramid-shaped mound was very long. The Ming Tombs inherited the tradition of centralized mausoleum building in the Song Dynasty, forming a mausoleum environment. At the same time, they strengthened Shinto architecture and highlighted the atmosphere of the leading part of the mausoleum, but made great changes to the mausoleum.
The mausoleum of the Ming Tombs is completely palace-style, simulating the pattern of Zhaohui, in which the front part is a palace-style longitudinal courtyard, and the back part is changed into a Ming Lou Bao Cheng. The tombs in the Qing Dynasty are basically the same as those in the Ming Tombs, but the scale is slightly smaller. Each tomb has a Shinto and an independent queen's tomb.
The tombs are all multi-chamber arch coupon structures. The architectural art form of China's ancient tombs is a ceremonial memorial building, and its main function is to embody the immortality of emperor gods and the permanence of legal system.
Therefore, architecture is required to show a solemn, lofty and eternal artistic atmosphere. Planting evergreen pine and cypress on the mausoleum shows the significance pursued by the mausoleum.
In terms of architectural treatment, before the Tang Dynasty, more attention was paid to the modeling design of the mausoleum itself. The truncated cone with transverse symmetry was stable, solid and serious, and the sleeping hall was built at the top of the mausoleum, which highlighted the sacredness of this kind of building. But at that time, environmental sequence did not get enough attention.
The Tang Dynasty paid attention to the environment, set up a long Shinto in front of the mausoleum, deepened the sequence level with the gate que and stone carving, and set off a strong commemoration. Using natural mountain peaks as tombs, Shinto gradually rises to the tomb, showing a magnificent momentum.
However, the architecture of the mausoleum itself is not handled much, and it is more than enough, but its style is deep and solemn. Song Ling integrated the techniques of Han and Tang Dynasties, and concentrated on the construction of the back mausoleum, and the overall environment was in good order. However, due to the influence of the concept of geomantic omen, according to the saying of "five-tone surname Li", the national surname Zhao belongs to the "horn" sound, which is beneficial to the orientation of C and Ren (northwest), and the buildings must be arranged according to "southeast dome and northwest depression", so all tombs are high in front (south) and high in the back (north).
The artistic image of tombs in Ming and Qing dynasties is the most prominent and the techniques are the most mature, which are mainly manifested in: ① centralized construction and emphasis on environmental effects. The environment is a small basin surrounded by mountains on three sides, with the front low and the back high; The scale of architecture and environment is moderate, which not only ensures the overall momentum, but also enables people to grasp the complete artistic effect within people's normal vision.
(2) Each mausoleum faces a mountain peak, and the natural hills are organized into man-made mausoleum buildings, which increases the connotation of architectural artistic image. ③ Pay special attention to the sequential processing of the leading part.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were Shinto and stone tablet buildings in front of each mausoleum, which deepened the level of each mausoleum. The Ming Tombs only have 1 Shinto, which is 7. 5% from the stone archway to the front of Changling.
5 kilometers, * * * divided into three sections, the artistic effect is extremely strong, in fact, it is a spine of the whole mausoleum. (4) Mausoleum architecture is neat and symmetrical, and its shape is rigorous, especially the Ming Lou Bao Cheng, which looks like a castle, is strong and memorable.
The history of tomb raiding in China (tomb raiding is illegal, of course) The real folk tomb raiding activities are very secretive (not counting the destruction by warlords in troubled times), which can be said to be self-contained, and some tricks are.
5. Who has the knowledge of grave robbery?
For grave robbers, the first thing to look for is the tomb. It is easy to identify a sealed tomb, but it is difficult to identify a tomb that has not been sealed or has been eroded by wind and rain for many years. In order to solve this problem, grave robbers generally adopt the methods of "watching" and "asking".
The so-called "hope" is to look at Feng Shui. The old grave robbers are experienced and good at Feng Shui. They know that ordinary tombs or tombs of important people are located in the treasure land of geomantic omen, and it is almost successful to determine unmarked tombs on the ground with the guidance of geomantic omen. According to legend, during the Republic of China, there was a grave-robbing master named Cai in Changsha, and his feng shui was very good. If he goes out and chooses a place, his followers will gather. On one occasion, he went to visit relatives in Ningxiang County and went to a place with beautiful scenery. He pointed to a rice field and told his colleagues that there must be a big tomb under this field, and the treasure in the tomb can make you and me suddenly rich. People in the same trade didn't believe it, so the man bet with them that if there was no tomb, he would lose 1000 yuan. On the contrary, 70% of the treasures are found in graves. Everyone gambled wildly, so they secretly found dozens of villagers to dig at night. In the middle of the night, they dug up a brick tomb with painted walls, swords, Baoding, jade articles, lacquerware, gold cakes and other things. Later, they sold these cultural relics to American missionaries and got a lot of dollars to get rich.
