What political measures did Qin Xianggong take?

After Emperor Daowu Tuoba Gui established the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Tuoba tribe gradually transformed from a herding economy to an agricultural economy, and the social system also changed from slavery to feudalism, but still retained a large number of remnants of slavery. Especially after the Northern Wei unified the north, the vast majority of the Han people surrendered to the Northern Wei, and the gap in the production methods between various ethnic minorities and the Han people became increasingly obvious. In order to better govern, it became an inevitable choice to change the backward ruling system, absorb and accept the advanced civilization of the Han people, and learn from the Han people. Since Emperor Daowu Tuobagui, rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty have always attached great importance to learning Han civilization. In particular, Emperor Xiaowen was raised by the Han Empress Dowager Feng since he was a child. He was deeply influenced by Confucianism since he was a child, and he was more inclined to sinicize reforms. In addition, during the process of national conquest, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented ethnic discrimination and cruel ethnic oppression policies against people of all ethnic groups, and ethnic conflicts continued to intensify. In order to ease class conflicts and consolidate rule, after Emperor Xiaowen ascended the throne, with the assistance of Empress Dowager Feng, he carried out reforms, which are known in history as "Emperor Xiaowen's Reform". In 472 AD (the second year of Yanxing), officials were rectified. Those who held office for a long time were promoted to one level after one year. Those with poor performance would be punished or even demoted even if they took office soon. The tax system was reformed in AD 475 (the fifth year of Yanxing). In order to change the chaotic situation in which states, counties, and counties competed for rent collection in the past, the government determined that collection could only be done at the county level. The use of big buckets, long rulers, and heavy scales were prohibited when collecting taxes. . Promulgation of the Salary System In 484 AD (the eighth year of Taihe), the Salary System was promulgated, stating that those who took bribes other than the salary and filled a bolt of silk would be punished by death. The land equalization order promulgated the following year also stipulated that local governors could be given a certain amount of land according to their official position. The public land awarded was not allowed to be purchased and was handed over to the next person when he resigned. During the Taihe period when the official system was reformed, it was agreed that the rank of one hundred officials would be divided into nine grades, and each grade would be divided into upright and subordinate. Congpin was the first creation of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the 19th year, the Xianbei aristocrats since the Northern Dynasty were classified into surnames and clans according to family background, official title and other standards. The surname was Gao, followed by clan. Among them, Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji and Wei were eight. The surnames, "all Taizu have surrendered, have distinguished themselves in this world, and are kings and princes. It can be clearly seen that those who are under the jurisdiction of the state and the official department, do not use obscene words, and have the same four surnames." The so-called four surnames are said to be Cui, a high-ranking official of the Han nationality in the Central Plains, and Lu, Li, and Zheng are said to be the four Han county surnames A, B, B, and D. The former seems to be correct. The Banding surname clan further combined the Xianbei nobles and the Han gentry. Moving the capital to Luoyang In order to facilitate the study and acceptance of the advanced culture of the Han people and further strengthen the rule over the Yellow River Basin, Tuobahong decided to move the capital from Pingcheng (today's Datong City, Shanxi) to Luoyang. For this reason, he was afraid that the ministers would oppose the idea of ​​moving the capital, so he first proposed a large-scale attack on Southern Qi. One time when he went to court, he proposed this plan, and the ministers objected one after another. The most fierce one was Tuoba Cheng, the king of Rencheng. Emperor Xiaowen was very annoyed and said: "The country is my country, do you want to stop me from using troops?" Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am a minister of the country. I know the danger of using troops, so how can I not say it?" Emperor Xiaowen thought for a moment, then announced his resignation, returned to the palace, summoned Tuoba Cheng alone, and told him: "To tell you the truth, I was angry with you just now to scare everyone. Pingcheng is not a place where military force is used, and it is not suitable for political reform. Now I want to change the customs, and I have to move. This time I send troops to attack Qi. I actually want to take this opportunity to lead the civil and military officials to move the capital to the Central Plains. What do you think? Cheng suddenly realized it and immediately agreed with Emperor Wei Xiaowen's idea. In 493 AD (the seventeenth year of Taihe), Emperor Wei Xiaowen personally led more than 300,000 infantry and cavalry southward, starting from Pingcheng and arriving in Luoyang. It happened to be a continuous autumn rain, which lasted for a month. The roads were muddy everywhere, making the march difficult. However, Emperor Xiaowen still wore helmet and armor and rode out of the city and ordered the army to continue marching. The ministers originally did not want to send troops to attack Qi, but took advantage of the heavy rain to come out to stop them. Emperor Xiaowen said solemnly: "This time we mobilized troops. If we give up halfway, wouldn't it be a joke to future generations. If we can't advance south, we will move the capital here. What do you think?" After hearing this, everyone looked at each other and said nothing. Emperor Xiaowen said: "We can no longer hesitate. Those who agree to move the capital stand to the left, and those who disagree stand to the right." A nobleman said: "As long as your Majesty agrees to stop the southern expedition, then we are also willing to move the capital to Luoyang." Many civil and military officials Although they did not agree with moving the capital, they all had no choice but to express their support for moving the capital when they heard that the southern expedition could be stopped. Emperor Xiaowen made arrangements for Luoyang and sent King Tuoba Cheng of Rencheng back to Pingcheng to publicize the benefits of moving the capital to the princes and nobles there. Later, he personally went to Pingcheng and summoned noble officials to discuss the matter of moving the capital. There are still many opponents among the nobles in Pingcheng. They gave various reasons, but they were all refuted by Emperor Xiaowen. In the end, those people really couldn't make sense, so they had to say: "Relocating the capital is a big event. Let's make a divination to determine whether it is bad or good." Emperor Xiaowen said: "Divination is to solve difficult and unresolved matters. Moving the capital is a matter of divination." There is no doubt about the matter. If you want to govern the world, you should take the four seas as your home. Today you go south and tomorrow you go north. There is no fixed truth. Besides, our previous generation also moved the capital several times, so why should I? "Can't we move?" The noble minister was speechless. The matter of moving the capital to Luoyang was a good thing to imitate the ancestors, so it was decided. Half a year after the rebellion was put down and the capital was moved, an armed rebellion against reform and Sinicization broke out from within the imperial court. In August of 496 AD (the 20th year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen visited Songyue, and Prince Yuan Xun stayed behind to guard Jinyong City.

Yuan Xun was not eager to learn and had a fat body. He was most afraid of the weather in Luoyang. He often sought pleasure in the old capital and often thought of returning to the north. He also did not want to speak Chinese or wear Han clothes. He tore up all the Han clothes and hats he was given and still had his hair braided. Zuo Ren stubbornly maintains the old customs of Xianbei. The middle concubine Gao Daoyue tried to persuade him many times, but not only did he have no intention of repenting, but he also harbored a grudge. Emperor Xiaowen's tour gave him an opportunity, so he conspired with the left and right, secretly selected 3,000 palace horses, plotted to go out to Pingcheng, and personally killed Gao Daoyue in the palace confinement. After the incident, the leader Yuan Yan sent troops to strictly guard the palace gates and prevent the development of the situation. Early the next morning, Shang Shu Lu Xiu rode to report. Emperor Xiaowen was shocked when he heard the news. He hurriedly returned to Luoyang on the way. He immediately introduced Yuan Xun and was furious. He listed his crimes, personally punished him with a stick, and ordered Wang Xi of Xianyang and others to beat him on his behalf. Yuan Xun was beaten with more than a hundred sticks until his skin and flesh were raw, and then he was dragged out of the door and imprisoned in the villa in the west of the city. More than a month later, Yuan Xun's injury improved and he was able to get up and walk. In October, Emperor Xiaowen introduced the ministers to the Qinghuitang to discuss the dethronement of Prince Xun. The two teachers of the prince, Mu Liang and Li Chong, took off their hats and kowtowed to plead guilty. Emperor Xiaowen said: "You are asking for forgiveness out of personal feelings, and what I am discussing is state affairs. 