How Ryukyu established Okinawa?
See Baidu History: History of Ryukyu Kingdom.
Ryukyu Kingdom originally refers to Shannan, Zhongshan and Shanbei, which were established in the Ryukyu Islands in history, and later refers to the unified Ryukyu Kingdom (1429-1879).
Ryukyu Kingdom, located between China and Japan, once paid tribute to the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China and the Satsuma and Edo shogunate in Japan. Ryukyu has been occupied by the Japanese many times. 1609, Samoans invaded and controlled the northern part of Ryukyu for a period of time. At this time, Ryukyu still paid tribute to China. 1879 was destroyed by Japan and merged into Japan on March 30th. Most of the land is set as Okinawa Prefecture, and the northern islands are merged into Kagoshima Prefecture.
Because of its special geographical location, Ryukyu is famous as a transit point for trade in Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia, and its trade is developed, so it is known as the "bridge of all nations".
history
There is no textual research on the early history of Ryukyu. According to Ryukyu's records, at the latest in the12nd century, the islanders have entered the early clan society era from primitive society, which is called the split era. In12nd century, Ryukyu began to appear as a country, which was called Sanshan Age in history, and was unified into Ryukyu Kingdom in15th century. /kloc-merged into Japan in the 0/9th century.
Ryukyu has maintained close cultural exchanges and overseas trade with China, Japan, Korea and Southeast Asian countries since ancient times.
Sanshan times
In Sanshan era, the influence map of Shannan, Zhongshan and Shanbei countries was12nd century. There are Shannan, Zhongshan and Shanbei countries in Ryukyu, which are located in the south, middle and north of Ryukyu Island (Okinawa Island) respectively. This period is called "Three Mountains Age". Among the three countries, Zhongshan is the strongest and northern Shaanxi is the weakest.
According to the records in History of Zhongshan, History of Ming Dynasty and Records of Li Dynasty of North Korea, Shannan is centered on Dali, including Dali, Zuo Fu, Zhinian, Yucheng, Gushichan, Gaoqinda, Dali, Teru Shimada, Muyamu, Ren, Zhenbi and Hefengjian, and its territory is roughly equivalent to the national market at the southern tip of Okinawa today. Sun Yat-sen is centered on Juri, including Putian, Juri, Naha, Gu Bei, Dugu, Yuelai, Midtown, winning streak, and Youzhichuan. Its general territory is the line between Kuokawa and Nagara in the south and the zhongbodi gorge in the north. The kingdom of northern Shaanxi is centered on Jinjin, including Jinjin, Yudi, Nagao, SDIC, Jinwu, Yijiang, Wu Yiping (Yimingming) and other cities. Its approximate territory is the part to the north of Zhong Bo Isthmus in Okinawa, and the nearby Yijiang Island and Wu Yiping Island.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the forces of Shannan, Zhongshan and Shanbei were mainly concentrated in the headquarters of Ryukyu Island (Okinawa Island), but did not develop to the Amami Islands in the north and the Sendao Islands in the south. Before the emergence of the Three Kingdoms, the relationship between the outer islands and the Ryukyu Islands was equal. According to the History of Sun Yat-sen's Mythology, during the reign of Sun Yat-sen's ancestor Yingzu (equivalent to China's Ding Jing and Xianchun periods in the Southern Song Dynasty), foreign islands such as Amami, Jiumei and Qingliangjian "came to pay tribute to the DPRK", but this tribute relationship was only an alliance between master and apprentice. By the fourth generation of Wang Yucheng, Ryukyu Island had declined as it entered the Sanshan era.
1372, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of Ming Dynasty sent Yang Zai to issue imperial edicts to Ryukyu Kingdom, and King Chadu of Zhongshan sent Di Tai to the Ming Dynasty. The following year, Pannieri, the king of northern Shaanxi, and Chengcha, the king of southern Shaanxi, also paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty. At this point, northern Shaanxi, Zhongshan and Shannan began to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty and became vassal states of the Ming Dynasty. In order to acquire the technology of building large ships and avoid the damage of the messenger ships by waves, Ryukyu accepted 36 Fujian technicians sent by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1392.
