Little knowledge about Baijiahao cultural relics
1. Little knowledge on protecting cultural relics
1. Cultural relics are different from works of art
Nowadays, there is a craze for collecting in society, including both cultural relics and works of art. Works of art, but works of art are not equal to cultural relics, so what are cultural relics? According to Article 2 of the "Cultural Relics Law of the People's Republic of China", within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the following cultural relics are protected by the state: (1) Ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, and murals with historical, artistic, and scientific value; (2) Relics related to major historical events, revolutionary movements, or famous figures and with important commemorative and educational significance Modern times with significance or historical data value; Important modern historical sites, objects, and representative buildings; (3) Precious artworks and arts and crafts from various eras in history; (4) Important documents and materials from various eras in history, as well as historical, artistic, and Manuscripts and books of scientific value, etc.; (5) Representative objects that reflect the social systems, social production and social life of various eras and ethnic groups in history. The standards and methods for identifying cultural relics are formulated by the cultural relics administrative department of the State Council and submitted to the State Council for approval (the cultural relics administrative department generally considers those that meet the cultural relics conditions before 1966 to be cultural relics - the brackets are added by the author). Vertebrate paleontology fossils and ancient human fossils with scientific value are protected by the state like cultural relics.
Our country has a cultural relics law and implementation regulations, but there is no law on artworks. This has brought confusion to transactions in the market, causing many collectors to be deceived by so-called auction companies. However, the cultural relics management department has no management authority over works of art, which makes those who exploit them rampant.
2. Conditions for establishing a cultural relics store
To establish a cultural relics store, the following conditions must be met:
(1) Have a registered capital of more than 2 million yuan;
(2) There are more than 5 personnel who have obtained intermediate and above professional and technical positions in cultural relics and museums;
(3) There are places, facilities and technical conditions for the preservation of cultural relics;
(4) Other conditions stipulated by laws and administrative regulations.
3. Cultural Relics Administrative Department
Article 8 of the "Cultural Relics Law of the People's Republic of China" The cultural relics administrative department of the State Council is responsible for the protection of cultural relics nationwide. Local people's governments at all levels are responsible for the protection of cultural relics within their respective administrative regions. Local people *** at or above the county level and the departments responsible for the protection of cultural relics shall supervise and manage the protection of cultural relics within their administrative areas. The relevant administrative departments of the people's government at or above the county level are responsible for the protection of relevant cultural relics within the scope of their respective responsibilities.
2. How to write an introduction to the historical field of Baijiahao
With the rapid rise of self-media platforms, Baidu also provides a platform for the majority of self-media enthusiasts, a platform where they can exert their personal charm until A big stage to influence the world.
Although Baijiahao is still in the development stage and some functions are not yet perfect, due to the relatively high advertising subsidies of Baijia, many self-media people want to come to Baijia to dance, but they are often in the registration stage. I got stuck on the field, name, introduction, etc. Let’s talk about the field first: a field is a positioning and a classification, which needs to be clearly determined by the self-media author himself.
So what field should you choose? This can be considered from the following aspects: 1. What do I know? What are you best at? In what ways can you help others and provide value? You can choose the corresponding or similar field to register. Also, let me explain here, Baijiahao has 39 fields for everyone to choose from.
But the only shortcoming is that there is no history field. Friends who want to choose history can subdivide historical figures, historical relics, etc., and just choose according to the subdivided fields. 2 What are you interested in? Interest is the best teacher. You can have the motivation to break through the many obstacles on the road of self-media to output value and provide useful information in the long term.
3 What resources do I have? For example, there are many great people and experts from all walks of life around me. You can use your self-media ideas and their expertise to create an Internet celebrity, and the benefits go without saying.
In addition, if you are a corporate entity, you can choose fields related to corporate business. If you are a product operator of the company, just select the corresponding product type.
Let’s talk about the name: The name is like the facade. When you see it, you like it and you are interested in it. You want to go in and find out. This naming was successful.
Pay attention to a few points: 1. It should not be too broad, but should be subdivided. You will know what you want to express at a glance. For example, in a certain society, this is obviously not possible. A word that encompasses such a broad and all-encompassing society is not suitable as a name.
2 Cannot contain words similar to group or unit. If it is an individual, highlight the individual. For example, some are a certain club, which may really be a team, but if the account subject is an individual, this is not appropriate.