'Killing relatives for righteousness' is valued by the ancients. Today Yuan Xun wants to defy his father and defect. , straddling the two states of Heng and Shuo, committed the most serious crime in the world! If this boy is not eliminated today, it will be a national disaster. A hundred years from now, I am afraid that the Yongjia Rebellion in the late Jin Dynasty will happen again. "In December, it was abolished. Yuan Xun was a commoner and was imprisoned in Wubi City in Heyang. He was guarded by soldiers and given some cloth and coarse food to prevent him from hunger or cold. In April of the following year, Emperor Xiaowen visited Chang'an, and Li Biao, the censor's lieutenant, secretly reported that Yuan Xun had conspired with the left and right officials. Emperor Xiaowen got the news and hurriedly sent Xianyang Wang Xi and Zhongshu's minister Xing Luan to Heyang with poisoned wine and forced Yuan Xun to commit suicide at the age of fifteen. He buried him on the spot with a thick coffin and ordinary clothes. In the month when Yuan Xun was deposed, Mu Tai, the governor of Hengzhou, and Lu Rui, the governor of Dingzhou, conspired with each other and secretly colluded with Zhenbei General Yuan Siyu, Anle Hou Yuanlong, Fuming Zhenjiang Lu County Hou Yuanye, Xiaoqi General Yuan Chao, and Yangping Hou He Tou. , Shesheng captain Yuan Leping, former Pengcheng town general Yuanba, Daijun prefect Yuanzhen and others conspired to elect Shuozhou governor Yangping Wang Yuanyi as the leader and launched a rebellion. Yuan Siyu, the son of King Yuan Tianci of Ruyin and the grandson of Prince Jingmu; Yuan Ye, the younger brother of Pingyang Gongyuan Pi; Yuanlong and Yuanchao were both sons of Yuan Pi. Most of these people were the old nobles of Xianbei and their descendants. They were dissatisfied with Emperor Xiaowen's personal appointment as a Confucian scholar in the Central Plains. They were opposed to moving the capital to become more secular, changing official uniforms, and banning old languages. Yuan Pi even openly wore old Xianbei clothes at grand court meetings without any scruples. Emperor Xiaowen saw that he was old and frail, so he didn't blame him. At the beginning of their move to Luo, Yuan Long and Yuan Chao also attempted to kidnap Prince Yuan Xun and stay in Pingcheng, and raised troops to separatize Heng and Shuo prefectures north of Yanmen Pass. Although the plot failed, their rebellious spirit did not die. This time they joined forces with Mu Tai and others. People are brewing a greater rebellion. Yuan Yi pretended to make a promise to stabilize Mu Tai and others, and secretly reported the rebellion conspiracy to the court. The then king of the city, Yuancheng, was ill in bed. Emperor Xiaowen immediately summoned him and said, "Mu Tai has an evil plot to seduce the clan. Not long after the capital was moved, the people in the north are nostalgic. If there is a rebellion and turmoil between the north and the south, it will be difficult for me to save Luoyang. This is a national event." , you can't do it. Although you are sick, you must work hard to go north for me and deal with it appropriately according to the situation. If the rebel party is weak, go directly to capture it; if it is strong, you can use my order. Mobilizing troops from the two states to attack. Yuan Cheng replied: "Mu Tai and others are stupid and confused. They do this because they are obsessed with the old life. They have no foresight. Although I am not talented, I can subdue them. I am willing to do it." Your Majesty, there is no need to worry. How dare you reject this minor illness?" Emperor Xiaowen said with a smile, "If Rencheng is willing to go, I have nothing to worry about." Then he awarded Yuan Chengjie, the Bronze Tiger Talisman, and the Bamboo Envoy Talisman. , allocate part of the imperial guards and let him lead the governor of Hengzhou on his behalf. Yuan Cheng was ordered to double the route and go north through Yanmen to reach Pingcheng (the seat of Hengzhou). Li Huan, the imperial censor who was sent in advance, rode into the city alone and caught Mu Tai by surprise. He told Mu Tai's party that he would bring disaster and blessing, and the rebel party collapsed instantly. Mu Tai had no choice but to hurriedly lead hundreds of men under his command to attack Huan, but failed. He was defeated and fled to the west of the city, where he was captured without a fight. Yuan Chenggong suppressed Mu Tai's party, imprisoned more than a hundred people including Lu Rui, and the people followed suit. He also wrote the whole story of suppressing the rebellion in a memorial and submitted it to the court. Emperor Xiaowen was overjoyed and summoned the ministers to produce a memorial and said: "Rencheng can be called a minister of the country. Judging from his prison sentences in judging cases, even Gaotao in ancient times may not be able to surpass him!" Gaotao, legend has it, was a minister of Yu, in charge of the government. penalty. He also faced Wang Xi of Xianyang and others and said, "You may not be able to accomplish this important task!" In the first month of the 21st year of Taihe (497), he established the prince Yuan Ke