Ryukyu kingdom era
The first Shang dynasty
Ryukyu Village Palace was built in the first Shang Dynasty (Yuan Dynasty to Zheng Zheng 10) 1350. After investigation, Putian replaced the sixth generation of Prince Yingzu and was elected as the King of Zhongshan. 1406, Wuning, the prince of the tea capital, was overthrown by Sasaki, and Bazhi became the king of Zhongshan. 14 16 Eight Branches conquered northern Shaanxi. 1429, Eight Branches conquered Shannan again, forming a unified Ryukyu Kingdom, with Ryukyu Village as the king city. 1430 (the fifth year of Xuande), Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty gave Ryukyu Wang Xing the Shang Dynasty, which was called "the first Shang Dynasty" in history. According to the suzerain-vassal relationship between Ryukyu and Ming Dynasty, every generation of Ryukyu kings need to accept the knighthood of Ming Dynasty. The seventh Wang Shangde conquered the three separatist forces of Jesse, Qingliangjian and Kumi successively.
From about 1400 to 1550, Ryukyu Kingdom entered a golden age, and its commerce and trade with China, Korea, Southeast Asia and Japan were highly developed. From15th century to16th century, a large number of Japanese pirates harassed the Ryukyu Islands. Ryukyu countries suffered huge losses and maritime trade was blocked.
The second Shang dynasty
1469 (Ming Xianzong Chenghua 5 years, Japanese Ren Ying 3 years), Ryukyu civil strife, Sho Toku was killed, the first Shang Dynasty perished. 1470, Jin Yuan, the court official in charge of finance, was elected as the monarch by his ministers. 147 1 reported the death of his father to the Ming Dynasty as a "prince". 1472, the envoys of the Ming Dynasty made Jin Yuan (renamed Shangyuan) king and stone.
The reign of King Shang Zhen (1478-1525), the second king of the Shang Dynasty, was the golden age of Ryukyu, which conquered Yaeyama and Nagano Islands successively. By 1522 (the first year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty and the second year of Dayong in Japan), after King Shangzhen put down the "Ghost-Tiger Rebellion" with Nagano Island, the Ryukyu Kingdom finally extended its influence to the whole Ryukyu Islands, and determined the boundaries from Jesse Island and Amami Island in the north to Miyako and Yaeyama Islands in the south, which were called "three provinces and thirty-six islands" in Ryukyu history books.
King Shangzhen established Ryukyu's official rank, courtship system, divine officer system, taxation system and administrative divisions, expanded Ryukyu Village, abolished the custom of martyrdom, called on all divisions to observe rites, prohibited private possession of weapons, and established Ryukyu's political and economic system. Since then, Ryukyu has entered a period of stable development.
Samoa invasion
Japanese Tokugawa Ieyasu inherited Toyotomi Hideyoshi's foreign expansion policy and sent Tsukiji, the main island of Kagoshima Satsuma adjacent to Ryukyu Kingdom, to invade Ryukyu for a long time. 1609 (Ming Shenzong Wanli 37 years, Japanese Jingyong 14 years) On March 4th, there were 3,000 people in Shimadzu, and 100 ships invaded Ryukyu from Shanchuan Port of Kyushu Island, landed on Ryukyu Island on April 1 day, and occupied Ryukyu Village on April 5th. On May 17, 2007, the Sa army captured Wang Shangning, the Ryukyu kingdom, and more than 0/00 officials of the prince, and withdrew their troops to return home. Samoan claimed to invade Ryukyu because it claimed that Ryukyu did not pay the military expenses when Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Korea, and Samoan did, but Ryukyu "refused to repay". The actual reason is to seize the trade interests between China and Ryukyu, and to make up the Samoans' military expenses for invading Korea and participating in the Japanese Civil War (the Battle of Guanyuan) with the proceeds from the invasion of Ryukyu.
According to "History of Ryukyu Qiuyang", after the Japanese invaded Ryukyu, Samoans sent Japanese officials to measure and distribute fields, draw a clear national boundary, formulate taxes, and coerce Samoans to pay tribute in Ryukyu, and the Ryukyu government was forced to grant Samoan officials official positions. After King Shang Ning, in the 11th year of Feng Shang (1632), Ryukyu built a building on an island occupied by Samoans, and both countries sent officials to manage trade and collect taxes. At this point, it was forced to establish official relations with Japan. However, Samoans sent officials to Ryukyu for a long time to monitor Ryukyu's actions. By the 25th year of King Shang Zhen (1693), Ryukyu "established Gu Mi and Maji Islands, and sent two officers, Yamato and Yokosuga, to guard the tribute ships". At the same time, Samoans forcibly occupied five islands in the north of Ryukyu.