The name must highlight your field and cannot be vague. You can refer to several models for choosing a name: 1. Name plus industry field or content: For example, Xiao Li talks about technological figures of the times, or Xiao Li talks about Internet technology. The advantage of this kind of naming is that it not only allows the audience to know the author personally, but also What type of content does the author talk about.
2. Place name plus domain or characteristics: This is used for local accounts. For example, travel to Nanjing, travel to Nanjing.
The principle of choosing a name is to be simple and clear, and you can understand it at a glance. It doesn’t require much thinking, the user experience is better, and it’s easy to remember.
3 Content type: This principle is to let users know what information you want to express at the first time. For example, if you take a look at the football competition, you will know what your content is about; if you look at religion, you will know at a glance that it is about religion.
3. Common knowledge about ancient books and cultural relics
Identification of ancient book editions is of great significance to collectors. Editionology is based on the font, paper, format, knife technique, ink color, engraving, and inscriptions of the book. When studying book versions in terms of manuscripts, manuscripts, seals, etc., when identifying a relatively complete ancient book (that is, the full text, preface and postscript, format, engraver’s name, etc.), the version of the ancient book that is reviewed, inspected and judged is not only Documents are also cultural relics. Identification of editions is a technical work with strong practicality and experience. Its essence is to be familiar with old books and editions, so as to be able to draw inferences from one instance. The best way to learn version identification methods is to read more, compare more, and practice more. As the saying goes, "a sight is worth a hundred hearings." Talking on paper will never work. You also need to know some knowledge about epigraphy, seals, and bibliography. The author has been studying ancient book editions for more than 10 years and has collected more than 500 volumes of various editions from the Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing, and Republic of China.
In long-term practice, the author has gradually mastered the general rules for appraising ancient book versions and formed a set of appraisal procedures. Whenever I appraise a version, I first have to open the frontispiece and take a look, starting from the font, You can use the characteristics of the format and paper to determine when it was engraved in the dynasty. You can also use the title of the book, the name of the editor, and the editor as a reference. Once you have a firm idea, you can then verify the authenticity. Read the preface, postscript, table of contents, and Look at the end of the volume and the end of the book to see if there is a label, cover, name of the publisher, etc. My identification experience is:
Font identification. There are different fonts in different eras and regions. For example, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, European style was mostly used, which was thin, delicate, rich and simple. The lettering in the Southern Song Dynasty mostly used willow script, which is neat and powerful. In the Jin Dynasty, willow body was mostly used. In the early Yuan Dynasty, it was like the Song Dynasty, and later it was imitated by Zhao Mengzhao. The page style is fluent, lively, soft and round. Officials did not hesitate to spend a lot of money to engrave books, so the fonts are neat and beautiful. However, bookshops, whose purpose is to engrave books for profit, are greedy for more and seek speed, and the fonts are often bad and vulgar. The Ming Dynasty version retains the legacy of the late Yuan Dynasty. Since the Jiajing period, it has changed into a neat and rigorous rectangular font with horizontal and vertical lines, thin horizontal and thick vertical lines. The Qing Dynasty version is mostly imitated Song style, which is particularly soft, beautiful and refreshing. But later on The font becomes dull and the lines are densely packed like graffiti, which is very unsightly.
Format. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, there were white openings, and in the later periods, there were left and right columns, with the name of the engraver and the number of characters in the center of the plate. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were double columns around the edges. The same was true in the Yuan Dynasty, but there were more fish tails, the lines were narrower, and the opening was wider. In the early Ming Dynasty, most of the printings were inscribed with Yuan inscriptions. The layout, with large and sparse calligraphy in Neifu's engraving, is unique. After Zhengde, the format of the Song version was imitated, and famous master-engraved versions appeared of Mao's Jiguge version. The Qing Wuyingdian version is the best to identify.
Printing paper. Most of the printed books in bookshops use cheap and low-quality paper. The paper for official printed books is better, and the printing paper for palace printed books is better. It is necessary to distinguish the difference between bamboo paper, cotton paper, linen paper and leather paper. Song printed books mainly use hemp paper and bamboo paper. , white cotton paper printing is the characteristic of Jiajing block printing, Wanli mostly uses bamboo paper and yellow cotton paper, and Qing Dynasty block printing paper is diverse.
Ink color and knife skills. When engraving books in the Song Dynasty, the use of ink was more particular. The ink was as thick as lacquer, and the words were black and white on the paper, which was very conspicuous. The engraving skills of the Song Dynasty were more precise and conscientious, and the strokes were meticulous.
