What kind of emperor was Qin Shihuang?
every emperor has merits worthy of praise, and there are also places that people hate.
Emperors of every generation have basically made contributions.
Simple comments
Qin Shihuang was an outstanding historical figure who made great contributions to the historical development of China, and he was also a cruel tyrant. He sent troops to Nankai Lingqu to attack the Yue people. Build the Great Wall in the north, attack the Huns, and establish the first unified multi-ethnic country in China history; He took a series of measures, such as the emperor system, the three public officials and nine ministers system, and the county system; He implements a unified currency, unified measurement and unified writing; He took the legalist theory as the guiding ideology of governing the country, formulated and promulgated the Qin law, and stipulated that the law should be used as a teacher and the officials as a teacher; He ordered the burning of books to bury Confucianism; During his reign, the punishment was harsh, the corvee was numerous and the taxes were heavy.
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positive and negative evaluation
★ァ
positive. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up counties" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of the conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only focused on conquest and not on system construction; Therefore, the unified land rule was stabilized, which laid the foundation for the present territory of China. Later generations believe that "the contribution is greater than that of Qin Huang Hanwu". It means that Qin Shihuang is ahead of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Up to now, the English address for China, China, has also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire on one side.
Since Shang Yang's political reform, the State of Qin has attached importance to ruling the country by law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and highly praised Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you travel with him, you will have no hatred". Reward and punish the generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "I am the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising, its reason is "harsh Qin law", its crime when death, had to be reversed, but the law forced the people to revolt. It is not like the later generations, "Zhu Men's wine stinks and the road has frozen bones" because of serious corruption, and the officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, and the rule of the country was not in accordance with the law. It was decided by the monarch in a word, but the wind of rule of man and flattery still exists today.
Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building post roads and establishing counties" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced system of county system instead of the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome could not effectively control the occupied areas, but only had a powerful governor (the governor was in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom were nobles, and the grass-roots organizations relied on the original local organizations), which was still similar to the enfeoffment system, which was a very important reason for the subsequent division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are all appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be promoted and demoted, and they can be transferred equally, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and the county bureaucracy effectively guarantees the rights of civilians (cloth) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese, Meng Ao, etc. are all cloth, and they only come out according to their military achievements). Compared with the aristocratic politics of the enfeoffment system, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is where the civil service system and the military system of modern countries originated.
The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation for China to be more advanced than the West in political system in the next 1,7 years. The so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "since the Qin dynasty, its system has not changed" and "one hundred generations still practice Qin law and politics" China, in the era of imperial power for two thousand years, basically followed the system of Qin Dynasty in political system.
Li Bai's poem "Antique" says: "The king of Qin swept Liuhe, and he looked at him! "Sang Hongyang's treatise affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China. In 1913, Zhang Taiyan of Qing Dynasty wrote Qin Zheng Ji, which also praised Qin Shihuang.
Negative
Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country by law", and later rulers in China all promoted Confucianism with benevolence and the doctrine of the mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative model in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's "On the Qin Dynasty" and so on.
Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the king of Qin was greedy and self-motivated, didn't believe in meritorious deeds, didn't kiss the gentry, abolished kingship, established private rights, banned documents and cooled the law, cheated power before righteousness, and began with tyranny.
Jia yi's "On the Qin Dynasty": If one man makes trouble and seven temples fall, he will be laughed at by the whole world. Benevolence is not applied, but the offensive and defensive trends are different.
Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians, and he would do anything for power [14].
The Great Wall in Wan Li, Qinchi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all very large in scale, and the population of the whole country is building. Many documents have denounced that many people were killed and injured during the construction, but on the other hand, they have further developed the traffic in various places and contributed to the future integration of transportation, economy and trade, as well as all ethnic groups. Therefore, it has always been a controversial point for historians about whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great.