1654, the Ryukyu king sent envoys to the Qing dynasty to request knighthood. In Qing Dynasty, the emperor shunzhi named Shangshi King as Ryukyu King, and Ryukyu became a vassal of Qing Dynasty. During this period, maritime trade gradually declined.
1847 (twenty-seven years of Daoguang in Xuanzong of Qing Dynasty; Japan Honghua 4 years), the last Ryukyu country Wang Shangtai succeeded to the throne. 1853 in may, the fleet of brigadier general Matthew C. Perry of the United States navy arrived in Ryukyu for the first time. 1In March, 854, Perry asked Japan to open the port of Ryukyu Naha when signing the Kanagawa Treaty. The Japanese side said that Ryukyu is a distant country and Japan has no right to decide its port opening rights. 1854,1/kloc-0 In July, Perry signed a treaty with the Ryukyu government to open Naha Port in both Chinese and English. Ryukyu's maritime trade has been hit.
autumn
Abandoned San Francisco Prefecture in Japan
187 1 year1month 30th (Mu Zong Tongzhi1year, Meiji 4th year), two tribute ships (actually merchant ships in the name of tribute) of the ancient islanders in Ryukyu Palace left Naha Port for China. Unfortunately, I was caught in a storm on the way and drifted into the sea. One boat was lucky to return, and the other boat drifted to Bayao Bay (now Peony Township, Pingtung County) of Paiwan Peony Society on the southwest coast of Taiwan Province Province. There were 69 crew members on board, of whom 3 drowned and 66 went ashore. Of the crew who landed, 54 were killed by paiwan aborigines, 12 escaped and were protected by the Qing government in Fengshan County (now Fengshan City, Kaohsiung County).
On June 5438+February 1 1 day of the same year, two tribute boats of Yaeyama islanders in Ryukyu left Naha Port for China, where they were caught in a storm and drifted at sea. The whereabouts of one ship is unknown, and the other one drifted to Taiwan Province Province on February 28th, 65438. The 45 crew members are also protected by the Fengshan county government. 1872 In February, 57 Ryukyu refugees were sent to the Ryukyu Pavilion in Fuzhou by the authorities and returned to Naha safely in July. In April of the same year, four Japanese Oda citizens were killed and drifted to Taiwan Province Province, where they were killed by aborigines in Taiwan Province Province. The Japanese National People's Congress called for the punishment of the Qing Dynasty and Ryukyu, which was called the Peony Society Incident.
1872, Japan declared the Ryukyu Islands as Japanese territory, and since 1372, it did not recognize China's suzerain status over Ryukyu, announced the abolition of Ryukyu Kingdom, established Ryukyu Kingdom as a vassal state, conferred Wang Shangtai as a vassal state, and formally occupied Ryukyu. The Qing government was unstable in the negotiations with Japan and delayed signing a treaty with Japan to solve the Ryukyu problem.
1On July 24th, 875, the Meiji government of Japan sent Matsuda, Minister of the Interior, to Ryukyu, forcing the king of Ryukyu to stop paying tribute to the Qing Dynasty and sever diplomatic relations with the Qing Dynasty. The Japanese government orders brought by Matsuda Road include:
Using the Japanese year number, the practice of Ryukyu paying tribute to the Qing Dynasty and sending festivals to wish the Qing Emperor ascended the throne was abolished. At the same time, the practice of accepting the knighthood of the Qing Dynasty during the change of Ryukyu King was abolished. In the future, the negotiations between Ryukyu and the Qing Dynasty were under the jurisdiction of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ryukyu Pavilion in Fuzhou was cancelled, and the trade business was under the jurisdiction of the Japanese Consulate. The Japanese government also ordered Ryukyu "captaincy" to enter the DPRK to learn the law of political reform and construction.
Forcing Ryukyu to become Japanese territory, forcing Ryukyu to sever relations with China.
The Japanese government sent Matsuda Daozhi to Ryukyu because the Meiji government put Ryukyu under the management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The direct background of this 1875 sequence is that Kubo Junyi's Proposal on Ryukyu was given to the Meiji government. 1874 On his return to Japan, Kubojun, who signed the "Beijing Special Article" in Beijing, proposed to the Meiji government that "through today's negotiations with the Qing State, I recognized my land expropriation as a righteous act and offered silver to compensate the victims. Although it seems that Ryukyu belongs to China's territory, it is hard to say that the border between the two countries has been determined. ". For the future, I hope the Meiji government will take the opportunity to sever the relationship between Ryukyu and China in Naha.