The ink color of the Yuan version is mixed, and the sword technique is stiff and weak. Some copies of the Ming Dynasty imitation Song version are similar in shape to the original version. After careful comparison, they are unsatisfactory.
Binding. Books in the Song Dynasty were mainly in butterfly binding, with few official bindings. Colored back binding appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty, which was popular in the Jiajing and Longqing periods of the Ming Dynasty. In Wanli, thread binding began to be widely used.
Preface and postscript, edition, and taboo words. Look at the author's preface and postscript to check the chronology, and look at the Zhifang version, the official version, and the private version. The names of emperors in each dynasty are taboo.
Inscription and postscript. The book collection seal has a wide range of inscriptions and postscripts. Many bibliophiles in the Qing Dynasty were proficient in version identification, rich in experience, and well-informed. Many of their inscriptions and postscripts have hundreds of years of history, which can be used as reference for future generations. The book collection seal is the seal of the book collector. A token of ownership and appraisal on the collection, as well as a collection seal.
The number of words in the line payment. Identification of fake editions, for example, the Jiading edition of the Song Dynasty has a half page of 7 lines, 15 characters per line, and double lines of small characters. The Huang Shanfu edition of the Song Dynasty has a half page of 10 lines, 18 characters per line, annotations of double characters, and 24 characters per line. There are two sides on both sides, and there are two lines on the left. Er, Er remembers the title of the chapter.
To sum up, the identification of ancient editions is more complicated. The above are just some of the author’s preliminary experiences in collecting editions of ancient books for reference by collectors.
4. Knowledge about cultural relics
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The role of cultural relics is determined by their value.
The main functions of cultural relics include historical materials, reference and education. The role of historical materials of cultural relics can confirm the records in the documents, correct the errors in the documents, and supplement the missing documents.
For prehistoric societies without written records, cultural relics are physical historical materials for studying and restoring their social appearance. The role of cultural relics in proving history. Ancient Chinese documents are the treasure house of Chinese culture. The rich and colorful cultural relics confirm the ancient document records, which not only increase the authenticity, reliability and preciousness of the document records, but also increase the physical data and become the true witness of the document records.
From another perspective, cultural relics can prove that documented history can be closely combined with documents and cultural relics to corroborate each other. In-depth research on all aspects of social history will achieve better results. Cultural relics and documents corroborate each other, and there are many examples of matches.
Sima Qian recorded the lineage of the Shang Dynasty in "Historical Records". The records of the lineage of the Shang kings in a large number of oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in the Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province have been verified to be basically consistent with the records in "Historical Records". "Historical Records: Biography of Sun Wu and Wu Qi" records the historical facts that Sun Wu and Wu Sun Bin were officials in Qi and each had their own military skills passed down. It is also recorded in "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi".
Since then, "Sun Tzu's Art of War" has not been passed down, and opinions vary. Bamboo slips of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" and "Sun Bin's Art of War" were simultaneously unearthed from a Han tomb in Yinqueshan, Linyi County, Shandong Province, thus proving the accuracy of the records in "Historical Records" and "Han Shu" and clarifying doubts and misinformation since the Sui Dynasty.
The Yuzhen (jade clothing) burial system recorded in "Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Etiquette" is also the complete jade clothing unearthed from Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Shaanxi, Henan, Guangdong, Beijing and other places. Or the jade pieces on the jade clothes and the gold, silver, copper strands used, etc. have been confirmed. The official historical function of cultural relics In ancient times, some historical books had errors during the transmission and copying process, some were lost during circulation, and some were deleted and modified by the ruling class. This made the official historical function of cultural relics extremely valuable.
Its performance is to correct errors in ancient records, revise historical biographies, and correct errors. In ancient times, epigraphers used epigraphy to correct the errors in history and made great achievements.
But it is limited to gold and stone. Now it is possible to use the data in various cultural relics to correct the documentary records. This allows the role of cultural relics to be exerted on a larger scale.
Due to the limitations of the times, the lack of information and the lack of on-site investigation, the records of some historical sites in local chronicles are often based on some legends, making the records inaccurate. With the in-depth development of cultural relics and archaeological work, many of them have been clarified. For example, many ancient artifacts in Cixian County, Hebei Province are called "Seventy-two Mysteries of Cao Cao" in local chronicles and other ancient books. However, the cultural relics information obtained from cultural relics surveys and archaeological excavations (including the epitaph) proves that it is not Cao Cao's Seventy-Two Suspects, but the Northern Dynasties tombs, which are the cemeteries of the royal family and princes and nobles of the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi.
