What are the characteristics of Fuling?

Fuling is the mausoleum of Nurhaci, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, and his queen Yehenara Menggu. It is the first imperial mausoleum named in the Qing Dynasty.

Fuling is located among the hills and mountains in the northeast of Shenyang, with the Hun River to the south and Tianzhu Mountain to the north. Shenyang, where it is located, was the capital of the Qing Dynasty before it entered the customs, and was called "Shengjing". Fuling has a rigorous layout and a large scale, with a total area of ​​approximately 194,800 square meters. The mausoleum area covers an area of ​​nearly 540,000 square meters and has 32 existing ancient buildings.

The shape of the cemetery is an outer city and an inner wall. It consists of three parts: the front yard, the square city and the treasure city, which gradually rise from south to north. This is different from the mausoleums of the Ming Dynasty and the mausoleums built after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. The cemetery is surrounded by red walls, 900 meters long from north to south and 340 meters wide from east to west. In the middle of the south wall is a three-couplet Xieshan-style main entrance, called the "Zhenghongmen", with colorful glazed dragons inlaid on the walls on both sides. On both sides of the door there are dismounting monuments, archways, stone lions and Chinese watches. They were originally made of wood but were changed to stone during the Qianlong period. There are four pairs of stone statues of lions, horses, camels and tigers lined up next to the shrine inside the gate. Fuling is surrounded by red walls to the south, with the Zhenghong Gate in the middle. The terrain gradually rises from south to north. On both sides of the gate are stone lions, Chinese watches, stone archways and engraved figures of Manchu, Mongolian, Han, Hui and Tibetan. A dismounting stele with inscriptions. Zhenghongmen is a long sacred road. On both sides of the road are four pairs of stone animals, including a sitting lion, a standing horse, a lying camel, and a sitting tiger. At the end of the sacred road is a 108-level brick step built using the natural mountain terrain to symbolize the thirty-six heavenly gangs and the seventy-two evil spirits. It is an important symbol of Fuling. Above the brick steps is the archway, with double eaves and a mountain-like roof, and a yellow glazed tile roof. Inside is the "Stele of Divine Merits and Virtues of Fuling of the Qing Dynasty" written by Emperor Kangxi in both Chinese and Manchu. The square city is located behind the archway. It is a castle-like building and is the main body of the cemetery.

In the center of the city are the Long'en Hall and the East and West Side Halls, which are places of worship. The Long'en Hall is located on the base of the Xumizuo platform. It has three rooms in width and depth. It has a single eaves resting on the top of the mountain to worship the tomb owner's sacred tablet. There is a burning silk tower in front of the hall, and a stone pillar gate and five stone offerings behind the hall. There are five auxiliary halls on the east and west sides, all of which are built in the style of surrounding corridors and resting hills. The square city wall is about 5 meters high, with a circumference of about 370 meters. There is Longen Gate in the south, Ming Tower in the north, and turrets on all sides. Longen Gate is a three-story hilltop-style gatehouse. There is a stone tablet "The Mausoleum of Emperor Taizu Gao" erected in the Ming Tower, and there is a stone cave gate downstairs. The buildings in the square city are all roofed with yellow glazed tiles, the corridor columns are all vermilion, and there are "Hexi" style painted murals between the corridors. After the square city is the crescent-shaped treasure city with a circumference of about 190 meters, also known as the "Crescent City". In the center of the city is a two-meter-high dome, under which is the underground palace where the coffins of Nurhaci and Empress Xiaocigao, Yehenala, and three concubines are buried. The construction and subsequent reconstruction and renovation of the Qing Fuling Mausoleum were all carried out under the guidance of the ancient Kanyu family. From site selection to planning and design, the harmonious unity of the mausoleum architecture with the natural mountains, rivers, water flows and vegetation was taken into consideration, embodying the ancient Chinese concept of "heaven and man". "Unity" philosophy. The surface architecture of the Ming and Qing mausoleums is basically a variation of the Forbidden City architecture. Its main idea is to promote the supremacy of imperial power. Its level and materials are the same as those of the Forbidden City palace. The difference is that the mausoleum is the place where the emperor lives after his death. It must not only be majestic, but also adapt to the special requirements of the mausoleum. Therefore, the Minglou Baoding became the Its most representative building. Fuling Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is not only the main place where the royal family engages in ritual activities, but also an important part of the imperial mausoleum architecture of our country. It is also the best witness of our country's history and culture. Huang Taiji was the eighth son of Nurhachi, Taizu of the Qing Dynasty. He was born in 1592. He followed his father, unified the Jurchen tribes, and established the Qing regime. He was the founder of the Qing Dynasty. He fought for decades and was an outstanding political figure in the history of our country. A statesman, military strategist, and one of the most accomplished emperors in the history of the Qing Dynasty. In 1626, Huang Taiji succeeded his father and proclaimed himself Khan, and in April 1636, he proclaimed himself emperor. The name of the Jin Kingdom was changed to "Great Qing". Huang Taiji laid a solid foundation for the establishment of the Qing Dynasty and its occupation of the Central Plains, and had a great influence on the history of the Qing Dynasty. He can be called an entrepreneurial king who "inherited Taizu's founding of the country and initiated the Qing Dynasty's grand plan of unification." Huang Taiji died in 1643 at the age of 52. Emperor Taizong reigned for 17 years and was posthumously honored as "Taizong of the Qing Dynasty". Zhaoling is the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji of the Qing Dynasty and his queen. It is the largest and most structurally complete among the three mausoleums in Shengjing. Because it is located at the northern end of Shenyang, it is also called "Beiling". In addition to the burials of emperors and concubines, the Zhaoling Mausoleum also buries a number of concubines and beauties such as Concubine Chen of Sui Palace, Concubine Linzhi Palace, Shu Concubine of Laoqing Palace, etc. It is the most representative imperial mausoleum among the mausoleums outside the Guan Dynasty in the early Qing Dynasty, and the most representative mausoleum in our country. One of the most complete ancient imperial mausoleum buildings in existence.