Ryukyu was forced to terminate its diplomatic relations with the Qing Dynasty. 1876, the compilation of Zhongshan Genealogy and Qiuyang, which recorded the history of Ryukyu Kingdom, was also forced to stop.
1March 30, 879 (Qing Dezong Guangxu 5 years; In Meiji 12, Japan exiled the last Ryukyu kingdom, Wang Shangtai and his son Shang Dian, to Tokyo and set Ryukyu as Okinawa Prefecture. The Ryukyu Kingdom perished. On April 4th, Japan announced the establishment of Okinawa Prefecture nationwide.
Qing government negotiation
At that time, the Qing government was invaded by Russia in the northwest and northeast, and it was too busy to take care of the Ryukyu issue. The minister in Japan suggested that giving up Ryukyu would hurt Ryukyu's feelings, and not giving up Ryukyu would anger Japan, so it would be better to put the issue on hold. The Qing government adopted this proposal.
1On March 30th, 879, the Japanese ordered Prince Imagi, the agent of Ryukyu King, to hand over the political power of Ryukyu Village, and brazenly announced that "Ryukyu was abolished and a county was established", that is, the Ryukyu Kingdom was changed to a vassal country only a few days ago and was transformed into Okinawa Prefecture. At this point, the Ryukyu Kingdom officially perished.
On June 1879 and 12, former American presidents hiram grant and J. R. Young and U.S. Vice Consul in China Pethick William N met with China government representative Li Hongzhang, and Li Hongzhang asked him to mediate the Ryukyu issue. Grant generously agreed. Under his mediation, Japan and China held consultations on the Ryukyu issue. The Japanese side proposed that the Ryukyu King should restore the country in Nanshan, and the Qing Dynasty consulted the Ryukyu King. The king said: Nanshan is barren and can't survive. The Qing government rejected this proposal.
1On April 4th, 880, Li Hongzhang met with Shinichi Takeshi, a representative of the Japanese government, and put forward the Ryukyu Trilogy, that is, the central islands including Ryukyu Island were returned to Ryukyu, and the Ryukyu Kingdom was restored. Miyako and the islands south of Yaeyama Mountain were placed under China, and five islands including Amami Island were placed under Japan. Li Hongzhang said that this was given by Ping An in secret when He Zhang Ru visited Ping An, the US envoy to Japan, and it was decided by Ping An and Grant through consultation. On July 30 (June 24), Prince Gong and others also talked about this matter in their memorials: "I received a report from the American envoy to Japan, He said peacefully: Grant drew up a method to divide the globe into three islands, and proposed to return the North Island to Japan, the Middle Island to Ryukyu and the South Island to China. It seems that there is light in both countries. Also known as Grant will decide the overall situation and then return to China. "
Because the Qing government and the Japanese government failed to reach an agreement on all suggestions and negotiations. It is a fact that Ryukyu was occupied by Japan. The Qing dynasty finally failed to sign a negotiation treaty with Japan, and the Ryukyu issue was put on hold for a long time. The Ryukyu Kingdom finally perished.
politics
The political structure of Ryukyu Banner from 1875 to 1879 can be divided into three levels: king and royal family, national phase and village society.
Under the king is the royal family, which is divided into five official titles: Princess, Prince, Princess, Fubin (hereinafter referred to as Ma Xu) and Regent (when the king died and the prince was not officially appointed by the ancient central government of China).
Guo Xiang is the chief executive of a country. He was appointed by the king. In the history of Ryukyu, many people who moved from China held this position. In addition to the chiefs and chiefs of the island villages, officials under state rule also have jurisdiction over the official positions in state institutions, including the tribute ambassadors, doctor officers, chief historians, translators, general affairs officers and general managers in charge of maritime affairs, purple scarf officers and the Ministry of Justice. It should be noted that "long history" and "long historian" are not the same thing. Long Shi and Guo Xiang are senior officials of the country, and Long Shi is the official who is specifically responsible for such and such work.
Village communities (by division) are the local administrative units of Ryukyu and the inherent official positions of each island. The chiefs of these villages are hereditary, and they are also the big noble and local forces of Ryukyu. They participated in the coup in Ryukyu. Other official positions include trade management and tax officials.
