What are the rules of track and field competition?
Rules of track and field events
All-around event rules
The women's heptathlon lasts for two days, and the events are: the first day 100 meter hurdles, high jump, shot put; The next day, 200-meter race, long jump, javelin and 800-meter race. The men's decathlon is also two days: the first day 100 meter race, long jump, shot put, high jump and 400 meter race; The next day, 1 100 meter hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin and 1500 meter race.
Competition score
Decathlon and heptathlon athletes are graded according to their performance in each competition, and the person with the highest total score finally wins. Therefore, athletes can only win the championship if they have good performance in every competition, rather than focusing on one. In fact, people have designed a complicated scoring system to ensure that athletes who have an advantage in one competition will not score higher than those who have achieved better results in several competitions. The score of each competition depends on the scoring standard of the project. The Olympic Games draws up a score table according to the world record, converts the scores of the athletes into the number of components in the table, and then adds them up to get the total score. For example, Dan O' Brien of the United States, Atlanta Olympic gold medalist 196, 10.57 seconds to run 959 points, long jump 7.99 meters 1058 points, shot put 8 15 points and so on. Its total score is 88 17, which is only a little worse than the world record of 889 1 set by him in 1992.
In the same way, there is an independent conversion table for women's competition results in the Olympic Games. Joanna Coase of the United States still holds the world record of 729 1 which she set at the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games.
Project introduction
In track events, except for 1500m and 800m, the contestants arrange the competition order according to their personal best results. As the last event of decathlon and heptathlon, 1500m and 800m, the ranking method is determined according to the total scores of the first nine events or the first six events. In field events, athletes are divided into two groups according to their best performance in the event.
rule
The rules of decathlon and heptathlon are basically the same as those of individual events, but there are some minor differences: an athlete who steals twice in a single event will be fined, but who steals three times in an all-around event will be fined. The new world record or Olympic record requires that the wind speed should not exceed 2 m/s during the competition, while the all-around competition is 4 m/s. For specific rules, please refer to the individual competition rules.
High jump and pole vault
Project introduction
The high jump requires the athlete to take off with one foot, jump over the crossbar and not touch the support bar. The same is true of pole vault. The starting height of each competition is set by the referee, and the high jump pole is raised at least 2 cm and the pole vault is 5 cm in each round until the last person leaves. High jumpers and pole vaulters can choose when to take off or cross the pole. If they fail to jump at the same height three times, they will be eliminated. The highest height they successfully crossed is their ultimate achievement.
tie
Pay attention to strategy when skipping a certain height. If two people's scores are tied, there are generally two ways to break the tie: one is to see who uses the same height less; The second is to see who made fewer mistakes in the whole game. If there is still a draw, the game will produce a tied champion, unless there are not so many gold medals.
deciding game
The deciding game will be conducted according to the following rules. Participants in each lottery are only allowed to jump once, and they are eliminated from the lowest height. If all the athletes pass, the height will increase, and if all the athletes fail, the height will decrease until only one athlete survives the elimination.
trial match
The high jump and pole vault are divided into two rounds. The preliminary competition is generally divided into two groups, with the aim of deciding 12 athletes to participate in the final. There is an automatic qualification test before the competition, and any athlete who meets this standard will automatically enter the finals. If the number of people who pass the qualification examination is less than 12, those who fail to meet the standards will enter the final to make up for the vacancy.
Measuring scale
In the high jump and pole vault, all scales are in centimeters, from the ground to the highest point of the lowest part of the crossbar.
Long jump and triple jump
Project introduction
Both long jump and triple jump are composed of two parts, namely, a long-distance run-up and a jump as far as possible to the landing area. In the triple jump, athletes have to step into the pit three times from the jumper, as the name suggests. This means that they must first step on the foot that will eventually take off, then stride forward for that foot and finally jump into the pit. In these two sports, only the best performance of the athletes was recorded. After three rounds, the top eight entered the final three rounds. Then they played in the reverse order of the first three rounds.
tie
Any draw is decided by the second best result. If the problem cannot be solved, compare the third best result, and so on. If it's still a draw, it's a draw, unless there are not enough gold medals. If there is no draw, then the players will continue to play until the draw is broken.