In ancient documents, the conditions of some production and living utensils are often recorded, and these records are often regarded as the time when they were produced, leading to errors. There are records about lacquer painting in "Han Feizi" and "Zhou Li". Based on this, some people believe that thin-plate lacquerware appeared in the middle of the Warring States Period.
In fact, Chinese lacquerware appeared in the Neolithic Age. Lacquerware was unearthed at the Hemudu site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province, and many more were found in Shang Dynasty sites and tombs. These unearthed cultural relics have corrected the records in "Han Feizi" and "Zhou Rites".
The role of cultural relics in supplementing history is to provide physical data for the history without written records to study and restore its historical appearance; for the history with written records, it is to fill in the missing written records to provide comparisons with written records. Record more colorful information. Various ancient Chinese books are valuable materials for studying the history of different periods.
But what cannot be ignored is that due to class limitations and conditions at the time, a large number of historical facts in official history and other ancient books have not been recorded, especially the historical facts about labor producers, causing many historical facts to be lost. There are still many historical records that have been lost throughout history, and many historical facts have been obliterated. At the same time, human society is an extremely complex whole, and the historical facts recorded in documents, the earlier the documents, the simpler the historical facts recorded, or even not recorded, which leaves many historical facts that can explain various aspects of society missing.
The rich and colorful cultural relics of various historical periods can completely make up for the lack of documentary records. The information stored in the cultural relics themselves can provide real and reliable data for studying different issues.
Cultural relics with written text, such as oracle bone inscriptions, bamboo slips, silk scripts, ancient manuscripts, ancient seals, stone carvings, etc., directly record different aspects of history and preserve a large amount of historical data, thus Allow people to understand certain aspects of the real situation. The contents of the five bamboo slips of Qin legal documents unearthed from the Qin tomb in Suihudi, Yunmeng, Hubei Province far exceed the scope of Li Kui's "Book of Laws" and include criminal law, procedural law, civil law, military law, administrative law, economic law, etc. aspects of content.
Among the silk books unearthed from Han Tomb No. 3 in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan Province, there are 5 kinds of medical books, all of which were written earlier than the "Huangdi Neijing". There is no trace of the Five Elements theory in the content, filling the Chinese A gap in the history of early medicine. The functions of cultural relics as historical materials. As physical historical materials, cultural relics’ functions as evidence of history, official history, and supplementary history are the first step in carrying out scientific research and giving full play to the role of cultural relics.
After completing the first step, we must use these credible and detailed materials to study history and promote the development of science, culture and art, and economic construction. Cultural relics and historical materials play an extremely important role in the study of specialized history.
The study of agricultural history, animal husbandry, textile history, ceramics, metallurgy, architecture, transportation, astronomy, sculpture, medicine and other professional histories is inseparable from cultural relics and historical materials. In particular, primitive society has no written records and can only rely on cultural relics and historical materials. With the development of science and technology, the material composition of cultural relics and the information stored are becoming more and more clearly understood, which can provide more detailed and accurate information for the research and writing of specialized history.
As tangible objects, cultural relics are very vivid physical historical materials in the study of some specialized histories such as painting and sculpture. It has more special value than documentary materials.
Cultural relics also have special value in studying the national form of Chinese traditional culture. In research, it is difficult to give people an image concept by relying only on documentary materials and text descriptions. If cultural relics and historical materials are added, and illustrations and text are combined, people will understand it clearly at a glance.
It is easier for people to understand China through ancient buildings, paintings, sculptures and other forms.
5. I like knowledge about cultural relics
Definition of cultural relics Cultural relics are the relics and relics left behind by human beings in the process of historical development.
It is a precious historical and cultural heritage of mankind. Cultural relics refer to specific material remains, and their basic characteristics are: first, they must be created by humans or related to human activities; second, they must be the past that has become history and cannot be re-created.
At present, the names of cultural relics in various countries are not consistent, and their meanings and scopes are also different. Therefore, a unified definition of the unique recognition of cultural relics has not yet been formed. Scope of cultural relics Cultural relics have historical, artistic, and scientific value. Its scope is very wide and involves various fields.