The official positions of Ryukyu Kingdom are divided into chief positions and deputy positions. Wang Di, Wang Shu and Guo Xiang are all called "princes somewhere". Below the prince are local divisions, who hand over military power to the king, ranking first and controlling their territory remotely. According to the division, it is called "a relative somewhere". Yellow hat officials who are below the third grade say "somewhere is near the cloud", those who have no territory say "the son of a village is near the cloud" and "a building is near the cloud". From six products to seven products, they are all "on a cloud". Officials with eight red hats are called "sons of a certain place" or "masters of a certain place". Nine products are called "made", and those that don't flow in are called a son.
diplomacy
Ryukyu Kingdom was canonized by China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it belonged to a vassal state in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At the same time, Ryukyu Kingdom also paid tribute to Satsuma and Edo shogunate in Japan. For a long time, the trade relationship between Ryukyu and North Korea was also very frequent, second only to China and Japan. In addition, Ryukyu also has diplomatic and trade exchanges with neighboring countries such as Siam (now Thailand), Turkey, Pakistan, Malaysia, Java, Sumatra, Malacca, Zhancheng, Vietnam and Luzon, and Ryukyu has official documents "consultation" exchanges with Siam and Java. In modern times, after 1860, Ryukyu had official contacts with the United States and Britain and signed a series of treaties to open ports.
With China.
After Yuan Shizu ascended the throne, he sent messengers to tell Ryukyu, but this action was unsuccessful because of the long distance and great risk.
Ryukyu paid tribute to Ming Chengzu in 1372 (the fifth year of Ming Hongwu), and was conferred the title of Zhongshan King and renamed Ryukyu. As for the titles of junior high school officials, the advance and retreat of personnel, the entry and exit of orders, and the observance of discipline and law are all managed by Ryukyu itself, and the Ming government does not interfere.
Since the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1372), Ryukyu Kingdom has been using the title of China ancient dynasty and adhering to the principle that China ancient dynasty is a new moon. Until the fifth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1879), Japan forcibly "abandoned the ball and set up a county", and the official documents of Ryukyu, diplomatic treaties concluded with Britain, France and the Netherlands, and official history were written in Chinese. The palace in Ryukyu Village, the capital of the country, faces west instead of south, expressing admiration for China. Ryukyu people also do business with the Japanese, but whenever China sends a special envoy to Ryukyu, pseudonyms, Wakayama and Kuan Yong Bao Tong (Japanese currency) will be banned, and they will wear Tang suit instead.
With the Ming dynasty
Ming Taizu (Zhu Yuanzhang) 1372 (the fifth year of Hongwu) ordered Yang Zai and his party to "play the imperial edict";
"I push for the people to wear, acceded to the throne as emperor, there will be the name of the world, Daming, Jianyuan Hongwu. Is to send envoys abroad, tell me what I want, envoys will come, barbarian leaders will pay tribute. Ryukyu, southeast of Ming Dynasty, far from overseas, has not been reported. I'm sending you a message, you know. "
The Ming government officially notified the countries on the Ryukyu Islands by imperial edict, and King Chadu of Zhongshan in the middle sent his brother to Thailand and other things to pay tribute to the DPRK. Ming Taizu returned the calendar "Great thomas lee" and Wen Qi and Shaluo, which were implemented in the Ming Dynasty at that time. Since then, Ryukyu has paid tribute almost every year. In the 25th year of Hongwu, the Three Kingdoms sent overseas students to the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, in order to enable foreign students to study with peace of mind, they were given care in their lives and clothing and shelter in different seasons. At that time, the scale of Ryukyu sending overseas students to the Ming Dynasty was unprecedented.
Ryukyu people went to the mainland of Ming Dynasty with the tribute mission, and the goods they brought were often seized by the officials in charge of customs because they did not declare them, causing huge losses. In the first year of orthodoxy, Ryukyu emissary claimed that the goods he carried were embezzled by the official management agency, hoping that the emperor could solve these problems. Ming Chengzu ordered the relevant departments to give them high fees according to the market price, which was counted as an acquisition. In the subsequent exchanges, the Ryukyu Kingdom became a trade dependence on the Ming Dynasty, so it often paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty many times a year. This is actually a transaction, and the Ming government was "tired, but there was nothing it could do."