There have also been meritorious deeds
Editing the profile of this paragraph
Qin Shihuang (259-21 BC), the first founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty who completed the unification of China. Later generations called it "an emperor through the ages." The surname won, Ming Zheng, Han nationality, son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang, was born in Zhao (now Handan City, Hebei Province), so his surname was Zhao (in the pre-Qin period, the surname was not unified, so the name of Qin Shihuang was Zhao Zheng). In 247 BC, when Qin Shihuang was 13 years old, he became king. In 238 BC, when Qin Shihuang was 21 years old, he held an adult coronation ceremony in Yongcheng, the ancient capital. Since then, he officially ascended the throne, and at the age of 39, he finally completed the historical cause of unifying China and proclaimed himself emperor. In the first 247 years, the king of Qin ascended the throne, because he was young and was in charge of the Queen Mother and the prime ministers Lv Buwei and Lao Ai. In the first 238 years (the ninth year of the reign of the king of Qin), the king of Qin ruled the country personally, getting rid of Lu, Mao and others, and reusing Li Si and Wei Liao. From 23 BC to the first 221 BC, the six countries of Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi were destroyed successively, completing the great cause of reunifying the whole country and establishing the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic country in the history of China. Qin Wangzheng thought that his contribution was better than that of the previous Three Emperors and Five Emperors, and named himself "Emperor". There have been merits and demerits in his life, and he is also called "Qin Huang Hanwu" with Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
Editing the life story of this paragraph
According to Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records of Lv Buwei, Qin Shihuang's mother was the daughter of General Zhao, and she was Lv Buwei's concubine before giving it to an alien. Lv Buwei gave Zhao Ji, who was not pregnant, to an alien (that is, King Xiang of Qin Zhuang) for political purposes. Later, Zhao Ji conceived in September and gave birth to a child, giving birth to politics and being the son of an alien and Zhao Ji. As the son of an unloved proton, Ying Zheng spent his youth in Handan, the capital of Zhao State. At this time, the alien has returned to Qin State through the mediation of Lv Buwei, and recognized Mrs. Huayang as his mother. After many political struggles, he finally gained Huayang's trust. Lv Buwei spent a lot of energy and money to take Zhao Ji's mother and son back to Qin State. Since then, Ying Zheng has started his political career in Qin king Palace.
For Qin Shihuang, the most familiar woman is the mother. When Qin Shihuang was 5 years old, his father and son were taken hostage in Zhao. Zhao Ji, the mother, was a concubine of Lv Buwei, so the rumor of "two fathers" has been accompanied by the growth of Ying Zheng, and the spurning and contempt of Zhao people made the young Qin Shihuang full of complicated feelings of love and hate for his mother, the only person he could rely on.
Qin Shihuang lived with his mother. From being born in Zhao to being 13 years old, this stage is just an important stage of a child's psychological development. He can't develop the identity of his father, his mother, and Guanzhong-Lv Buwei, perhaps his biological father. These complicated situations caused Qin Shihuang's complicated psychological feelings. He must rely on the only woman-mother to survive, but he despises and hates his mother's behavior, because these behaviors have caused great trauma to his childhood. All the negative emotions caused by these injuries will be projected on the mother, the only woman.
The editor ascended the throne in this paragraph
In the third year of the reign of King Xiang of Qin (247 BC), King Xiang of Qin died and Ying Zheng ascended the throne. When he acceded to the throne, because he was young, the national politics was dominated by Lv Buwei, the prime minister, and Lv Buwei was honored as Guanzhong. Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Zhao Ji). Seeing that Qin Shihuang was getting older, he was afraid of being discovered by him, wanted to leave Empress Zhao, and was afraid of the Empress Dowager's resentment, so he offered a fake eunuch Lao Ai to the Empress Dowager, and Lao Ai gave a fake rot, only pulling out his beard and entering the palace. Qin Shihuang grew up day by day, so they lied to Qin Shihuang, saying that the queen mother's bedroom was not good in feng shui and should move out of here. Qin Shihuang believed it, so they moved to a place far away from Qin Shihuang. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children, and Lao Ai, a fake eunuch, pretended to be the king's father. With the help of the Queen Mother, he sealed a long letter, owned Shanyang, Taiyuan and other places, and collected his own henchmen. Lao Ai has been operating in Yongcheng for many years and established a huge power, which is another powerful political force after Lv Buwei.
It is inevitable that Lao Ai will succeed. After being drunk, he reprimanded a minister: "I am the false father of the King of Qin, how dare you provoke me." The minister was very angry after hearing this, and secretly found an opportunity to tell Qin Shihuang. Lao Ai panicked and prepared for rebellion.
in the first 238 years, Qin Shihuang held a crown ceremony at the Yinian Palace in Yongcheng. Lao Ai used the imperial seal of the King of Qin and the seal of the Empress Dowager to launch a rebellion and attack the Qinian Palace. Qin Shihuang had already arranged 3, chosen men in the Qinian Palace to defeat the rebels. Lao Ai turned to Xianyang Palace, where there were already troops. Lao Ai fled alone and was arrested soon. Qin Shihuang dismembered Lao Ai's five horses and exposed them to the public; And put his mother Zhao Ji in the Lv Yang Palace in Yongcheng. Qin Shihuang then removed Lv Buwei from his post and exiled Lv Buwei to Bashu. Later, although he listened to the nobles of Qin State and issued the "Expulsion Order" to expel the diners from the six countries, he was discouraged by Li Si's "Exhortation to Expulsion", and later he appointed Wei Liaozi, Li Si and others.
