What are the animals living in the savanna climate zone?

The main herbivore is African antelope, which belongs to 4 subfamilies of Bovine. The first subfamily is bovine subfamily, which is similar to cattle. The subfamily is further divided into African buffalo and pronghorn, including impala (the largest of all antelopes), pronghorn, impala and South African antelope. The second subfamily is oryx, a primitive calf that lives in bushes, bushes and forests. The third subfamily is called "Red Antelope", which is further divided into sable antelope, red antelope and big antelope. Deer antelope, East African red deer antelope, elk antelope, wildebeest, wildebeest and South African white-faced antelope are all animals mainly living in the vast plains, as well as swamp antelope, African water antelope, short-nosed water antelope, water antelope, curved-toothed water antelope and small water antelope. The fourth subfamily is orthodox antelope, which is divided into two clans. The first clan includes dwarf antelope, dog antelope, rock antelope, Jurassic antelope, small rock antelope and black-eared stone antelope. The second clan includes antelope, impala, springbok and gazelle. Other well-known African herbivores include zebras, giraffes, hippos, rhinoceroses and African elephants.

Perhaps no other animal can identify with Africa more than carnivores. There are about 60 kinds of them. In addition to the famous big cats such as lions, leopards and cheetahs, there are wild dogs, hyenas, serval cats (a kind of long-legged cat), wild cats, wolves, foxes, ferrets, civets and mongooses. These carnivores and scavengers are very important to maintain the ecological balance in their living areas.

Primates include about 45 species of Old World monkeys and two kinds of great apes in the world: chimpanzees and the largest ape-like gorillas in the world. Primates of pre-anthropoid monkeys, such as tree bear monkeys (African lemurs), young monkeys (small arboreal lemurs in young animals or bushes) and lazy monkeys ([loridae, crawling slowly and gently in trees), are mostly small and nocturnal, but Madagascar has no real monkeys, but there are the most diverse pre-anthropoid lemurs in the world, big or small, or nocturnal.

Marine mammals include a Mediterranean seal and a South African seal (Cape seal) and two kinds of manatees (aquatic herbivores)-dugong and manatee. In addition, whales, porpoises and dolphins often visit the coastal waters of Africa.

A large number of mammals endemic to Africa are second only to South America. These mammals include giraffes and hippos. The little relatives of civets are hyenas, mainly African breeds. The jumping rabbit, a rodent, is endemic to this area, and there is also a giant nocturnal cave-dwelling aardvark (〔tubulidintata) endemic to Africa. Madagascar also has a perverted insectivorous family called the hedgehog (an animal with a long, pointed mouth, some with thorns and no tail).

bird

There are nearly 65,438+0,500 resident birds in sub-Saharan Africa, and 275 are non-resident birds in northwest China or winter migratory birds in Palaearctic world. The number of migratory birds once reached 2 billion, but due to severe drought, human use of land and predation, the number decreased sharply. Birds mainly belong to the old world family, but they belong to those endemic species. The most valuable are ostriches, baleen, hammerhead birds (a brown bird resembling herons), herons (a large carnivorous bird with long legs) and banana cuckoos (with beautiful feathers and some helmet-shaped crowns). Other families such as bustard, sand chicken, honey? Larks are common in Africa. Many birds prey on land mammals, including eagles, eagles and owls; There are fish-eating birds such as storks and wading birds and a few kingfishers; There are many insect-eating animals, which are usually very beneficial to human beings. Scavengers include vultures and vultures.

Reptiles and amphibians

There are almost no endemic species of reptiles, and the main species are related to the Old World. The most common are lizards, skinks (characterized by overlapping scales), crocodiles and turtles. The local reptiles have lizards with their tails wrapped around ropes. In Africa, only Madagascar has flying lizards and pythons that hang their prey. There are many kinds of poisonous snakes, and the number is not small: some kinds of poisonous snakes are extremely poisonous, but they are rare. Many snakes (with fangs on the back of the upper palate) and cobras (with fixed fangs on the front of the upper palate) in the family Serpentidae also include highly toxic cobra species, such as mamba snakes.

