Ma Zhiyong's information.
The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is approximately square, with a flat top and a slightly stepped waist. It is 76 meters high, 345 meters long from east to west and 350 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 120750 square meters. According to preliminary investigation, the cemetery is divided into two parts: the inner city and the outer city. The inner city is square with a circumference of about 3000 meters. There are two doors on the north wall, and 1 doors on the east, west and south walls respectively. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of more than 6200 meters, and each corner has a house address. There are horse burial pits, rare birds and animals pits and pottery pits between the inner and outer cities; Outside the mausoleum, there are more than 400 stables, martyrdom pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers, covering an area of 25-56 square kilometers. The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed.
Starting from 1974, three pits for burying Terracotta Warriors and Horses were found at 1.5 km east of the cemetery. The finished products were arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, and 8,000 pottery barrels, 100 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons were unearthed. Among them, about 6,000 pieces of Bai Tao and Ma Tao are as big as real horses and buried in No.1 pit. There are 1300 pottery barrels and horses and 89 chariots in the No.2 pit. There are 68 warrior barrels in the third pit, 1 chariot and 4 Ma Tao.
1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. Gao Che and Che An, the painted bronze chariots and horses, are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses discovered in China so far, and are known as the "crown of bronze". In addition to the tomb pit, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor also found a website of a stone processing factory. Architectural relics include door anvil, column foundation, tile, ridge, tile, stone waterway, ceramic waterway and so on. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum can be seen, but does Qin Shihuang's mausoleum have a blueprint?
According to historical records, "the water phase ordered the world's criminal slaves to build 720,000 tombs and chisel the articles of association". The construction of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was by no means arbitrary, and it must be built in a planned way according to the design drawings. Throughout the history of the construction of emperors' tombs, it is not difficult to imagine the connection. The specific design blueprint is still under further study.
Who presided over the construction of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang? It is speculated that Shaofu is responsible for the construction and the National Mausoleum should be managed by it. Of course, the highest management level is true, but true nature is busy, and it is handled by Shaofu. However, there is still a problem here, that is, there is an office in Shaofu named after the reunification of Qin Dynasty. It is impossible to verify whether this office existed before reunification, but whether it exists or not, there must be an institution specializing in civil engineering of the imperial court. As for the name of this institution, further research is needed.
How deep is the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang? The Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor says that it "wears three springs". The description of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum in the old books of Han Dynasty is "extremely deep" and "extremely deep". Some people think that the underground palace of Qin Mausoleum is neither shallow nor deep, and the "three springs" mentioned in the book are nothing more than what people often say "under the nine springs". According to Lu Chunqiu, "Shallow is the rise of the fox, deep is the spring", that is, the deepest is the spring. In ancient times, due to technical limitations, it was not easy to construct under springs. Moreover, if the underground palace is located below the groundwater level, long-term infiltration of groundwater will definitely cause the underground palace to be "soaked". Qin Shihuang and the designers of his mausoleum could not have failed to take this into account. Of course, these are just speculations, and the specific situation is unknown.
The underground palace is the place where coffins and funerary objects are placed, and it is the core of the building of Qin Huangling. There have always been different opinions about the location of Qinling underground palace. About the depth of the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, it is introduced in the historical material Nine Meanings of Han Dynasty: In 2 10 BC, Prime Minister Lisi reported to Qin Shihuang that he had taken 720,000 people to build the tomb of Mount Li, which had been dug deep, as if it were underground. After hearing this, Qin Shihuang ordered "to walk another 300 feet or even." The statement of "300 feet away" makes the location of the Qin Mausoleum even more confusing. It has been said that the underground palace of the Qin tombs is on Mount Li, and there is an underground passage between Mount Li and the Qin tombs. Every time it rains on a cloudy day, there are "Yin soldiers" in the underground passage. People are cheering and horses are neighing, which is very lively. It is reported that archaeologists have conducted many investigations according to this legend, but they have never found this legendary underground passage.
"We use remote sensing and geophysical methods to detect respectively. In fact, the underground palace is just under the mound. " According to Duan Qingbo, this large-scale underground palace is located below and around the mound top platform, 35 meters deep from the ground, with a length of 170 meters from east to west and a width of 145 meters from north to south. The main body and tomb are rectangular. The tomb is located in the center of the underground palace, with a height of15m, which is equivalent to a standard football field.
