Ziweiyuan peak shape
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there have been batches of landscapes, including earth mountains, ponds and terraces. Natural landscape gardens have sprouted, with pavilions, bridges, flowers and trees. The elements of the garden are in place, and they are no longer simple.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, palace gardens with official buildings appeared. Qin Shihuang built a forest garden, taking Wei River as a long pool, and built Penglai Mountain in the pool, symbolizing the fairyland of Shenshan.
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is a turning point in the development of gardens in China. With the introduction of Buddhism and the popularization of Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy, gardens have turned to advocating nature, and private gardens have gradually increased.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, gardens reached a mature stage. Bureaucrats and literati built their own gardens or participated in gardening, and incorporated poems and paintings into the layout and landscaping of gardens, which reflected the poetic life requirements of the upper class of landlords at that time. In addition, the freehand brushwork landscape gardens in the Tang and Song Dynasties have also made great achievements in the skills of stacking stones, piling mountains, managing water and other natural beauty.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, garden art entered a stage of in-depth development. The private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River and the royal palaces in the north have reached a peak in design and construction. Most of the gardens preserved in modern times belonged to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which fully demonstrated the unique style and superb gardening art of ancient gardens in China.
Second, the characteristics of ancient ethnic forests in China
(A) Horticultural art, "learning from nature"
"Learning from nature" includes two aspects in the art of gardening. First, the overall layout and combination should conform to nature. The relationship between mountain and water and the combination of various landscape factors in the seepage rockery should conform to the objective law of natural landscape formation. Second, the image combination of each landscape element should conform to the laws of nature. For example, rockery peaks are composed of many small stones, and the texture of natural rocks should be imitated as much as possible when stacked.
(2) Separate space and blend in with nature.
Ancient gardens in China used various methods to divide space, among which buildings were mainly used to enclose and divide space. The divided space attempts to break through the limitations of the limited space of garden entities from the perspective, so that it can be integrated with nature and express nature. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with the relationship between form and spirit, scenery and emotion, meaning and environment, emptiness and reality, movement and stillness, cause and borrowing, truth and falsehood, finiteness and infinity, law and impossibility. Then the space in the garden and the natural space are integrated and expanded. For example, the use of leaky windows makes the space flow circularly and visually smooth, so it is continuous and plays a role of mutual penetration in the space. In the leaking window, exquisite flower decoration and colorful patterns have strong national flavor and aesthetic value; Through the leaking window, bamboo trees are blurred and swaying, pavilions are hidden from time to time, and blue sky and white clouds are flying in the distance, creating a profound and broad space realm and interest.
(3) Garden architecture conforms to nature.
In ancient gardens in China, there are mountains and waters, including halls, corridors, pavilions, pavilions, buildings, terraces, pavilions, restaurants, boats, walls and other buildings. Artificial mountains, stone patterns, caves, stone steps, stone peaks, etc. All show natural beauty. Artificial water, free winding coast and gradual ripples in the water also show natural scenery.
(d) Trees and flowers show nature.
Different from the systematic gardens in the west, the ancient gardens in China pay attention to the expression of nature in the treatment and arrangement of flowers and trees. Pine and cypress are towering, willow branches hang down, peach blossoms bloom for miles ... even the branches are free to bend, and the flowers are overflowing ... its shape and spirit are very important in expressing nature.
Learn from nature, blend in with nature, conform to nature and express nature-this is the place where China ancient gardens embody the national culture of "harmony between man and nature", which is the biggest feature independent of the world forest and the fundamental reason for the eternal vitality of art.
Classification of ancient gardens in China.
The classification of ancient gardens in China can be classified in different ways from different angles.
(a) According to the status of the occupant
Royal Garden 1
This is a garden dedicated to the emperor's rest and entertainment. The ancients said that there is no king in the world. In the view of the ruling class, all the mountains and rivers of the country belong to the royal family. Therefore, it is characterized by large scale, rich mountains and waters, magnificent architectural colors and tall buildings. The existing famous royal gardens are: the Summer Palace in Beijing, Beihai Park in Beijing and the Summer Resort in Chengde, Hebei.
2. Private gardens
It is a leisure garden for royal consorts, princes and nobles, wealthy businessmen and others. It is characterized by its small scale, so it often uses rockeries and water, and its architecture is small and exquisite, showing its elegance and simple colors. Existing private gardens, such as Gongwangfu in Beijing, Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou, Liuguo, Canglang Pavilion, Netlion Garden and Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai.
(2) According to the geographical location of the garden.