Amphibians also mainly belong to the Old World. Newts and Ranidae (Ranidae, Bufonidae; Toothed upper jaw) is confined to the northwest of Palaearctic realm. A large number of common frogs and toads include the eccentric Cameroonian hairy frog, whose hair is an auxiliary respiratory organ. The frog (Phrynomerinae) is endemic to Africa.

arthropod

Africa has a large number of arthropods (including insects and other classified invertebrates). Among them are butterflies, stick insects and mantises belonging to Charaxes and papilio, locusts, root-eating ants or spear ants, ants (tropical ants swim in the vast and dense jungle), termites and dung beetles. There are many spiders on the whole continent. There are many scorpions and migratory locusts in some areas. Large swarms of migratory locusts regularly sweep across vast areas, causing great damage to vegetation. Other serious pests include mosquitoes and tsetse flies. The former is the vector of malaria and other diseases, while the latter spreads parasites that cause African trypanosomiasis. People and livestock will be infected with this disease.

aquatic animal

Freshwater fish have both obvious primitive forms and modern examples of rapid evolution. There are lungfish (1230: 〔Protopterus〕), polypterus and Calamoichthys, which belong to ancient types. These fish can breathe air, and some catfish ([Clariidae [12300]] also have this characteristic, and they can cross the land in wet weather. About 200 newly evolved fish species appear in Nyasha Lake, and 4/5 of them grow here.

An ancient marine fish, coelacanth, was thought to have been extinct for more than 60 million years, but it was still found on the east coast of South Africa in 1938, and was later found in other places. There are rich and diverse invertebrates, including marine microorganisms, on the east and west coasts, which are typical creatures in the Indian Ocean-Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. Coral reefs and attached microorganisms mainly exist in the warm current on the east coast of Africa, and the southwest and west coast washed by the cold Benjira and Canary currents are rich in fish.

conservation of natural resources

Many countries now set aside large areas of land as national parks, wildlife reserves or forest reserves. Only a few of these parks are large enough to be called ecosystems that are not affected by the outside world, and most of them are inhabited by large mammals. There is also a protected area for birds and marine microorganisms in East Africa. Vegetation reserves are mainly located in forest reserves and national parks. In addition, some countries try to protect wild animals by refusing to issue export licenses for certain animal skins, especially leopard skins, cheetah skins and zebra skins.

The oldest and most famous national park is Kruger National Park in South Africa, where most treeless grassland species are preserved. Botswana's Kalahari Antelope National Park in South Africa has reserved a dry-fed antelope species such as springbok and East African antelope. Smaller protected areas and parks retain special species. Only one large mammal, the antelope, has been extinct, and several subspecies are close to extinction; For example, the white zebra, a subspecies of zebra, has become extinct. There are large national parks in East and Central African countries, and their scale and number have expanded due to the profits of tourism. Tsavo National Park is one of the largest parks in Kenya, covering an area of 20,700 square kilometers (8,000 square miles). Lake Nakuru National Park with red storks; Several mountain forest parks and an ocean park. There are three national parks in Uganda. Tanzania has a famous Serengeti National Park, and its unparalleled animals are ungulates on the plains. There are Ngorongoro, Lake Manyala, Arusha and other parks. Other countries with famous national parks and game reserves include Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. In all parks in these countries, typical natural habitats and woodland, thorn bushes, grasslands and desert species are protected.

The situation in other places is not satisfactory. After the independence of Congo (DRC), the number of national parks has been seriously reduced. There are seven national parks in China, including Virunga National Park, covering an area of 8,000 square kilometers (3 100 square mile). Although Sudan is one of many countries with a large number of ungulate mammals, the situation is little known and there is not enough park network in this country. There are nine parks in Ethiopia, which developed greatly during the period of1970s. However, there is only one underdeveloped park system in Somalia, most of which are wildlife reserves, and a place called Luc Badana fails to meet the standards of the United Nations as a park. "W" Park is owned by Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Benin, but most West African countries have national parks, but they are all small.

Unprotected animals in the park have no such demand. There are still many large animal species in forests or game reserves or control game reserves. Well-managed forest reserves provide a safe living environment for many unprotected small animals.