Briefly explain the spiritual essence and practical significance of China's ancient dialectics? Short Answer Questions
The core of ancient dialectics is to discuss the priority of spirit and matter, and the spiritual essence includes two aspects, five lines of gossip and Feng Shui theory, which are the spiritual essence that ancient people have been arguing and carrying forward. In the final analysis, it is still an ignorance of the real world, as well as speculation and fear of the unknown.
the practical meaning is "no practical meaning", hehe, why do you say that? The ancient dialectics of the ancients really has no practical significance for people today, because what they have mastered and demanded is beyond our tolerance in science now, because science has already overthrown all previous superstitious knowledge. However, as a kind of culture rather than a theoretical thought, it is of great significance, because this spiritual essence has long influenced the ancient history and cultural civilization of China, traditional Chinese medicine, and so on.
In fact, as a school of thought, ancient dialectics ran through ancient China and created a culture of an era. Without scientific and technological progress, this dialectics would still be the thinking framework of today's people.
The following is an excerpt.
In ancient Greek philosophy, the word dialectical method is mainly related to argumentation and oratory. Why is this happening? Argumentation and speech have to speak the word "reason", on the one hand, it is reasoning, such as induction and deduction, on the other hand, it is the debate of pros and cons. Because of the different angles of understanding, opposite understandings will be formed. Because of the opposition of the foothold, the two opposite viewpoints are undoubtedly correct, so there is a "dispute". The other side often tries to change the other side's foothold by means of cage, that is, knowing the background, then the other side's point of view will not stand, so it is related to argumentation. Formal logic talks about a little theory, and the truth it draws is the truth based on a little knowledge, excluding the opposite viewpoint in the opposite background. However, the opposite view under the understanding of the opposite background can also be obtained by induction and guided by deduction. On the surface, the two are in conflict, but the method is the same, that is, based on the same point. But they didn't seem to dig deeply from the opposite background, so the dialectical method disappeared later.
Kant regards dialectical method as "the ontological world beyond experience", which is a reflection of "metaphysics". His "ontology" actually talks about the basic similarities, because things in reality appear in the form of individuality and are the real world of experience. His contradictory antinomy belongs to the summary of laws with universality, and universality must be based on universal similarities. Of course, he only knew from individual phenomena, did not realize the value of * * * similarity, and did not construct from universality. As for his so-called "antinomy", he only saw the contradiction based on people as the center, just like he didn't know whether it was work or rest, and he realized nature. He didn't see this contradiction, which constituted two opposite backgrounds. He didn't see that the real contradiction only existed in human beings, and nature didn't exist, because human beings had the randomness of movement, which determined the randomness of consciousness. Kant believes that dialectical method is "illusory". Why is there such a title? He mainly lacks dynamic understanding and grasp of the whole. He only analyzes this whole from a local perspective, as if I saw one side of the computer, but I didn't see the other side, and the other side belongs to "illusion". In fact, "illusion" should be a summary of positive and negative understanding.
in Hegel's view, "metaphysics" is purely abstract thinking, which does not combine the real world, while dialectical method combines transcendental ontology with reality, so he believes that metaphysics does not conform to the comprehensive application of opposite laws, that is, the so-called "combination of questions". Because of this, Hegel opposed dialectics and metaphysics. This view, which seems to be correct on the surface, is actually superficial in understanding dialectical method. He did not expect that transcendental metaphysics is a kind of reasoning process, including positive and negative understanding, which is based on the induction of the most basic * * * similarities in real life and does not leave reality. However, it is not a "reality" in the form of personality, but a "reality" in which * * * similarities are summarized. Dialectical method itself belongs to the method of thinking, metaphysics is also an advanced form of thinking, and dialectical method is only broader than "metaphysics" in content.
Hegel regards the analytical method as an "intellectual" method, and dialectical method is a rational method, which is the highest level method, and thinks that "intellectual" is meaningful only under the guidance of dialectical method. His dialectical method is in the form of "positive-negative-combination", which is the combination on the basis of "division". With the guidance of "combination", "division" is meaningful. However, he did not come up with the opposite formula of "combination-positive-negative" and thought that only "combination" was the dialectical method. This is undoubtedly a new one-sided understanding, which violates the opposite principle of dialectical method. "Positive-anti-combination" and "combination-positive-anti" belong to two opposite understandings, and their respective cognitive backgrounds are different: "positive-anti-combination" belongs to a qualitative and metaphysical induction based on reality, just like two teams forming a ball game; "Combination-right-wrong" is a cognitive theory under the guidance of quality and metaphysics. This "combination" is embodied in rules, principles and laws, just as the rules of the game have a binding effect on both teams. Hegel's "positive-negative-combination" and Confucius' theory of "benevolence" echo each other, emphasizing mutual consideration. As for Marx's theory, he went from Hegel's transcendental metaphysics to the other extreme, thinking that Hegel's theory was "upside down", and to "turn it upside down" was an existential decision consciousness, which still belonged to one-sided understanding.