The Zhaoling Mausoleum was built in 1643 and was basically completed in 1651, the same year as Fuling Mausoleum.

After additional construction during the Kangxi and Jiaqing years, the mausoleum area covers an area of ​​nearly 480,000 square meters. The plan layout of the mausoleum building follows the mausoleum principle of "facing the front and sleeping in the back" and consists of three parts: front, middle and back from south to north. The main buildings are built on the central axis and arranged symmetrically on both sides, imitating the imperial mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. The mausoleum also has the characteristics of Manchu mausoleums. Zhaoling covers an area of ​​180,000 square meters and is divided into three parts. From south to north: from the dismounting stele to the front of Zhenghongmen, including Huabiao, stone lions, stone archways, dressing pavilions, and slaughtering pavilions; from Zhenghongmen to the middle of Fangcheng, including Huabiao, stone statues, archways, and Sacrifice room; at the rear are Fangcheng, Crescent City and Baocheng, which are also the main body of the mausoleum.

The mausoleum area is long and narrow from north to south and narrow from east to west. There are boundary stakes in three colors of red, white and green around it. There are also blocking trees on the south side, also called "Jumamu". At the southernmost end of the mausoleum area are the Xiama Monument, Huabiao and Stone Lions. Among them, there are four dismounting monuments, a pair of Huabiao and a pair of stone lions, which are standing on both sides of the road. There is a sacred bridge built to the north of the stone lion. There was originally a Dipin Well to the west of Shenqiao, but it disappeared later. To the north of the Shenqiao is the stone archway. There is a small courtyard on the east and west sides of the stone archway. Among them, the east courtyard is the emperor's changing pavilion and clean room, while the west courtyard is the slaughtering pavilion and the cooking room. The archway of Zhaoling is the main building in the front. It is made of bluestone, with four pillars and three floors. It is exquisitely carved and exquisite. It is a rare art treasure. At the end of the archway is the Zhenghongmen. The main red gate is the main south gate that wraps around the wall. It has tall floors and is very solemn. The two wings are decorated with five-color glazed dragon walls. The main red gate is surrounded by a vermilion wall surrounding the mausoleum area, also known as the "Feng Shui Wall". There is a straight stone road from north to south inside Zhenghongmen called the "Shinto". On both sides of the Shinto from south to north are a pair of Optimus Primes, a pair of stone lions, a pair of stone Xiezhi, a pair of stone unicorns and a stone horse. One pair, one pair of stone camels, one pair of stone elephants. These stone beasts are collectively called "stone statues".