After Ryukyu was hit by tsunami, rainstorm and typhoon, the Ming government not only gave a lot of assistance to the tribute task, but also asked Ryukyu to extend the tribute period to ten years to recuperate. However, Ryukyu insisted on paying tribute once a year or every other year in order to continue its trade with the Ming Dynasty and restore its domestic economy.
In their contacts with the Ming Dynasty, Ryukyu absorbed the advanced technology and culture of the Ming Dynasty, and their civilization was greatly improved. They have their own unique music, advocating Buddhism, and built the Chongyuan Temple on the island. The buildings of palaces and private houses are all models of ancient buildings in Ming Dynasty with island style, and the buildings are all oriented to the west to show their admiration for the Ming Dynasty and their desire for justice.
1522- 1566 (jiajing period of emperor shizong of the Ming dynasty), the Japanese pirates were rampant and invaded the southeast coast of the Ming dynasty. The Ryukyu King assisted the Ming Dynasty to wipe out the enemy and provided the Ming Dynasty with the enemy's movements from time to time. Wang Shizi of Ryukyu also returned the Japanese pirates who arrived in Ryukyu from Zhejiang after the defeat to the Ming government, "sending troops to attack and annihilate, and six people were plundered by the Ming dynasty." The emperor granted it.
156 1 jiajing for 40 years, Japan invaded Ryukyu, plundered treasures from all over the country and captured the king. At that time, the diary of Xi 'an, written by the attendants of Ryukyu King, recorded: "It is like a diary of every family, passed down from generation to generation, and all seven treasures are lost." Sa army captured more than 0/00 people, such as Ryukyu kingdom Wang Shangning, to Kagoshima for three years and five months, forcing King Shangning to acknowledge "tribute" in humiliation. At the same time, it forcibly occupied five islands in the north of Ryukyu, which caused great losses to Ryukyu, but even so, it did not change the relationship between China and Ryukyu. Officials of the Ritual Department of the Ming Dynasty "laid down the rule of paying tribute once every ten years", but the king still sent envoys to pay tribute every year. At that time, Japan had plans to attack Jilong Mountain (an ancient place name in Taiwan Province Province), and even indirectly invaded Fujian. Shang Ning sent messengers to tell the Ming government that the emperor ordered maritime security.
After the decline of the Ming Dynasty, Ryukyu Kingdom continued to pay tribute until the Southern Ming Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. Wang Li was in Fujian and continued to send envoys to pay tribute. The Ming Dynasty praised the Ryukyu Kingdom: "It is the heaviest outside Huawei."
Ryukyu once helped the Ming Dynasty to destroy the enemy. Ryukyu had a very close relationship with the Ming Dynasty, which made it possible for the Ming Dynasty to learn something about Japan and Southeast Asian maritime countries through Ryukyu, thus enhancing the Ming Dynasty's understanding of the outside world.
Due to the small territory, sparse population and lack of materials, Ryukyu has not made great progress militarily, but there is a certain standing army, the palace guard, which has always maintained a high combat effectiveness and made contributions to protecting Ryukyu and participating in the battle to annihilate the Japanese pirates in the Ming Dynasty. However, due to the lack of troops, the king was exiled because he did not resist the Japanese invasion.
The king of Ryukyu described the relationship with the Ming Dynasty as "the country of father and son", but the essence was that every tribute of Ryukyu was carried out in the "celestial concept" of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, in the trade with the Ming Dynasty, Ryukyu gained huge benefits in the form of tribute, and the materials sold were sold to Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia and other countries, making Ryukyu an indispensable trade transit point in the East China Sea. It is worth mentioning that, due to the deterioration of the relationship between Japan and the Ming Dynasty, the Japanese were forbidden to trade with the Japanese, but the scarce materials of the Japanese were replenished in time through North Korea and Ryukyu, a trading kingdom in the East China Sea at that time, and Ryukyu also formed an important link in the countries that interacted with the Ming Dynasty.
And the Qing dynasty
China's envoy to Ryukyu 1646 (the third year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty), King Shangxian of Ryukyu sent Jin Yingyuan to the Qing Dynasty to request knighthood. He stayed in Fujian Province for a long time because the war in Qing Dynasty was not peaceful. After Fujian was pacified, Ryukyu envoys came to Beijing through Qing generals. Officials of the Ministry of Rites believe that the seals and official documents given to the Ryukyu King in the Ming Dynasty have not been returned and should not be sealed, so the first application for sealing was unsuccessful.