what is "quality first"? It is the opposite cognitive form of "metaphysics", which is based on the internal and external understanding of * * *, and "quality" is based on the internal and external understanding of personality. Metaphysics is the theoretical sublimation of the basic "form"; "Quality-oriented" is the sublimation of the law of individual things. Personality includes quality, energy, nature, elements and so on. "Quality-oriented" includes both a summary of the essence of something and an understanding of the law of something. It solves specific problems in scientific research, such as principles, laws and formulas. Philosophy does not study "quality" because it belongs to individual laws and does not have universality, but it is included in the opposite understanding. The law of thinking (cognitive method) is universal, and so is the most basic mathematical theory, which belongs to the field of metaphysical research. The reason why the cognitive method is equated with the law of thinking shows that thinking is based on cognition, which is not taken for granted by human beings, and on the other hand, it shows that knowing everything is inseparable from the law of thinking. Thus, the study of philosophy can't cover all opposites, and it must be based on the basic similarities, excluding the "qualitative" understanding. Understanding philosophy with "materialism" is the performance of making philosophy scientific. For the understanding of the basic * * * similarity, the predecessors had the law of identity in logic, but they didn't go deep into it. They only realized the connection between them, lacked the in-depth exploration of the universal * * * similarity, and didn't realize that it was an important metaphysical connotation.
From the above simple analysis, it can be seen that the dialectical method in western concepts is related to the viewpoint of oppositeness. Hegel emphasized "division" before, and from Hegel, he paid attention to "combination". It can be seen that the western dialectical method includes two forms of opposites, and this kind of understanding of separation and integration itself contains the opposites of opposites, so Lenin sometimes regards dialectical method as opposing knowledge. However, what is the key to this kind of oppositeness, why self-contradiction doesn't hold water, and why two opposite viewpoints can be "combined"? It seems that the western philosophical research has not entered this level, although the dialectical thinking has been fully embodied in the research of natural science.
In ancient China, there was neither a word of dialectical method nor a word of philosophy, but dialectical method in Zhouyi and Ganzhi theory has been used reasonably, just as western science and technology have used dialectical method reasonably. Here, I just want to start with the simplest understanding. First of all, it is manifested in the generalization of common points, that is, the generalization of dynamic "two" and static "three". "two" is the so-called theory of yin and yang, and "three" is the theory of three hexagrams and the understanding of three seasons and three months. Secondly, it is manifested in two kinds of cognition: the identity includes two forms-the identity and integration of cognition, and the oppositeness also includes two forms-the confrontation and exclusion of cognition. The application of these four aspects in Zhouyi has been covered in previous articles, and here I only talk about the application of these theories in the theory of cadres and branches. Whether the understanding of the theory of cadres and branches is basically fixed now is regarded as superstition, and the key is superficial understanding. Of course, the so-called sub-level fortune-telling and divination are superstitious, but we can't kill this theory with a stick just because future generations are confused about germinating. In the theory of trunk and branch, the identity of cognition is manifested in the consistency of running direction under the same cognitive background; In static understanding, the direction is the same, that is, Yin Mao Chen is the east, and the afternoon is not the south, which belongs to the theory of the combination of earthly branches and geomantic geography. Fusion can be divided into two forms: heavenly stems and earthly branches: earthly branches, such as Mao Xu, and Yin Hai, which are based on the opposite direction; Heavenly dryness, such as A, has become a combination, and B, Geng has become a combination. They are based on the same direction. Confrontation cognition is manifested in the static earth branch cognition, that is, the meridian is relatively resistant, and the ugliness is not relatively resistant ....., which belongs to the relationship of contradictory cognition and the relationship between positive and negative cognition; Exclusion is a dynamic understanding of the combination of cadres and branches. The opposite operation of twelve Chen and twelve times reflects the mutual exclusion relationship, which is the same as that of positive and negative numbers starting from . Confrontation is based on the static understanding of local branches, and rejection is based on the dynamic understanding of overall branches. This is a relatively simple theory, and the containment relationship is less complicated, such as the trinity containment relationship, the division relationship of one into three, the containment relationship between gossip and branches, and the containment relationship between geomantic geography and gossip, which constitutes a complicated network. In modern science, the mating of male and female in biology actually belongs to the six-in-one form of change, because each individual is "three". Only when they are interrelated can they form a reproductive system.