Measuring scale
The long jump distance is from the far end of the long jumper to the last track left by the long jumper in the bunker. In the case of non-integer, the length value should be rounded to the nearest centimeter.
Break the rules
If the athlete crosses the jumper at the end of the runway or touches the field outside the bunker behind the nearest sign, it constitutes a foul. The latter situation often happens when athletes want to reach out and support their bodies to maintain balance.
Wind speed assistance
The performance of long jump or triple jump cannot be regarded as a new world record when the downwind speed exceeds 7.2 km/s.
Other rules
If an athlete encounters obstacles in jumping, the referee can judge the obstacles and give him a second chance. Athletes can leave the competition area during the competition, but they must be approved by the referee and accompanied by the referee. Athletes can't accept help during the competition. Unless it is a physical examination of designated medical personnel or a conversation or other exchange with individuals who are not in the competition area. The referee may invalidate the trial jump because the athlete fails to take off according to the regulations because of exceeding the competition time limit. If you start before the time runs out, the result is important.
competition range
high jump
In the high jump competition, the high jumper is 20 meters long from the starting point to the bottom of the pole. The crossbar is 4 meters long and weighs no more than 4 kilograms. It is supported by two vertical rods. The high jumper will land on a big, soft foam mat.
jump
In the pole vault competition, the run-up distance of the pole vaulter is 40 meters. When taking off, they stretched out their poles and inserted them into a one-meter-long groove at the end of the runway. The groove face of the groove deepens towards the end of the runway, and the deepest point reaches 20 cm. The groove tapers to catch the pole at the end of the runway. The pole is smooth and made according to the length and thickness required by the athletes. The crossbar of pole vault is basically the same as that of high jump, but for safety, it is lighter. Pole vaulters also land on soft foam mats.
Long jump and triple jump
The run-up of long jump and triple jump is at least 40 meters long. The foul line is the far end line of a 20 cm wide springboard, and the long jumper falls into a rectangular soft and wet bunker. In the long jump, the bunker is 1 to 3 meters away from the springboard; In the triple jump, the bunker in men's competition is 13m from the springboard, and the bunker in women's competition is11m. There is a foul line made of clay at the far end of the springboard, which is used to distinguish whether an athlete fouls when taking off.
Division and grouping
The competition is divided into two rounds, three rounds or four rounds, mainly depending on the number of participants. The top two in each group can enter the next round, and the third place in the group can also qualify in multiple events. In the preliminary round, the grouping results are arranged by cross-sorting, and the top athletes are assigned to different groups equally according to the performance ranking. The result ranking is based on the athletes' best results last season. In the following rounds, the athletes were grouped according to the results of the previous round. If possible, athletes from the same country should be divided into different groups.
Runway rules
Athletes must stay on their own track from beginning to end in all sprints, 1 10 meter hurdles and 4 100 meter relays. The 800-meter and 4× 400-meter relay races start on their respective runways, and athletes are not allowed to leave the runways before crossing the separation line marked with swimming lanes. In the first round of the group competition, which runway the athletes are arranged on is freely arranged by the computer. In the next few rounds, the choice of runway depends on the performance of athletes in the final round. The purpose of this rule is to make better athletes queue up on the middle track. Good runways are Runways No.3, No.4, No.5 and No.6, which should be occupied by the top four athletes respectively. 1, 2, 7, 8, the road is occupied by the last 4 bits.