as the crown prince. In February, Emperor Xiaowen visited the north and planned to go to Pingcheng to see the situation there for himself. On the way, I passed Tongda Mountain in Shangdang and saw a dozen large pine trees beside the road. I became inspired by poetry and started composing poems while walking. In the blink of an eye, the poem was completed. He ordered someone to show it to Wang Yuanxie of Pengcheng, and said confidently: "I started to write this poem. Although it is not seven steps, it can't be said to be far. You can also compose one. When you come to me, the poem It's going to be done." At that time, Yuan Xie was only a dozen steps away from him, so he went on and on, and it was completed before he reached the place. The poem wrote: "Ask the pine forest, how many winters have the pine forest lasted? How are the mountains and rivers like before, and the wind and clouds are the same as in the past." Emperor Xiaowen laughed and said, "You are just laughing at me with this poem." A few days later, when he came to Pingcheng, Lao asked Wang Yuancheng of Rencheng and others introduced Mu Tai, Lu Rui and their party members. After interrogation, no one complained of injustice. People all admired Yuan Cheng for his clear judgment. Mu Tai and his associates were all killed; Lu Ruici was imprisoned, and his wife fled to Liaoxi to serve the people; Yuan Pi was spared, leaving behind his second wife and two sons, and sent them to Taiyuan to serve the people, killing Yuanlong, Yuanchao, and their half-brothers Yisheng, Yuzi moved to Dunhuang.

Most of the old Xianbei nobles who stayed in Pingcheng participated in this rebellion, except for the Yu Lie clan. At this point, the conservative forces silenced themselves and retreated, and the Sinicization reform continued to be implemented. Yujia's Southern Expedition In June of 498 AD (the 22nd year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen ordered 200,000 soldiers from the five states of Ji, Ding, Ying, Xiang, and Ji to prepare for a large-scale southern expedition. At this time, it was revealed that Mu Zhen, the Duke of Wei County, the Superintendent of the Zhongshu, had conspired with Mu Tai. Even after the amnesty, he was still demoted from official rank to civilian; Zhongshu's younger brother Sikong Muliang was also forced to resign. After some preparations, Emperor Xiaowen led the Sixth Army to set out from Luoyang in August, leaving King Cheng of Rencheng, his servant Li Chong, and Lieutenant Yushi Li Biao to stay in the capital. He ordered his younger brother, King Xie of Pengcheng, to temporarily lead the Chinese army as a general. . Xie resigned and said: "It is the way of the ancients to use both close and distant relatives. What kind of person am I? I have been favored by your majesty many times! In the past, Cao Zhi, king of Chen Si, went to Emperor Wen of Wei to ask for permission to lead his troops to attack Wu and Shu, but he was not allowed. Today, I was given the task of conquest without asking, how could it be so different?" Emperor Xiaowen laughed after hearing this, took Yuan Xie's hand, and said cordially: "The two Cao Cao are jealous of each other because of their talent, but you and I are close to each other because of our morality. Self-denial and restoration of etiquette, why worry about other things?" Emperor Xiaowen led his troops straight to Xiangyang, and the thirty-sixth army including King Xie of Pengcheng followed one after another, shouting millions of people and blowing their lips to the ground. When the troops arrived at Zheyang, they left the generals to capture it, then led their troops south to attack Wancheng, and captured the outer city that night. Fang Boyu, the prefect of Qi Nanyang, refused to defend the inner city. Emperor Xiaowen sent Sun Yanjing (Yiyun Gongsun Yun), a scholar in Zhongshushe, to say to Fang Boyu: "This time I want to pacify the south and unify the country. It won't be like winter and spring like before. "If we don't capture it, we will never return to the north. Your city is the first to be attacked. It will take one year in the future and one month in the near future. It will happen in an instant, so you should think twice." Yue Qianjun's deputy Yue Zhirou replied: "I hope to see the siege, and I hope it will be defeated. A humble ordinary person can resist the great power, and it can be said that he will die." He was first picked up by Emperor Wu and given the gift of left and right. Dogs and horses knew the favor, and he was quite indifferent. However, in Longchang and Yanxing, they were faint and contrary to the rules, and the saints compiled their work, so the family and the country were not special. In this way, progress will be worthy of one's ambition, and retreat will be worthy of secludedness. The year before last, Xue Zhendu lured the border gangsters, and then he saw the mausoleum. Since the Dutch country was kind, he pounced on him. In retrospect, this responsibility should be ignored. Fang Boyu then led his troops to hold on, but the Wei army could not conquer