According to the "Cultural Relics Protection Law of the People's Republic of China": The following items shall be protected by the state: (1) Ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, and ancient buildings with historical, artistic, and scientific value , cave temples, stone carvings, and murals; (2) Important modern and modern historical sites, objects, and representative buildings that are related to major historical events, revolutionary movements, or famous figures and have important commemorative significance, educational significance, or historical material value; (3) History Precious artworks and arts and crafts from all eras in history; (4) Important documents and materials from all eras in history, as well as manuscripts and books with historical, artistic, and scientific value; (5) Reflecting the societies of all eras and ethnic groups in history Representative objects of institutions, social production, and social life. Ancient cultural relics refer to the relics and relics left over from the development of ancient history. They are also called ancient material cultural and spiritual cultural relics, and their scope is very wide.
Ancient cultural relics are divided into two parts. One is cultural relics and historical sites, namely ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, etc.
The second is cultural relics, which include a wide range of contents, the main ones being various ancient artifacts, ancient paintings and calligraphy, and ancient documents. Modern cultural relics Modern cultural relics mainly include revolutionary cultural relics, national cultural relics and folk cultural relics.
Revolutionary cultural relics are buildings, sites and monuments with important commemorative, educational and historical value left over from the Chinese people’s revolutionary struggle. National cultural relics are relics and relics that reflect the material and spiritual culture of a nation and have the characteristics of the nation.
Folk cultural relics are relics and relics that reflect folk customs, habits and other folk phenomena. The objectivity of the value of cultural relics. Viewed as a whole, cultural relics are historical relics with historical, artistic and scientific value.
The three exist in the material cultural relics as an indivisible whole, interpenetrating and restricting each other. Not all relics or relics have three values, but they generally have historical value, artistic value or scientific value.
If an immovable cultural relic consists of several individuals and is rich in content, it generally has historical, artistic and scientific value. But not every artifact is like this.
The historical value of cultural relics. The characteristics of the era of cultural relics are historicity, which can help people restore the original appearance of history. This is an important reflection of the historical value of cultural relics.
To study the production and life of primitive human society in the Paleolithic Age, we can only rely on the remains and relics of the Paleolithic Age. In addition to referring to ethnographic materials, the research and restoration of the social appearance of the Neolithic Age are most fundamentally based on the remains and relics of this period.
A history of primitive society can only be written after a comprehensive study based on the ancient legends and ethnographic materials contained in the documents. The most fundamental thing is based on the relics and relics of this period. The artistic value of cultural relics The artistic value of cultural relics is extremely rich in connotation. In terms of its main aspects, it includes aesthetic value, appreciation, pleasure (entertainment), reference, and art historical materials.
They both penetrate and restrict each other. Aesthetic value mainly provides people with artistic enlightenment and enjoyment of beauty from the deep level of aesthetics.
The appreciation value is mainly to give people a spiritual effect from the perspective of viewing and cultivate people's sentiments. Pleasure value mainly provides people with entertainment and recreation.
The main function of reference is to draw the essence from it and learn from it in terms of expression, techniques and techniques to innovate. As for the value of art historical materials, they are mainly used as physical materials for studying art history.
The scientific value of cultural relics The scientific value of cultural relics mainly includes knowledge, science, technology and other connotations. Historical relics and relics reflect the science, technology and productivity level of the era in which they were produced from different angles and aspects, and illustrate the socio-economic, military and cultural conditions of that era.
According to historical materialism, everything created by labor producers is limited by the level of productivity at that time, and products that exceed the level of science and technology at that time cannot be manufactured. The role and function of historical materials of cultural relics The role of historical materials of cultural relics is to confirm the records in the documents, correct the errors in the documents, and supplement the missing documents.
For prehistoric societies without written records, cultural relics are physical historical materials for studying and restoring their social appearance. As physical historical materials, cultural relics serve as evidence of history, official history, and supplementary history, which is the first step in carrying out scientific research and giving full play to the role of cultural relics.
After completing the first step, we must use these credible and detailed materials to study history and promote the development of science, culture and art, and economic construction. The role of cultural relics in proving history. Ancient Chinese documents are the treasure house of Chinese culture.
The rich and colorful cultural relics that confirm the ancient document records not only increase the authenticity, reliability and preciousness of the document records, but also increase the physical data and become the true witness of the document records. From another perspective, cultural relics can prove the history recorded in documents.
Better results will be achieved by closely integrating documents and cultural relics, corroborating each other, and conducting in-depth research on all aspects of social history.