Zhou Xiaohu, an engineer from the Institute of Remote Sensing Application of China Coal Aerial Survey and Remote Sensing Bureau, told the reporter an interesting phenomenon: at the beginning of this year 1 month, the temperature of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum dropped to MINUS 12 degrees Celsius, and the pomegranate tree on the mound was in normal bloom, while the pomegranate tree outside the south wall of the mound was severely frozen and could not blossom and bear fruit normally, and the difference was particularly obvious. "The soil outside the wall has not been disturbed, but the soil structure and water content in the sealed mound have changed, and because there is an underground palace under the wall, the relative temperature of the soil is higher, resulting in differences in plant growth." Zhou Xiaohu explained.
In this exploration, the researchers found that under the sealed mound, there was a thick fine rammed earth wall around the tomb, which was called the palace wall. According to textual research, the palace wall is about168m long from east to west, 14 1 m long from north to south,16m long from north to south and 22m long from north to south. "When building the palace wall, in order to test whether the palace wall compacted with soil is hard, the construction workers will stand in the distance and shoot the wall with bows and arrows. If the arrow can be inserted into the wall, then the repaired palace wall must be demolished and rebuilt. " Duan Qingbo said that the palace walls are made of layers of fine soil, each layer is about 5-6 cm thick, which is quite delicate and strong. "To our surprise, the top surface of the palace wall is even much higher than the ground of the Qin Dynasty at that time, and it has been 33 meters under the sealed soil until now. The height of the whole wall is about 30 meters, which is very spectacular! " Inside the earth wall, the researchers found another stone palace wall. Duan Qingbo said that according to the test, it was found that there was no water in the tomb and the whole tomb did not collapse. "There has been a major earthquake of magnitude 8 or above in the history of Guanzhong area, but the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is intact, which is closely related to the firmness of the palace wall!"
"This kind of palace wall is an unprecedented discovery! This brand-new tomb form can be called "Qin Mausoleum Style". It is still unpredictable how much the Qin Mausoleum-style palace wall can promote the study of the ancient mausoleum system in China. " Duan Qingbo said.
In addition to the palace wall, the researchers also found that there were huge underground drains around the Qin tomb.
Duan Qingbo said that this drainage channel about 1000 meters long is actually a wall. The bottom is tamped with17m thick plaster mud, and the upper part is tamped with 84m wide loess. The scale is unimaginable. "The drainage design is quite clever. Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is high in the southeast and low in the northwest, with a drop of 85 meters, and the drainage channel just blocks the flow of groundwater from high to low, effectively protecting the mausoleum from flooding. " Duan Qingbo said that in the "crossing three springs" recorded in Historical Records, "three" is actually a rough number. In fact, it should refer to the flood during construction, so a drainage channel was built. Duan Qingbo said humorously: "Qin people are too smart. The Beijing National Grand Theatre, which is under construction, is to solve the flooding problem in this way. "
1987 65438+In February, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors were included in the World Heritage List.
The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. There are more than 400 burial pits and graves around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main compensation burial pits are copper chariots and horses, rare birds and animals, stables and terracotta warriors and horses. Over the years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze".
Since 1974, three pits for burying Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been found at 1.5km east of the cemetery. The finished products are arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, with 8,000 unearthed pottery figurines, 0/00 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons. Among them, the No.1 pit is the "Right Army", with about 6,000 clay figurines and life-size horses. The second pit is "Zuo Jun", with more than 65,438 terracotta figures and horses+0,300 pieces and 89 chariots. It is an arc array composed of infantry, cavalry and chariots, and it is also the essence of the pit of Qin figurines. There are 68 warrior figures, 1 chariot and 4 pottery horses in pit 3, which is the headquarters of the underground army. This military formation is the epitome of Qin Jun formation. 1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. It has aroused shock and concern all over the world. These terracotta warriors and horses grouped according to the military array at that time provided vivid physical data for studying the military establishment, combat methods and cavalry equipment of the Qin Dynasty. The discovery of terracotta warriors and horses is known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 20th century". As a bridge connecting the past and the future in the history of China sculpture, the realistic techniques of Qin figurines have attracted worldwide attention. At present, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has been set up in pits 1, 2 and 3, and is open to the public.