it. Emperor Xiaowen left Xianyang Wang Xi and others to attack Nanyang, and then led his troops to Xinye. They encountered strong resistance from Liu Siji, the prefect of Qi Xinye. Until October, they still could not capture it. Emperor Qi Ming urgently sent General Cui Huijing to lead more than 20,000 infantry and cavalry troops to reinforce Xiangyang. In November, Han Xiufang and other fifteen generals of the Southern Qi Dynasty surrendered to the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the Wei soldiers won one victory north of Mianshui River. The war lasted until March of the following year. The Northern Wei Dynasty finally captured Nanyang, Xinye, Nanxiang and other counties in Yongzhou. Liu Siji was killed and Fang Boyu was forced to surrender. Then he defeated Cui Huijing and Xiao Yan in Dengcheng, beheaded and captured more than 20,000 people. Emperor Xiaowen took advantage of the victory and led a hundred thousand troops to besiege Fancheng. Cao Hu, the governor of Qi Yongzhou, defended himself behind closed doors. However, in the Battle of Guoyang, the Wei army failed. More than 10,000 people were killed, more than 3,000 people were captured, and tens of millions of military supplies, equipment and property were lost. The Northern Wei Dynasty hurriedly mobilized more than 100,000 cavalry to aid Guoyang, forcing the Qi army to retreat. In September, Emperor Xiaowen learned of the death of Emperor Qi Ming, so he issued an edict saying that "propriety does not interfere with mourning" and led his troops back. On the way back, he fell seriously ill and could not see his courtiers for more than ten days. After first aid, he was able to turn the corner. In January of 499 AD (the 23rd year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen returned to Luoyang after a long journey. Although he was seriously ill, he still insisted on serving as director of the court. The next day after returning to Beijing, he introduced the minister to the palace. With an angry look on his face, he asked Wang Cheng of Rencheng: "The foundation of running a country is ethics and education. Have the old customs changed to some extent since I left the capital?" Yuan Cheng said When asked, he was frightened and carefully replied in a low voice: "The teachings of the Holy Spirit are getting better and better with each passing day." Emperor Xiaowen scolded: "I entered the city yesterday and saw the woman in the car wearing a hat and a small coat. How can I say that? "Shang Ri Xin! If so, why didn't you check it?" Wearing a hat and a small coat are the old clothes of Xianbei women, so they were questioned. Yuan Cheng explained: "There are few who wear old clothes, and there are many who don't." Emperor Xiaowen was very unhappy when he heard this, and then said: "It's so strange! Does Ren Cheng mean that the whole city of Luoyang is wearing old clothes? ? Isn't this just a word that can ruin a country? Let the historian write it down. " Yuan Cheng and the remaining officials looked at each other and took off their hats to apologize. In order to recapture the lost counties in Yongzhou, the Southern Qi Dynasty sent Lieutenant Chen Xianda to lead Pingbei General Cui Huijing's 40,000 troops to attack Wei. They repeatedly defeated Wei general Yuanying and besieged Maquan City, 300 miles north of Xiangyang, for more than 40 days. , the food in the city was cut off, and the soldiers ate dead human flesh and tree bark to satisfy their hunger. The Wei soldiers were forced to break out, and more than a thousand people were killed or injured. Chen Xianda sent troops to recapture Nanxiang County, which put serious military pressure on the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen was very worried and discussed with King Cheng of Rencheng: "Xianda is intruding, and I can't subdue him unless I go out personally." In early March, Emperor Xiaowen fell ill and once again left Luoyang to go on a personal expedition. Song Bian assisted. Yuan Hong was seriously ill, and Yuan Xie had to take care of military and state affairs while away from home, and he also had to serve Yuan Hong's decoction and medicine day and night. The food must be tasted in person before being given to Yuan Hong. Emperor Xiaowen had been ill for a long time and was easily upset. His ministers would be killed if they made the slightest mistake. Yuan Xie, the king of Pengcheng, took advantage of the opportunity to give advice and rescued many of his ministers. So Yuan Xie was appointed as envoy Chijie, commander-in-chief of all Chinese and foreign military forces, and commanded the entire army. Yuan Xie declined and said, "How can I manage the army when I have no spare time to serve the sick? I would like to choose someone to take charge of the military, so that I can concentrate on serving medicine." Emperor Xiaowen said with emotion: "I rely on you to serve the sick and run the army. . I am so sick that I am afraid that I will not survive. Who else can I choose to protect the country but you? The ancestral temple and the country rely on you alone.