The construction of the Great Wall can't be counted on him. The emperors of that dynasty didn't build it. It was the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. Moreover, it should be combined with the situation at that time. At that time, it was also to be lower than the Huns. Didn't all the later dynasties rely on this Great Wall? . Meng Jiangnu, transmitted by later generations, is not crying for Qin Changcheng, but crying for the Great Wall.
Qin Shihuang himself paid great attention to talents in his early days.
Merit: unifying the six countries, abolishing feudalism, and implementing centralization. unified measurement unified the currency and unified the characters.
Fault: the book-burning pit warlock overhauled the Imperial Palace.
Later, it was a bit messy because of the elixir.
Respondent: Lonely on a Winter Night-Assistant Level 2 11-11 21:26
In his early years, he was very wise and made great contributions to China. In his later years, he did a lot of stupid things, which was more important in historical sense.
Respondent: gaolao112-Trainee Wizard Level 2 11-11 21:28
In the late Warring States period, Qin and Qi were once called "Emperor", but this title was different at that time. Qin Wangzheng, who has dominated the whole country, thinks that these titles in the past are not enough to show his respect. "Today's names are not even more important, so it is impossible to call them success and pass them on to future generations." He ordered the ministers to discuss the Emperor.
after some discussions, the prime minister Wang Wan, the ancient imperial adviser Feng Jie, Ting Wei Li Si and others think that the government of the King of Qin "fought against the remnants of thieves in Xingyi, pacified the world", and its achievements were "unprecedented since ancient times, beyond the reach of the five emperors". Citing traditional honorifics, they said that "there were emperors, Dihuang, Tai Huang and Tai Huang in ancient times, and was the most expensive", and suggested that Qin Wangzheng adopt the title of "Tai Huang". However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this. He only used the word "emperor" and added the word "emperor" under it, creating a new title of "emperor" for himself.
From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the supreme ruler of China.
The appearance of the title "Emperor" is not only a simple name change, but also reflects the emergence of a new concept of notification. In ancient times, "emperor" meant "big", and people sometimes called "emperor" to ancestor gods and other gods. "Emperor" is the highest god who dominated everything in ancient people's imagination. Qin Shihuang combined the words "emperor" and "emperor". First, it showed that he wanted to express his supreme position and authority, which was given by heaven, that is, "the sovereign power was given by God"; Second, it reflects that he feels that he is not satisfied just to be the ruler of the world, but also to be a god.
it can be seen that the title of "emperor" is a product of the deification of monarchical power in Qin dynasty.
Wang Zheng of Qin became the first emperor in the history of China, calling himself "the first emperor". He also stipulated that when the throne was passed on to his descendants after his death, the successors would be called the second emperor, the third emperor and even the eternal life. Qin Shihuang's dream that the throne would be inherited by his family forever, "spread endlessly" (Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography).
In order to sanctify the emperor's position, Qin Shihuang took a series of measures to "respect the monarch":
Cancel the funeral rites. The funeral rites began in the early Zhou Dynasty, and were given an evaluation title according to the life story of the king after his death. However, Qin Shihuang thought that "the son discusses the father and the minister discusses the monarch" like this, which is outrageous and meaningless. He announced the abolition of the obituary law and forbade future generations of courtiers to evaluate themselves.
the son of heaven calls himself "me". The word "I" has the same meaning as "I". In the past, everyone could use it, but Qin Shihuang limited that only the emperor could call himself "I".
the emperor's orders are called "imperial edict" or "imperial edict".
Don't mention the emperor's name in the text, and avoid it. Whenever the words "emperor" and "first emperor" appear on the document, a new line should be written.
A big seal carved with jade, which can only be used by emperors, can be called a "seal".
the purpose of these regulations is to highlight the special status of the emperor, emphasize that the emperor is different from others, and strengthen the mystery of imperial power in people's minds. Qin Shihuang imagined that with these measures, his throne would be passed down from generation to generation among his descendants.
since the Shang dynasty, writing has gradually become popular. As an official text, the inscriptions on bronze are relatively consistent in form. However, in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there are regional differences in folk characters, such as weapons, Wen Tao, silk scripts and bamboo slips. This situation has hindered the economic and cultural exchanges between different places, and also affected the effective implementation of policies and decrees of the central government. So, after Qin unified the whole country, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si and others to sort out and unify the characters.
based on the big seal script commonly used by Qin people in the warring States period, Lisi absorbed the advantages of simple strokes in the tadpole script popular in Qilu and other places, and created a new script with even and neat figure and simple strokes, called "Qin Zhuan", also known as "small seal script", as the official standard script, while abolishing other variant characters. In addition, an official named Cheng Miao was imprisoned in Yunyang for committing a crime. During his 1 years in prison, he summarized a change in the evolution of fonts at that time (later called "official change"). This move was appreciated by Qin Shihuang, so he was released, promoted to suggestion and ordered to "write a book"