The so-called "question" is to step on the spot. People who are good at this way often travel around the world dressed as geomancers or fortune tellers. They pay special attention to beautiful scenery and places visited by senior officials. They are generally eloquent, good at chatting with the old people about the past, and get the information and orientation of the ancient tomb from the conversation. As soon as we found out the exact location of the ancient tomb, we immediately called a group of thieves to dig at night.
If you encounter a large or medium-sized tomb, it will take a long time to steal it, and the grave robbers have to find ways to hide it. Sometimes, they will build a house near the grave and then dig a tunnel from the house to the grave; Sometimes, they will build a fake grave next to the ancient tomb, and then secretly dig a tunnel into the ancient tomb; Sometimes, in the name of reclaiming land, they plant tall crops such as corn and sorghum around the grave, and cover up their grave-robbing activities with green curtains.
The first step in the official start of grave robbery is to find the location of the hole and enter the grave or coffin in the shortest distance. This kung fu requires not only rich experience in robbing tombs, but also a keen sense of observing things. This is the so-called "cutting" technique. People who are good at this method can often accurately locate tombs or coffins according to the terrain, the trend of veins, and the different tomb structures in different dynasties and regions, such as giving people a pulse.
In addition to the "cutting" work, there is also the so-called "smelling" work. Some grave robbers have this unique skill. They often turn over the topsoil of the grave, put a pinch of soil under their noses, and tell whether there is a metallic smell, whether it has been stolen, or even the tombs or other relics of which dynasty. The tools used for grave robbery are also very important. In ancient times, grave robbers generally used pickaxes, axes and shovels. In the Ming Dynasty, grave robbers began to use special iron cones. During the Republic of China, Luoyang grave robbers invented Luoyang shovel. Experienced grave robbers can judge the basic situation of the underground only by the different sounds and feelings on their hands when Luoyang shovel collided with the ground.
It doesn't mean that if you dig a stolen hole, you will be able to go straight into the tomb and steal property like a bag. Grave robbers often encounter "falling fire". "Burying fire" is also called "fire pit tomb" or "fire cave" because the organic matter buried in the tomb decomposes to form a combustible gas-biogas. Some will also encounter a "mercury pool", and the gas volatilized by mercury can also poison grave robbers. Faced with these possible situations, experienced grave robbers often don't rush to get the treasure, but let the poison gas or fire spread for a few days, or "lead the dog into the middle" and lead the way with dogs to avoid casualties.
After removing all obstacles, it is a treasure. Not everyone can get the treasure, but everyone can. When approaching the coffin, the experienced "master" should personally go down to the grave to explore. If the coffin is well preserved, cut it with an axe and chisel and climb into the coffin room to touch the cultural relics. When touching cultural relics, be careful, calm, accurate and without omission. Grave robbers usually start from the head of the deceased and end at the feet. In ancient times, there was a habit of using jade to block the seven orifices, for fear that the essence of the deceased would be leaked, so grave robbers would not let go of the seven orifices of the deceased.
6. I'm going to rob a tomb
What to bring: a bronze mirror that can kill a corpse: a bronze mirror that can kill a corpse and ward off evil spirits is a symbol of Legalism. It is said that it is built on the * * * mountain, which can be based on the four dimensions of heaven and earth.
According to records, there was a corpse in the Yellow River that made waves and drowned the ship. The king of Qin ordered the mirror to be hung at the mouth of the river and sent troops to guard it. Until the Qin and Han dynasties, this ancient mirror fell into the hands of the Han dynasty princes, and finally inexplicably fell to Yunnan.
There is no other ancient mirror in the world that can be mounted on a bronze coffin to suppress the deterioration of a corpse. Candle: amulet for lighting and measuring air Gawu: * * *, with different forms for men and women. The woman is wearing a big round dress with silver outside. There are Buddha statues, spells, gold and steel knots, and some other strange things, some of which contain relics. Gema's Gawu contains nine-eyed stones, agates and fangs left hundreds of years ago. It is said that it is a top talent. Biology: Two big white geese let them try the air quality in the ghost hall. Glutinous rice: Luoyang shovel, also known as detective shovel, is said to be a semi-cylindrical shovel.
A section of ash pole with an extendable handle. When in use, poke the ground vertically downward, take out the underground soil with a semi-cylindrical shovel, and gradually dig a deep well with a diameter of about 10 cm to detect the soil quality of the underground soil layer, so as to know whether there is an ancient tomb underground.