In the past, Zhuge Liang and Huo Guang were entrusted with different surnames to protect the safety of the country, let alone you? When the march arrived at Juiyang, Emperor Xiaowen said to Yuan Xie: "My disease has worsened again. I have to rely on you below. You have to work hard." "The Wei army entered Maquan City and met the Qi army. Emperor Xiaowen insisted on personally deploying and commanding the battle. In the battle of Junkou, the Qi army was defeated. The commander-in-chief Chen Xianda fled south in disguise. He lost hundreds of millions of military resources, all of which were gained by the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Wei army took advantage of the victory and rushed back to the Han River. Seventy-eight out of ten Qi troops were killed or drowned. At the end of March, Emperor Xiaowen's condition worsened and he was forced to return north. He marched to Gutangyuan and told Yuan Xie. : “My illness is getting worse and worse, and I’m afraid it will be difficult to recover. Although Chen Xianda was defeated this time, the world is not at peace, the heir is young and weak, and the security of the country depends on you alone. In the past, Huo Guang was entrusted with a different surname, not to mention that as a clan member, you are wise and capable, how can you not encourage yourself? "Yuan Xie was worried about the jealousy and opposition of other ministers towards him, so he cried and refused. Emperor Xiaowen was silent and thought about it for a long time. He left the imperial edict to Shizhong, Taiwei Gong, Xianyang Wang Yuanxi, Shangshu Ling Wang Su, Shangshu right servant She , Rencheng Wang Cheng, Shizhong, Guarding General, Beihai Wang Yuanxiang, Shangshu Zuopushe, Guangyang Wang Yuanjia, and the Ministry of Officials Song Bianliu assisted in the administration. Before his death, he ordered the ministers and assistants to say: "...move the capital to Luoyang. Dingding River is in the water, hoping to level the south and restore courtesy to all nations. It can bring glory to the ancestors and help the common people. Unfortunately, he was seriously ill and passed away early, making it difficult to achieve his great ambitions. Wouldn't it be good for all the ministers to assist your step-son and rejuvenate our Wei family? Everyone, try your best! "On the first day of April, Emperor Xiaowen died in his palace in Gutangyuan at the age of thirty-three. In 485 AD (the ninth year of Taihe), the Land Equalization Order was promulgated, which regulated adult commoners and slaves of different genders. There are detailed rules for receiving land for farming cattle. The land granted is divided into open fields and mulberry fields. Open fields are used to grow grains and are not allowed to be sold. Mulberry fields are planted with mulberry, elm, and jujube trees and do not need to be returned to the state. The excess part can be sold and the insufficient part can be purchased. When returning the land, appropriate care will be given to the old, young, disabled, widows and widowers. In 486 AD (the tenth year of Taihe), the three-chief system was replaced by the suzerain supervisory system. In 486 AD (the tenth year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen also made corresponding reforms to the rent transfer system. One husband and one woman were the expropriation units, and each year for unmarried men and women over the age of fifteen, eight slaves engaged in farming and weaving, and every twenty cattle were rented, which were equivalent to the number of one man and one woman. After changing Xianbei customs and moving the capital, the Xianbei people were ordered to ban Hu clothes and wear Han clothes; the court banned the Xianbei language and changed to Chinese; it was stipulated that Xianbei nobles were not allowed to be buried in Pingcheng after their death in Luoyang, and their place of origin was changed. For Luoyang, Henan, the Xianbei surname was changed to Han surname;