1, northern type
The northern gardens are wide in area and scope; Because most of them are located in 100 counties, the building is magnificent. Due to the limitation of natural meteorological conditions, there are few rivers, lakes, boulders and evergreen trees. Because of the rough development of the style, the aesthetic feeling and charm are insufficient. Representatives of northern gardens are mostly concentrated in Beijing, Xi, Luoyang, Kaifeng and other places, especially in Beijing.
2. Jiangnan type
The population in the south is relatively dense, so the garden area is small; Because there are many rivers, lakes, garden stones and evergreen trees, the garden scenery is more delicate. Because of the above conditions, it is characterized by bright, elegant and deep twists and turns, but it is a bit cramped because of its small area. Table is mostly concentrated in Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and other places, especially Suzhou.
3. Lingnan type
Because it is located in the subtropical zone, with evergreen seasons and many rivers, the gardening conditions are better than those in the north and south. Its distinctive features are tropical scenery and tall and spacious buildings. There are famous Lingnan gardens, such as Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Guangdong, Keyuan in Dongrong and Yuqian Mountain Residence in Panyu.
Four, China ancient garden elements.
First, build mountains.
In order to express nature, mountain building is one of the most important factors in gardening. In Qin and Han Dynasties, Shanglinyuan was carved into an island with Taiye Pool, symbolizing the sacred mountain in the East China Sea, which created a precedent for artificial mountain building.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the beams were like a gorge, and there were mountains in the garden, which opened the yearning for the fairy world and turned to imitation of natural landscapes, marking that the gardening art took real life as the starting point.
Scholars in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties adopted the method of generalization and refinement, which greatly reduced the real scale of mountains and rivers and tried to reflect the shape and charm of natural mountains and rivers. This freehand brushwork style of overlapping mountains is a big step forward than naturalistic imitation.
After the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the development of landscape poetry and landscape painting, people paid more attention to the art of overlapping mountains. The most typical example is Song Huizong, who is addicted to stones. The Liang Yue he built is the largest and most exquisite rockery in history.
By the Ming Dynasty, the art of mountain building was more mature and popular. (Ming Dynasty) In the section of "Taking Mountains" in "Yuanye", Ji Cheng listed Garden Mountain, Tangshan Mountain, Loushan Mountain, Geshan Mountain, Shushu Mountain, Chishan Mountain, Neimenshan Mountain, Yashan Mountain, Shitang, goldfish bowl, peak, mountain, cave, stream, meandering water and waterfall. It is much more reasonable and ingenious to build an arch with large and small stone hooks, and the top wall is empty, which looks like a natural gully or even an estimated cave. Stalactites falling down the mountain are much more reasonable and ingenious than the overlapping method of capping with one stone in the Ming Dynasty. The existing Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou, Yan Garden in Changshu and Yu Garden in Shanghai are all excellent gardens in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Second, manage the swimming pool.
In order to express nature, managing ponds is also one of the most important factors in gardening. No matter what kind of flower garden, water is the most vital factor, and there is no life without water. Natural gardens mainly show static water features, and win by showing the far-reaching realm of water surface calm as a mirror or the silence of misty houses. People either look at the reflection of landscape in the water, or watch the fish swimming in the water, or watch the lotus flower sleeping in the water. Or look at the bright moon in the water ... Natural gardens also show the dynamic beauty of water, but not fountains and regular stepped waterfalls, but natural waterfalls. There are natural muscle heads and alum mouths in the pool to show the artificially beautified nature. Because of this, the garden must save the water in the pool. There are generally three ways to control water in ancient gardens:
(1) masking. The winding bank of the pool is covered by buildings and greening. In addition to the platform in front of the main hall and the waterfront building, in order to highlight the location of the building, no matter the pavilion, gallery, pavilion or pavilion, it is overhead on the front, and the water still seems to flow down from below to break the limit of the shore sight; Or near the water, Puwei bank and miscellaneous trees are blurred, resulting in endless visual impression of the pool water.
(2) Diaphragm, or crossing the water surface to build dikes, or crossing the water network promenade, or erecting zigzag stone slab bridges, or stepping stones at wading points, as Ji Cheng said in "Yuan Ye", "If it is inexhaustible, bridge will be built at the broken bridge", which will increase the depth of field and spatial level, and make the water surface have a deep feeling.
(3) broken. When the water surface is very small, such as winding streams and clear spring pools, rock banks can be used, criss-crossing and uneven, and there are fine bamboo vines and crested ibis. Although it is a pool, it seems to have a profound aesthetic feeling caused by the wind in Shan Ye.
Third, plants.