(There is no detailed explanation in the book) Touch Gold Symbol: The word "Touch Gold" is engraved. The brushwork is vigorous and bold, and the ancient meaning is magnificent. It is made of the sharpest claws of Chuanshanjia, as transparent as black crystal. Although it has been a long time, there is no trace of wear and tear. The claw root is locked with a circle of gold thread, and the whole body is engraved with the flying tiger pattern to ward off evil spirits. Bind the corpse rope: used to trap the corpse and prevent it from being entangled. Net: used to trap bodies and prevent them from flying. Tiger Claw: It is made of high-quality steel. Like Tiger Claw in front, the joints can be relaxed and tightened. Hang a long rope at the back, and you can catch the east trip rope from a distance. It can prevent the bodies from getting entangled and delay the pursuit of zombies. Jingang Umbrella: Made of fine steel mixed rare metals. Even if you cut with a chainsaw, it will only be slightly whitened, which will be encountered throughout the ages.
Tie the corpse rope: to prevent the corpse from decomposing, it can delay the pursuit of soft corpse incense by zombies: soft corpse incense can quickly smoke and soften hard corpses and fix them. Dan: Probably a pill mixed with "cinnabar" and "purple jade", which is the secret claw in Laoshan art to prevent the autopsy of the dead: the black passbook for prying the coffin: the "black passbook" of Captain Mo Jin. The name of this thing is very mysterious, but it is actually a special root. Zhu Xuan in the north: This kind of thing is also called "ground cream" or "Zhu Xuan in the north" in Chinese medicine, and its nature is "bitter, bitter, warm and nontoxic".
This is to prevent the poor air quality in the ancient tomb from causing headache and coma. Black donkey's hoof: Black donkey's hoof, which is the weirdest thing, can especially restrain monsters such as zombies who have been transformed from corpses.
Spike ink lines: Push the coffin board hard, take out the spikes, and fill the coffin lid with ink lines criss-crossed by Mo Dou. Ink lines form a large black net like the grid of Go board, sealing the coffin tightly. Tianguan Bronze Seal/Fashan Seal: The rudiment of touching gold began in the Warring States Period, and he was proficient in "finding dragons" and "distributing gold". General Faqiu did not appear until the later Han Dynasty, also known as Faqiu Tianguan or Faqiu Lingguan. In fact, the means of sending a high-ranking official and touching a gold captain are almost the same, except that there is a bronze seal engraved with God bless the people and forgive them, which is an irreplaceable god in the hands of hill diggers.
Hongxin Pill: Take a cyclone shovel that can avoid corpse gas: a hollow copper rod with an organic shell inside. Nine wavy leaves made of fine steel are inserted at the front end of the copper rod like nine petals. There is a special slot lock spring in front of the copper bar. When the steel sheet leaves, it is firmly fixed by the lock spring. There is a rocker behind the copper bar. Wen Xiangyu: Also known as Jin Xiangyu, jade is fragrant and refreshing.
A lot of ginger: used in snow-capped mountains. Squeeze ginger juice and apply it on ice cutting tools, which can save a lot of effort when digging ice. "Star official nail corpse needle": an antique used by a captain who touched gold in the Tang Dynasty. There are 36 needles, which pierce the corpse to prevent it from deteriorating.
In addition, there are many precautions, practices and rules about inverted bucket in my space! I hope I can help you! )。
7. What is grave robbery?
Open classification of tomb raiding: tomb raiding, ancient tombs and folk stunts. In the modern sense, the organized and targeted "archaeological excavation" initiated by the state in China is less than 100 years. I remember reading several excavation reports decades ago more than a decade ago, which were not so much "excavations" ... but "tomb robbery records".
Because its methods, means, etc ... are grave robbers, and there is no "own" thing. So far, some means may be advanced ... adding some high-tech components, such as ground penetrating radar, metal detector, gas analyzer and so on, but the principle is still the same.
Real folk grave robbers are subject to various restrictions. He can't take the radar to rob a tomb, even a Luoyang shovel has to be dismantled and "hidden" ... so he has his own unique skill. If he wants to finish the seemingly "impossible task" in unit time, he must think of various ways, some of which are subtle.
Luoyang shovel is produced in Ma Po Village, Mangshan, Luoyang. There was a man named Li who lived by robbing tombs since he was a child. One day in the twelfth year of the Republic of China, he went to a county town more than ten miles away for a fair. An acquaintance in Magou Village, Yanshi County is building a shed and saving money to sell fried dumplings. Both sides greet each other as soon as they meet. He saw this man digging a small hole in the ground with a short handle shovel in the shape of a ceramic tile, which suddenly aroused his inspiration. This guy is more convenient than a shovel, especially using native soil, so he wants to judge the situation of different underground strata, so he found a piece of paper, drew a big original pattern with a shovel, and found someone to build it according to the plan when he got home. I tried it, and it was handy and the effect was good, so I popularized it. The general Luoyang shovel was eliminated, and the shovel used was modified on the basis of Luoyang shovel, which was divided into heavy shovel and lifting. Because the wooden pole attached to the back of Luoyang shovel head is too long ... the goal is too big, so I gave up and used a threaded pipe ... up and down half a meter, which can be extended at will.