Start a race
As soon as the starting gun rang, the game began. The starter must first ensure the correct starting posture of the athletes, then shout "take your positions" and "get ready", and finally the starting gun will sound. If the athlete steals the race, the starter will declare the starting foul. If the offending athlete steals again, he will be disqualified. However, decathlon and heptathlon require three fouls to be disqualified. Athletes who take part in sprints (from 100 meters to 400 meters) and the first runner in relay races must use the starting device. The race over 800 meters is a standing start, and the starter just shouts "Take your positions" and then the starting gun goes off.
win
The winner is the first athlete whose body touches the finish line. If two athletes compete for the right to enter the next round, they can enter the next round at the same time if the time difference between them is less than one thousandth of a second. If the time difference cannot be calculated, draw lots to decide who will enter the next round. If this happens in the final, the referee can arrange for two athletes to play again alone. If this is not feasible, there will be a tied champion.
relay race
In all relay races, athletes must complete the baton handover in the 20-meter baton area. After the baton is handed over, the athletes must stay on the track of each team until all the handovers of each team are completed, otherwise they will be disqualified. If an athlete drops a stick in the relay race, only he can pick it up again. Athletes can leave their own track to pick up sticks, but they can't interfere with other athletes' competitions.
Wind speed assistance
If the tailwind speed exceeds 2m/s (7.2km/s) in sprint or hurdle race, the results created by the race cannot become a new world record.
Endless runway
The circular runway is oval, 400 meters long, and the runway lines are drawn inside. There is a 5 cm high sideline at the inner edge of the circular runway, and the distance between runway lines is 1.22 m to 1.25 m. The race is played counterclockwise, and the circular runway is 1 runway to runway 8 from inside to outside.
A road race/car race
The road race of Sydney Olympic Games will be changed. 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games reduced the women's 20km race walk to 10km, and this Olympic Games is ready to restore it to 20km. This event has been included in the competition schedule, and there are also men's 20 km race walk, 50 km race walk and men's and women's marathon races on the schedule. Marathon and race walking events are different from runway events. Athletes can leave the competition route under the supervision of the referee, but if they leave without supervision, they will be disqualified.
Start a race
Every road project is an individual competition, and there is no need for testing. When the starter calls the athlete to the starting line, the athlete can freely choose the starting position at the starting line. After the shooting at the starting field, the game will begin. Anyone who steals twice will be disqualified.
win victory
Whoever reaches the finish line first will be the first in the race.
Beverage station
Any road racer can get off-site help, but there are strict rules about it. Water and other drinks are provided at the beginning and end of the competition, and drinks are set every 5 kilometers on the competition route. Keep the drinks where the athletes can easily get them when they pass by. Athletes can prepare their own water and propose to set up a drink station where they want to go. Drinking water and wet sponge supply stations are arranged between two beverage stations. There, long-distance runners and race walkers can get drinking water when they pass by, and they can also squeeze water from the sponge to wash their hair, which plays a role in cooling down. Athletes can't get drinks from other places on the competition route except the established stations.
Rules of walking race
There are two core rules for race walking. Race walkers use unusual footwork, which looks very special, but this footwork is stipulated by the rules. First of all, race walkers must always keep their feet on the ground. Second, from the moment the front foot touches the ground until the leg reaches the vertical posture, the leg must be kept straight and the knee cannot be bent. There are nine referees on the competition route to supervise any player's foul action. They don't use electronic devices to help them judge, because the rules stipulate that contestants must be supervised by the naked eye. When the referee sees that the runner is going to foul, he will remind him once. Reminders are usually expressed by showing white signs to offenders on both sides of the road, and then the referee will inform the referee. If all three referees warn the same athlete, he or she will be sent off.
Other rules
In the competition, the referee can punish the athletes who push or hinder others. Athletes who voluntarily leave the track during the track race are not allowed to continue to participate. In the course of track events, athletes can't accept help or advice except for events over 5000 meters in length. If weather permits, drinks and sponges can be provided for races over 5000 meters.
Rules of throwing events
In the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, the women's hammer throw will be listed as a formal event for the first time, so as to truly realize the equality between men and women in throwing events. However, there are still some differences in the details of shot put, discus and javelin. Because men's and women's events are different in weight and size.