Plants are indispensable factors in building mountains and managing ponds. Flowers and trees are like the hair of a mountain. Without them, the waterscape would have no beauty. Natural gardens deliberately express natural beauty, and the selection criteria of flowers and trees, such as graceful posture, crown modeling, tree skills, bark texture and leaf shape, all pursue natural beauty. Second, talk about color beauty. Leaves, stems and flowers require various natural colors, such as red maple leaves, green bamboo leaves, white pine bark, variegated elm, magnolia, crape myrtle and so on. Three stresses on fragrance require nature, elegance and tranquility. It is best to be evergreen all the year round and have flowers every month, among which wintersweet is the most elegant and orchids are the most quiet. Flowers and trees set off the landscape of the garden stone, which is often related to the spiritual realm pursued by the garden owner. For example, bamboo symbolizes purity and integrity, pine and cypress symbolizes strength and longevity, lotus symbolizes cleanliness and innocence, orchid symbolizes seclusion, magnolia, peony and osmanthus symbolizes prosperity, and pomegranate symbolizes wealth.
Ancient and famous trees are very important for creating a garden atmosphere. Ancient trees are full of flowers, which can form an ancient and profound artistic conception. Therefore, if there is a contradiction between buildings and ancient and famous trees, it is better to move the buildings and leave the big trees behind. Ji Cheng said in "Gardening and Metallurgy": "For many years, trees have hindered the eaves of arrows. Instead of taking root in one step, it is better to study more branches." Building a house is easy, but it takes a hundred years to build a tree.
Apart from flowers and trees, turf is also very important. Flat or undulating or tortuous turf is also intoxicating to the yearning nature.
Fourth, animals.
China classical gardens attach importance to raising animals. In the earliest gardens, animals were used as ornamental and entertaining objects. There were many birds in the gardens of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which made them a natural ornament of the garden landscape. I raise deer and cranes to do other businesses in order to entrust the relief benefits of "being sad many times in my life and unwilling to sell short". The Liang Yue, built in Song Huizong, has collected thousands of rare birds and animals from all over the world. When Hui Zong arrived, animals and birds could skillfully stand in the guard of honor. There were cranes, mandarin ducks, goldfish and natural cicadas in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Animals in the park can watch and entertain, or they can. It makes people associate through sight and hearing.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) architecture
Architecture plays a very important role in gardens. Can satisfy people's desire to enjoy life and enjoy the scenery. On the one hand, the natural gardens in China should be feasible, considerable, livable and tourable. On the other hand, they play the role of point scenery and isolation, making the garden from small to large, making the garden look natural, indifferent, quiet and subtle. This is very different from western garden architecture.
(1) Hall
This is a place to entertain guests and get together. It is also the main building in the garden. "Where the garden is located, the hall is the main building." After the location of Yuanye Hall is determined, the landscape layout of the whole garden will change in turn, resulting in various garden landscapes. Generally, the hall faces south, which is the most important landscape of the whole garden, usually composed of ponds and mountains, so that the main landscape is in the sun. The scenery is ever changing. The hall building has a large volume and a relatively open space environment. In scenic spots, they are generally built on open water, and many platforms are built on the water side. For example, most gardens in Beijing are built by the water and behind platforms. This has become a traditional gardening method in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Yuanxiang Hall in Humble Administrator's Garden, Hanbi Mountain Room in the Garden, Lotus Hall in Lion Forest and Yuanyang Hall in Qiayuan.
(2) Exhibition Hall
It is a second-class building in the garden and belongs to a high-rise building. Generally, if the house is wide, it must be circled. Tibetan painting and calligraphy must be cool and profound; If you watch it, there should be a scenic spot in your field of vision. The buildings and pavilions should be handled properly to avoid the disharmony of spatial scales and destroy the whole garden landscape. There are windows around the pavilions, and corridors are set on each floor to overlook the scenery.
(3) study room and fasting
Pavilion can be used for banquets, with different sizes, slightly different from the hall; Large pavilions, such as Wu Fengxian Mountain Pavilion and Linxiang Shixiang Pavilion in Lingering Garden, are actually the main halls. Zhai is used for reading, the environment should be quiet, and try to avoid the main tourist routes in the park. The architectural style is simple, often with plantain, phoenix tree and other flowers and trees, creating a quiet and indifferent interest.
(4) Thank you
Built by the water or lace, it can be used as a landscape. The plane is generally rectangular, generally open or provided with window sashes for people to stroll and look out. Water is opposite to water on three sides.
(5) publicity
It is a small and exquisite, open and exquisite building with simple and elegant interior. You can watch fish near the water, judge flowers and trees, or overlook them.