The following year, the Qing government gave the envoys clothes, cloth, etc. and asked them to return to Ryukyu. 1655 Shunzhi 10, Ryukyu sent envoys to pay tribute to the Qing dynasty. In the second year, he sent a tribute to change the seal of the Ming Dynasty and requested the title. The emperor shunzhi issued an imperial edict on Ryukyu. In the imperial edict, the Qing emperor agreed to pay tribute to the Ryukyu king for two years, and the number of tributes should not exceed 150. Xú Zhēng and his deputy brought two committee members and fifteen entourage into Beijing, and other entourage should be on standby in southern Fujian.
This imperial edict not only affirmed that Ryukyu was a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty, but also stipulated the level and time of tribute to the new Qing Dynasty. However, due to the rough sea at that time, the blocked Qing envoys did not go to sea.
166 1 year, in the first year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi also issued a new imperial edict to Ryukyu. The messenger who was originally sent but did not make a trip arrived in Ryukyu with two letters and completed the memorial ceremony.
Ryukyu paid tribute many times in Kangxi period, but due to the storm at sea, the loss of tribute was very serious, so Ryukyu would make up for the last loss when paying tribute for the second time, but Emperor Kangxi did not allow it. When Ryukyu paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty, it always paid tribute to precious luxury goods. Emperor Kangxi said to the emissary, "Agate, ebony, Dalbergia odorifera, woody incense, ivory, tin incense, clove, sandalwood, yellow incense and so on. None of them are native products, so no tribute is allowed. His Ryukyu Huang Liu stayed in Fujian for storage. The rest of the tribute was sent to Beijing by the governor. " In the future, only tribute to local products is allowed, but the original intention of Ryukyu is to surrender and get more profits from the tribute trade. At that time, the sea was not very calm, and the conferring envoys were often reluctant to go to Ryukyu, so they asked Ryukyu to ask the conferring envoys to retrieve the sealed letters and seals themselves, but the envoys hoped very much that the conferring envoys could go to Ryukyu, and the emperor agreed to their request.
After the death of King Ryukyu, according to the regulations, "Ryukyu Kingdom is the heir to the throne", the consent of the Qing government must be obtained first, so that the prestigious people in China and the princes and ministers can issue joint certification materials. Then, the Qing government sent a deputy envoy to "seal" and gave it to the heir of the Ryukyu King "camel buckle with gold-plated silver seal, which is the king. Before the seal, it was called the prince, which was the state power. " 168 1 year (Kangxi 2 1 year), when Emperor Kangxi received the Ryukyu tribute, he gave the imperial book "Zhongshan is the best place in the world". This year, Ryukyu once again sent overseas students to the Qing Dynasty. In the past, the envoys of the Ryukyu Kingdom in the Qing Dynasty were late for Ryukyu at sea because of risks such as waves, and the conferring time would be delayed. Ryukyu asked the envoy to suggest modifying the waterway and arrived in China from Wuhumen for three days and three nights. These messengers hope to improve efficiency by changing lanes and get the permission of Emperor Kangxi.
After Ryukyu students came to the Qing Dynasty, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty often ordered Ryukyu students to be treated as "all-rounders" (official titles). Every day, food is very rich, and they are given robes, shirts, hats, bedding and so on. In the four seasons, even Ryukyu waiters will take care of them. If an overseas student died in the Qing Dynasty, the emperor would "give one hundred and twenty pieces of silver, and pay the official to be buried near Beijing to support his family with two hundred and twenty pieces." In the second year of Yongzheng, when the emperor received a delegation composed of Ryukyu uncles, he presented the imperial book "Ji Yang" to the Ryukyu King, and also presented some precious jade articles and gold coins of the royal family. Three years after Qianlong's reign, the imperial book "Yong Zuo Ying Yong" was presented to the Ryukyu King, and Ryukyu was asked not to come to thank him. In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong, the imperial book "Jimei by the Sea" was presented to the Ryukyu King as jade, magnetism and satin. 1798 (3rd year of Jiaqing), presented by the imperial book Hai Biao Gong.
