Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located 5 kilometers east of Qiao Lin County, about 37 kilometers away from Xi, with Mount Li in the south and Weishui in the north. Why did you choose the seat here? Some people think that this is inseparable from the ancient superstition of geomantic omen. In recent years, according to the pictures taken by satellite, geologists can see that it seems like a dragon from Jiao Shan to Huashan, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty is at the leading eye. As we all know, there has been a saying that "make the finishing point" since ancient times. It is unclear whether the ancients had the ability to "foresee" or whether today's people are too attached to meetings. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is approximately square, with a flat top and a slightly stepped waist. It is 76 meters high, 345 meters long from east to west and 350 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 120750 square meters. According to preliminary investigation, the cemetery is divided into two parts: the inner city and the outer city. The inner city is square with a circumference of about 3000 meters. There are two doors on the north wall, and 1 doors on the east, west and south walls respectively. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of more than 6200 meters, and each corner has a house address. There are horse burial pits, rare birds and animals pits and pottery pits between the inner and outer cities; There are more than 400 stables, martyrdom pits, prison pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed.
Since 1974, three toilet pits have been found on the east side of the cemetery at 1.5 km. The finished products are arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, with 8,000 pottery barrels unearthed, 0/00 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons. Among them, about 6,000 pieces of Bai Tao and Ma Tao are as big as real horses and buried in No.1 pit. There are 1300 pottery barrels and horses and 89 chariots in the No.2 pit. There are 68 warrior barrels in the third pit, 1 chariot and 4 Ma Tao. 1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. Gao Che and Che An, the painted bronze chariots and horses, are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses discovered in China so far, and are known as the "crown of bronze". In addition to the tomb pit, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor also found a website of a stone processing factory. Architectural relics include door anvil, column foundation, tile, ridge, tile, stone waterway, ceramic waterway and so on.
The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum can be seen, but does Qin Shihuang's mausoleum have a blueprint? According to historical records, "the water phase makes the world's prison slaves to 720,000 people as tombs, and chisels the articles of association". The construction of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is by no means arbitrary, and it must be built in a planned way according to the design drawings. It is not difficult to imagine the relevance of the whole history of the construction of imperial tombs. The specific design blueprint is still under further study.
Travel notes of terracotta warriors and horses in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum
Hello, everyone. Today I will take you to visit China's world heritage sites-the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors.
1987 65438+In February, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors were included in the World Heritage List. In order to build this mausoleum, Qin Shihuang recruited 700,000 craftsmen, which took about 38 years to build.
The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit were found in 1974. At that time, the villagers accidentally discovered the No.1 pit while digging a well. By drilling in 1976, pits 2 and 3 were found.
1980, the bronze carriage of Qin tomb was discovered. The main body of the bronze carriage is made of bronze, and some of them are gold and silver ornaments. The bronze carriage consists of three parts. Up to now, the doors and windows on the copper carriage can still be opened and closed freely, which shows that the craftsmen at that time were really "strong"! Then let me introduce pit one. Please pay attention. Pit No.1 is an east-west rectangular pit with a length of 230 meters and a width of 62 meters. There are long corridors at both ends. Chariots are the main body of this pit, and vehicles and infantry are combined into a torch-shaped formation.
Some of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses wear battle robes, others wear armor, and there are chariots in the middle. There are two riders behind each chariot. The second pit covers an area of about 6000 square meters. It is a square military shape composed of chariots, infantry and cavalry, with archers in the middle and chariots around it. The formation is different, so are the soldiers.
Ok, let's introduce it here first, and then introduce the third pit when we have a chance! However, no matter where you go, please don't destroy the historic sites. This historical site is unique. If you destroy it, you will never see it again. Finally, I wish you all a pleasant journey.
Composition of horse figurines in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum
Pit 1 is an east-west rectangular pit, 230 meters long and 62 meters wide, surrounded by five doorways. There are long cloisters at both ends of the pit, one on each side of the pit, and nine east-west holes in the middle, separated by rammed earth walls. Chariots are the main body of the pit, and vehicles and infantry form a rectangular joint formation. The main body of the military array faces east, and there are a row of warriors facing outward in the south, north and west corridors. Three rows of warriors in the east are pioneers. A huge main army composed of chariots and infantry is arranged in nine tunnels. In each tunnel, there are four rows of warriors, some wearing robes, some wearing armor, with chariots in the middle. There is a rider and two riders behind each chariot. The second pit covers an area of about 6000 square meters and consists of chariots, infantry and cavalry. The military array is divided into four parts: the eastern end of the rectangle: four. There are 160 kneeling warriors in the middle four holes, which are crossbowmen. In the southern half of the eight holes, eight rows of chariots are arranged side by side, eight times in each row. After each ride, there are 2-4 riders and no disciples, which is a chariot phalanx. In the middle of the curved cave, three rows of chariots are arranged in three holes, each row is six times, and there are disciples and cavalry behind the car, which are chariots. Then there are eight cavalry teams, each with four columns, which is the cavalry array. The four parts of the No.2 pit are relatively independent and closely related to each other, and all services and arms are integrated in an array. More than 300 warrior figures 1300, 89 chariots, 356 chariots and horses, and more than 0/000 pommel horses/kloc-0 are expected to be unearthed in pit 2. No.3 pit covers an area of 520 square meters and shows the following characteristics. There are 68 warrior statues. The terracotta figures in the pit are arranged in a corridor, which is the command center of the Qin army array. The bronze chariots and horses in Qinling Mountains were unearthed 20 meters west of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. 1980 during the local trial excavation of bronze chariots and horses pit, two large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed in a wooden coffin, which were broken when unearthed and restored to their original state. The main body of bronze chariots and horses is cast in bronze. Then through various mechanical connection processes, such as embedded casting, welding, bonding, riveting, pressing, fastening, pin connection, etc., a plurality of parts are assembled into a whole. The whole body is painted with white horses, and the pigments used in the painting are mixed with mineral pigments, and the three-dimensional lines are shaped by the concentration of the glue. Cars, horses and figurines are about half the size of real cars, horses and people. It imitates the real thing completely and carefully. It truly reproduces the style of Qin Shihuang driving a chariot. The metalworking technology in Qin Dynasty has made brilliant achievements, which are embodied in the manufacture of bronze chariots and horses in Qinling Mountain. There are more than 3,000 parts of bronze chariots and horses in Qinling Mountains, and craftsmen in Qin Dynasty skillfully used various technologies such as casting, welding, inlaying, pin connection, living hinge connection, snap connection and rotating shaft connection to combine them into a whole, reaching a high level. Its thickness is only 0. 1 ~ 0.4cm, and its areas are 1. 12 and 2.3m2, respectively. It is not easy to cast such a large, thin, uniform and round copper piece by mud casting. Up to now, all kinds of chains on bronze chariots still rotate flexibly, and doors and windows can be opened and closed freely.