(6) ships
It is a building that imitates the shape of a ship, usually built in water or a pool. Gardens in South China and Lingnan are often built in gardens. For example, the Xu Yuan Garden in Nanjing is not a ship, but a relic of the Heavenly Palace of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Xiangzhou in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden is the messenger on board. Most ships are architectural shapes, imitating the bow and cabin in volume, which is convenient for coordination with the surrounding environment and utilization of internal building space.
(7) Exhibition Hall
A small open building. Xu Shen's Shuowen (Han Dynasty) said: "When the pavilion stops, people stop and get together." Mainly for people to rest and watch. You can overlook, watch, rest and entertain. The wide application of pavilions in gardening art marks a breakthrough in the space of garden architecture, either standing on the top of the mountain, resting in Qingxi, or facing the ravine or rock wall. The pavilion embodies the essence of the richest national style of ancient architecture in China. According to the plane shape, there are three common pavilions: triangle pavilion, square pavilion, short pavilion, hexagonal pavilion, octagonal pavilion, round pavilion, fan pavilion, plum blossom pavilion and square pavilion. According to the roof form, there are single eaves pavilions, double eaves pavilions, crowded eaves pavilions, covered eaves pavilions and rest mountain pavilions, with towering peaks and upturned cornices. Even if there is no beautiful scenery, you can see the spirit from the dullness, which makes the garden more lively and energetic. Canglang Pavilion in Suzhou, Songfeng Pavilion and Jiashi Pavilion in Humble Administrator's Garden are all famous pavilions.
(8) Roads and corridors
Roads and corridors not only have traffic functions in gardens, but also have ornamental functions. They are the most plastic and flexible buildings in China gardens, with twists and turns and ups and downs. It is a lively and distinctive national building with twists and turns, such as Youlong or Changhong. It can not only connect freely in traffic, but also make the garden smooth. It also allows tourists to change scenery and savor the surrounding scenery. It can not only protect tourists from the hot sun, but also prevent them from being caught in the rain. In the heat and rain, they can still enjoy the beauty of gardens in different seasons and weather, with single and double seats. The single corridor is winding and deep, and if you are in the court, you can enjoy the scenery on both sides. If you are close to the palace, you can enjoy the scenery while there are usually stone tablets on the other side. You can also enjoy calligraphy and appreciate history and culture. The cloister consists of two single seats. There are many flower windows on the middle partition wall, and both sides can see each other, which not only increases the scenery, but also expands the space of the garden. The Canglang Pavilion Cloister in Suzhou is the most famous.
(9) Bridge
Bridges in gardens generally adopt arch bridges, flat bridges, covered bridges and curved bridges. They are made of stone, bamboo and wood, which are very ethnic. They not only have the function of adding scenery, but also have the function of isolating scenery and expanding space visually. At the same time, passing through one bridge after another has also increased the interest of tourists. Especially the southern gardens and Lingnan gardens, because there are many lakes and rivers, there are also bridges.
(10) garden wall
This is an integral part of an enclosed space. All the gardens in China have walls and national characteristics. For example, the dragon wall rises and falls, just like a long dragon around a yard, which is quite imposing. The buildings in the park are all arranged in the style of quadrangles, and the garden wall is an indispensable part. For example, the Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai has five dragon walls, namely Fu Wolong, Chuan Yunlong (with golden toad in his mouth), Shuanglong grabbing pearls and Wolong. Yu Garden is divided into several courtyards, and the north and south gardens are often equipped with leaky windows, broken holes and Wolong on the garden wall. Make the walls colorful. The forms of leaky windows are square, horizontal, round and hexagonal. The patterns of windows are flexible and diverse, including geometric shapes and natural shapes. In the walls of courtyard walls, corridors, pavilions and other buildings in gardens, there are often openings without door leaves and openings without window sashes, which are called openings and empty windows respectively. Cave doors are not only for people to enter and exit, but also empty windows are often used as landscape frames in garden art.
Six, plaque, couplets and stone carvings
After each garden is completed, the owner always invites some literati to name the gardens and buildings with inscriptions, couplets, poems and stone carvings according to the owner's ideas and the landscape of the garden. The plaque refers to the inscription card hanging on the door vibration, the couplet refers to the vertical sign on the columns on both sides of the door, and the stone carving refers to the inscription and lettering on the rock. The stone carvings on the plaques in the garden, such as the Floating Cuige in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden, are quoted from Su Dongpo's poem "Three peaks pass through the sky, and the floating emerald floats". Some of them are improvised. In addition, some scenic titles were written by famous artists. Whether it is a plaque or a stone carving, it can not only cultivate sentiment and express the mind, but also add poetry to the scenic spots in the garden and broaden the artistic conception. ? I hope the questioner will adopt it.