Many state-owned merchant ships and fishing boats in Ryukyu were blown into the territory of the Qing Dynasty because of sea breeze and other reasons. The Qing government often gave rich materials and repatriated them to China, and the victims were also given pensions according to regulations. In the eighth year of Yongzheng, after arriving in the East China Sea, the Ryukyu No.2 tribute ship was blown to Taiwan Province Province by the wind and ran into rocks. At the same time, the tribute ship was also lost, and Fuzhou general Yu De and others reported to the emperor. The emperor ordered the rescue of the official companion, water tip, etc. And as usual, double reward, also don't have to send tribute. For the Ryukyu merchant ships that were attacked by the sea breeze and sheltered from the wind in the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty would order daily pickles rations according to the number of people, and wait until the day of returning to China to give another month's food.
In addition to the relationship between the suzerain and the vassal, the draft of the Qing Dynasty also summarized the frequent exchanges between Ryukyu and the Qing Dynasty: "Although Ryukyu is small and poor, it is close to Japan, but it is based on the Qing Dynasty. I also pay tribute to Zhou Xu to sell all kinds of goods, exempt from customs duties. The whole country depends on it for a living, and its money is lent to Japan. The exercises in junior high school are all Japanese yen; All the goods sold are often shipped to Japan. The number of tributes to the Qing Dynasty is not only deferential, but also its national conditions. " Very accurate, but also shows the flexibility and wisdom of Ryukyu diplomacy.
With Japan
/kloc-In the 6th century, the treasury of Ryukyu Kingdom in Wanggang, Na Ba, which was rebuilt after being plundered by Samoan troops, was forced to trade with Ryukyu through Samoans in the south, bringing back seafood and some luxury goods from Southeast Asia, and obtaining scarce materials needed from the trade between Ryukyu and Ming Dynasty, which also accelerated the economic development of Ryukyu. The Samoyed clan of Japan invaded Ryukyu in 1609 (after Changqing 14 years in Yozei), captured the king of Ryukyu and occupied some islands in the northern part of Ryukyu Islands.
On the other hand, the communication between Ryukyu and Samoa is not a formal official communication, and the communication between Ryukyu and Samoa only stays at the military and economic level. Compared with Qing Dynasty, Ryukyu also regarded Japan as a "foreigner" and was two countries in an equal position. When Japan decided to invade Korea and Qing Dynasty, Ryukyu was located between two great powers, and it was bound to be occupied by the other side because of its tendency. The relationship between Ryukyu and Japan was limited to economic aspects until the Ming Dynasty. Politically, Ryukyu Kingdom once sent envoys to pay tribute to Japan's Satsuma and Edo shogunate.
race
There are different opinions about the origin of Ryukyu nationality and culture. It is a common view that the race belonging to the same culture as the Japanese rope-pattern era spread from the south-central coast of China to the southwest of Japan, including the Ryukyu Islands, from west to east between the 10 century BC and the first three centuries BC. It is also said that the ancient Ryukyu culture belongs to a part of Baiyue culture. Another common saying is that the ancient Ryukyu residents came from Indonesia or Australia and belonged to Malays. Its exact source is still controversial.
refer to
The biography of Zhongshan, by Xu Baoguang, 172 1 year.
Genealogy of Zhongshan by Cai Duo and Cai Wen, 1725.
Qiuyang, waiting by Cai Wen and Zheng Bingzhe, 1745.
History of the Ming Dynasty, vol. 2 1 1 foreign countries, etc.
Three hundred and thirteen biographies of Draft of the History of the Qing Dynasty, returned to one country, Zhao Erxun, etc., 1929.
Historical materials on the negotiations between Guangxu and Asahi in Qing Dynasty, edited by the Palace Museum, 1932.
Record of Ryukyu Production, Chen Kan, Commercial Press, 1937.
Ryukyu historical materials series, named bookstore, 194 1 year.
Chronology and rank determination of Sun Yat-sen Wang Mi Qingxiang, Okinawa Institute of Culture, Hosei University, Japan, 1986.
A General History of Ryukyu in China, translated by Xu Zhu and Xili Xixing. , ひるぎ society, 199 1 year.
Research on Ryukyu History, by Mi Qingyu, Tianjin People's Publishing House, 1998.
History of the Relationship between Ryukyu and Japan in Ming and Qing Dynasties, by He Ciyi, Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 2002.
On the Relationship between Minnan and Ryukyu, edited by Wang Xiaoyun and Xie Bizhen, Research on Minnan Culture, Central Literature Publishing House, 2003.
Sacrificial activities of Ryukyu envoys, Lu Yaying, Japan Cultural Research Network, 2005.