Usually look at the terrain, just take it apart and carry it in your backpack. Similarly, different graves were dug ... different tools were used to rob tombs.
The heavy shovel evolved from Luoyang shovel was used to dig the Han tombs, the flat shovel was used to dig the Tang tombs (similar to crescent shovel of Lu), and the rolling fork and skimmer were used to ram the soil into the Han tombs (most of the Han tombs were potholes and collapses). Generally speaking, there is no wing in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, and there are two more wings in the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is a sign.
The tombs of the Tang Dynasty were made of tomb bricks, and there was no bond between bricks, so the dome was built. However, the brick tombs of Han Dynasty are not common (except the big tombs), and most of them are tomb pits or pits with wooden squares.
Tombs in Ming and Qing dynasties are mostly brick structures with lime and iron pieces embedded in them. Some tombs in the Ming Dynasty were more than two meters thick (seven spokes and seven coupons) ... very strong. The depth of the Ming tombs from the ground is generally no more than six meters, and they can be excavated overnight without special methods.
Han tombs are generally about 1 1 and 12 meters away from the surface, and the Western Zhou tombs are deeper. If the excavation work is to be completed overnight, special methods must be used. Especially the tombs of the Han Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty are very old and miracles are hard to find. There is a process of "finding a place" first.
Determine the location, explore the poles, shovel, look at the ash of the pit, determine the shape and orientation of the tomb (that is, determine the age) ... then we can get ready and complete the excavation overnight in a special way. Grave robbers have a very strong purpose of robbing graves, for example ... when they enter the grave, they will dig directly to the position of the coffin ... and then look for something in the "left shoulder and right foot" and then search in the ear room (Dongcang Xiku) ... As for other positions, it depends on the length of time, and it will be abolished if the time is short.
There is also a lot of "experience" in seeing the terrain. For example, ancient grave pits such as "Qin Buried Ridge and Han Buried Slope" are square pits, but in modern times they are round pits, which is the so-called "ancient square near the garden". The methods and techniques of grave robbing and treasure hunting have a long history in China. Shang Tang, the first king of Shang Dynasty, was the first to be robbed of the tomb in history. It has been 3600 years since, and grave robbery first appeared in the late Western Zhou Dynasty more than 2770 years ago. Someone got a jade seal with a cross on it from the excavated tomb, and no one knew it. There are two kinds of grave robbers, one is an official thief. There are many soldiers. They use a large number of soldiers to carry out their work with open flames, and a large number of people steal. It is concentrated in the surrounding areas of Henan, Shaanxi and Changsha, Hunan. Professional thieves are usually two people in partnership. Many gangs have fewer people, and one person does less, because one person can't take care of it. It takes one person to dig, one person to clear the wind and soil, and then one person enters the tomb and the other person is there. However, there is little cooperation between father and son. When looking for a partner, we need to be very careful to prevent people from being greedy. These people have been engaged in grave robbery for a long time, and they are experienced and good at camouflage. The anti-theft mechanism is very powerful. After they set the goal, if the small tomb doesn't take much effort, it will be dug in a few nights, and they will take out the goods and leave. If it is a large or medium-sized tomb, they will plant corn and sorghum around it in the name of farming. Covered up two months of poaching with a green gauze curtain. Second, build a house near the grave to hide people's eyes and ears, and then dig a tunnel from the house to the grave, and you can't see anything from the outside. Third, while building a fake tomb near the ancient tomb, secretly dig tunnels and steal property into the tomb. Changsha tomb raiding must be in the south, Luoyang shovel is not very good. The ancients summed up the experience accumulated by many parties.
I hope to see Feng Shui, that is, grave robbers know the art of Feng Shui, judge the size of the cemetery through Feng Shui, smell it and play with their noses more. A handful of earth can tell which generation of tombs it belongs to.
Marvel Comics looked at the letter. There is a legend: there was a grave robber who robbed tombs for three generations and practiced a skill.
But he was arrested in the 1980s. Should be dead.
But it is precisely because of its skill. Change it to life imprisonment and work for the archaeological cause for life.
San Wen is a talkative person who travels around and talks with the elderly about the past and the present. Used to obtain information about ancient tombs.
Four cuts is pulse diagnosis. There are three stories.
One is to judge the age and size of the tomb according to the soil layer. The second is to touch the belongings of the deceased in the tomb coffin, from head to mouth to foot, as an undifferentiated pool.
Must be a delicate person. The third is to judge the value of the unearthed objects by touching them with your hands.
Tomb raiding and treasure hunting have existed since ancient times, and today.