Ganzhi, Zhouyi and Feng Shui theory are trinity theories. Ganzhi is closely related to the movement of celestial bodies from the dynamic understanding, Feng Shui from the static understanding, focusing on the analysis of topography and landforms, and Zhouyi Bagua from the understanding of "God" conveyed by energy, focusing on the response of subjective and objective, focusing on the spirit of "God" (which means understanding divination). This constitutes the external three factors, but also a relatively overall factor. This factor is based on the most basic similarities, which are completely consistent with the most basic local similarities. Because of this identity, the whole always influences and restricts the part in an abstract form, which is essentially the same as deductive reasoning. Here is just a brief introduction. In a word, if you don't understand these theories, you can't understand the embodiment of China's ancient dialectical method in application, and you can only degrade yourself to "simple dialectical method" for no reason, which is full of self-mockery.
In China's ancient theoretical system, great attention was paid to Yin and Yang, which were composed of light and shade, and Yin and Yang were the understanding of the same object in different backgrounds, and this kind of oppositeness was based on the common * * * similarity, which included two "similarities": the same object and the same cognitive method, that is, based on the common * * *. This kind of understanding is what is called opposition in western philosophy. However, they didn't digitize this understanding, and they didn't expand it. They made a fuss about the three-dimensional static and opposite knowledge points' dynamics and energy. They couldn't analyze the universal digital understanding (such as decimal system) from a speculative point of view, so that many profound theories could only be based on assumptions. This is the real "naive dialectical method". In other words, scientific research and philosophical research in the west are two different things. Although philosophical speculation has been used in scientific research, it has not been philosophized. Their system construction fully illustrates this point. They have solved the problem of understanding the opposite nature of multiplication with the same number and multiplication with different numbers, but only think of pure private ownership, without thinking of the relativity of private, so their civil servants only emphasize service and coordination, without thinking of the other side of the opposite, which is completely contrary to the opposite law.
The light and shade we are talking about is actually a kind of horizontal understanding, that is, the positive and negative issues, but staying in the horizontal understanding obviously does not conform to the opposite law, and the horizontal and vertical aspects also constitute the opposite. What is vertical understanding? The so-called vertical understanding is the understanding of the whole and the part-from the whole to the part, from the part to the whole, which constitutes different vertical levels. Because vertical and horizontal are two opposite understandings, there must be opposite backgrounds.
the horizontal is understood from the common similarities, and the vertical should be understood from the mutual similarities. This is reflected in the theory of stem and branch. It is manifested in the fact that a certain heavenly stem and a certain earthly branch are in the same palace, and the search for God should be based on the heavenly stem of the palace, and then the matching earthly branch can be obtained according to the six-position heavenly stem of the palace. It is also reflected in the echo between the divination and the terrain. If you use the gods to do divination and are in a lucky position, the terrain has to find a place with broad vision and magnificent mountains. It is also manifested in the same understanding of mathematics and physics. Why is the performing arts related to the number of "five"? In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Guo regarded it as a relocation palace. Migration is change, and the performing arts is to imitate others, and it is also changeable. In biology, paying attention to geology and climate, what kind of soil, terrain and climate conditions will produce what kind of plants and even animal forms, emphasizing external reasons, and Ganzhi, Zhouyi and geomantic geography are recognized from external reasons. Of course, it is a combination of internal, such as the time and space of its own birth and the starting point of the whole environment. The difference between them is that the similarities formed by the external influence of plants are different from those formed by the theory of trunk and branch. According to the principle of oppositeness, there is still the view that the part determines the whole, that is, changing the "shape" of the part can change the "qi" of the whole (which belongs to the external form of God). Therefore, Mr. Feng Shui always uses some methods to solve the shortcomings, such as planting trees and filling the soil. Although the principle is like this, these people don't know divination, and people believe in these people, which is just pure superstition.
the horizontal is understood from the surface, and the vertical is understood from the inside. What this "inner" means is worth studying. Is it an internal manifestation that China paid attention to the "Feng Shui" of ancestors in ancient times? Is it the same to pay attention to the weather of the mansion? But I have to reiterate that the so-called "Feng Shui" has serious superstitious elements, but we can't completely deny it because of it. In all academic research, there is always a process of continuous denial and continuous improvement. Since the basic idea is reasonable, we have to filter out the false and keep the true, and we have to constantly innovate and establish a scientific system. This is a reflection of thinking from the whole to the part. If we think from the part to the whole, there is also abstraction. Usually speaking, trees form forests, and forests belong to collective noun. It is abstract, and it is the abstraction of the part that constitutes the whole. The former is understood from the influence relationship, while the latter is analyzed from the structural relationship.
after all, what is dialectical method? According to the previous analysis, can we define it as: the dialectical method is based on the ubiquitous * * * similarities (including the basis of * * * the same object and * * *), with the opposite background as the core content and the basic figures as the framework.