Project introduction
Olympic throwing events include six rounds. Javelin was accurate in the ancient Olympic Games, and the competition distance was stipulated in the modern Olympic Games. Javelin is the only one of the four throwing events that is allowed to run up. Each event only records the best performance of athletes in the competition. After three rounds, the top eight players in each event entered the last three rounds, and the competition order was arranged in reverse order.
tie
If there is a draw, compare the athletes' second best performance; If it is still the same, compare the third best result, and so on. If there is still a tie, the two athletes will be tied for the first place. If the winner must be decided, then the athletes will continue to compete until the winner is decided. In all throwing events, if there is a score, round the distance to the smallest centimeter of the measured distance.
limited time
Participating in the trial can sentence athletes to "unreasonably" delay throwing, and the punishment is to reduce throwing once. However, if the athlete throws an object before the time runs out, the result will be retained. The time limit for throwing competitions is generally one minute.
Other rules
Participants can give up and start again in the middle of the action, provided that the athletes do not throw throwing objects or put their feet out of the throwing circle or runway. If the athlete is blocked in the throwing process, the referee should judge the obstacle and give him a second chance to throw. Participants can leave the competition area during the competition, but they must get the permission of the referee and be accompanied by the referee. During the competition, athletes can't accept assistance, and they can't talk or communicate with people outside the stadium unless they have a medical examination allowed by the referee. Javelin athletes cannot completely turn their backs on javelin after throwing. After throwing, hammer throwers, discus throwers and shot putters must quit the throwing circle.
equipment
javelin
Javelin has three parts, the body, the head and the grip. The gun body is a smooth metal rod with tapered ends. The gun penetration is a sharp metal tip fixed at the front end of the gun body. The grip covers the center of gravity of the whole gun body. Men's javelin is about 2.6-2.7m long and weighs at least 800g. The women's javelin is about 2.2-2.3m long and weighs at least 600g.
Hammer throwing
The hammer ball also consists of three parts-the ball, the metal chain and the handle. The sphere is a sphere with a diameter of 1 10 mm in men's competition and 95- 1 10 mm in women's competition. The metal chain has a diameter of 3 mm and its two ends are connected by a curved handle. The overall weight of men's hammer throw is about 7.26 kg, and its length is about117.5-121.5 cm. Women's hammer throw weighs at least 4kg and is about116-119.5 cm long.
launch
The shot put is heavy and round, and it is a metal ball with a smooth surface. In men's competition, the shot put diameter must be between 1 10- 130mm, and for women it must be between 95-1/0 mm.
Discus throwing
The discus is a wooden disc with a metal edge. Its upper and lower sides are equally smooth and its center is flat. Men's discus weighs about 2.005-2.025 kg and has a diameter of 2 1.8-22. 1 cm. The weight of women's discus is about 1.005- 1.025 kg and the diameter is 18- 18.2 cm.
Throwing area
Discus, shot put, hammer throw
In discus, shot put and hammer throw competitions, athletes all stand in the throwing circle and start throwing. The periphery of the throwing ring is inlaid with iron, 6 mm thick, and the top is painted white. When throwing, athletes must not touch the top of the iron edge or the ground outside the throwing circle. The diameter of the throwing circle of shot put and hammer throw is 2 135 meters, and the throwing circle of discus is slightly larger, with a diameter of 2.5 meters. The ground in the ring is made of cement or anti-slip material with similar hardness, and the height is slightly lower than the ground height. There is a wooden baffle with a length of1.21-1.23m in front of the shot put ring to prevent the athletes from slipping out of the ring. Athletes can touch the inside of the board, but not the top of the board.
javelin
Javelin throwing is completely different. Participants must run a distance of 30-36.5 meters before throwing a gun. There are two boundary lines on both sides of the run-up runway. The top of the boundary line is a metal or wood arc, and the thrower must throw the javelin behind the arc.
Landing area
In all four events, the landing zone is a flat area made of cinders, lawns or other substances that can leave traces. Each sector is separated by a 5 cm wide white line. In the shot put, hammer throw and discus events, the sector angle of the landing area is 40 degrees, while the javelin is 29 degrees.