China Naming Network - Fortune telling knowledge - What really affects the earth's climate is the sun, not carbon dioxide?

What really affects the earth's climate is the sun, not carbon dioxide?

Major sunspot and flare activities! ! When there are many sunspots and flares, strong radio will disturb the ionosphere above the earth, affect short-wave radio communication on the ground, and even cause short-term interruption. The charged particle stream thrown from the sun's atmosphere can disturb the earth's magnetic field, resulting in the phenomenon of "magnetic storm", which makes the magnetic needle vibrate violently and cannot indicate the direction correctly. Light green and red can often be seen in the night sky at the poles of the earth. The pink band or arc of light is called aurora. Aurora is produced by charged particles rushing into the upper atmosphere at high speed, being captured by the earth's magnetic field and colliding with the thin atmosphere. The influence of solar activity on the earth: sometimes solar activity is calm, sometimes intense; The sun rotates, and the active area on the sun sometimes faces the earth and sometimes faces away from the earth; The earth itself has rotation and revolution, so the influence of solar activities on the earth is very complicated, and the cycles are also various, such as daily cycle, 27-day cycle, annual cycle, 1 1 annual cycle and so on. Here we mainly talk about the influence of flares and rapidly changing sunspots on the earth, not the influence of small activities and the various influences of a calm sun on the earth. Flares and sunspots have great geophysical effects on the ionosphere, magnetic field and polar regions of the earth. The earth's atmosphere forms the ionosphere under the action of ultraviolet rays and X-rays radiated by the sun, and the radio waves of radio communication travel far away through the reflection of the ionosphere. When the solar activity is intense, especially when the flare erupts, in the sunny hemisphere, the strong X-rays and ultraviolet rays from the sun make the ionosphere layer D thicker, which leads to the enhancement of the long waves reflected by the layer D, while the short waves reflected by the layers E and F are strongly absorbed, attenuated or even interrupted by the layer D when passing through. For example, on June 5, l970, the long-distance station was interrupted for 2 hours. This is the so-called "sudden ionospheric disturbance". These reactions occur almost at the same time as the big flare, because the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is the speed of light, and it takes about 8 minutes from the sun to the surface of the earth, so the reactions are very fast. Charged high-energy particles produced by flares gradually reach the earth after a period of bending, and they move to the poles of the earth's magnetic field, thus affecting the ionosphere in the polar regions, causing harassment or even interruption of radar and radio communication in high latitudes. This is called "polar cap absorption" and "aurora absorption", which has a long influence time. The whole earth is a big magnetic field. The north pole of the earth is the magnetic south pole of the geomagnetic field, and the south pole of the earth is the magnetic north pole of the geomagnetic field. There is an included angle of about 1 1 degree between the earth pole and the magnetic pole, so the earth is full of magnetic field lines, and different positions have different geomagnetic intensities. Usually, the geomagnetism is affected by many aspects, and there will be different degrees of disturbance, and the most influential is the magnetic storm phenomenon. Magnetic storms usually occur 20-40 hours after solar flares. They are strong disturbances of the geomagnetic field, and the intensity of the magnetic field can vary greatly. At this time, the wind speed of the sun tends to increase, and the top surface of the magnetosphere facing the sun can be compressed from 8- 1 1 in radius of the earth to 5-7/in radius of the earth. The occurrence of magnetic storms will affect human activities, especially the work related to geomagnetism. When magnetic storms occur, auroras often appear in high latitudes. Aurora often appears in the sky near the geomagnetic pole at the latitude of 25-30 degrees and the distance from the ground 100-300 kilometers. It is a colorful luminous phenomenon in the atmosphere with different shapes (see the color picture in front of the textbook). The area where auroras often appear is called aurora area. As charged high-energy particles in the solar active region reach the earth and rush to the polar region under the action of magnetic field, molecules or atoms in the upper atmosphere of the polar region are excited or ionized to produce light. When the sun is active, the number of auroras will increase. The relationship between solar activity and global climate change is also obvious. According to statistics, the change of surface precipitation also has a period of 1 1 year and 22 years, and the change of the earth's upper atmosphere is also related to solar activity. Earthquake, hydrology, meteorology and other studies have explained the influence of solar activities on the earth, and the physical mechanism in this regard is still under study. High-energy protons released during large flares are extremely destructive to space activities. High-energy protons reach the elbow near the earth, especially in polar regions without radiation belt protection, which will affect polar flight; If it is a satellite, it will destroy the instruments and equipment on the satellite; Under the bombardment of high-energy protons, the performance of solar electricity will be seriously degraded and even unable to work; If astronauts work outside the spaceship, their lives will be threatened. . It can be seen from the above effects that it is very necessary to predict the solar activity. Now many countries, including our country, have carried out this work. Through forecasting, communication departments, aerospace departments and other related departments can take timely measures to reduce the impact of solar activities on the work of these departments, and can also provide information for accurate weather, climate, hydrology and earthquake forecasting.

The problem of sunspot activity may bring much more serious benefits than we thought. The energy released by a sunspot group is more than10 billion times that of an atomic bomb. Sunspots are the windows of the sun's magnetic thinking. They are generated inside the sun, forming a huge magnetic ring. As they rise to the surface of the sun, they will rupture one by one, causing local temperature drop and forming dark spots that we can observe. Any change in the number of sunspots reflects large or small changes in the sun. In this process, the sun showed us its internal changes.

The calm of the sun began in 2007. The computer model at that time predicted that there would be a lot of sunspot activity in 2008. Many scientists also predict that 2008 will be the most active year of sunspot activity. But the trouble is that no one told Sun. In the end, 2008 is an unprecedented "calm year of the sun". This year, sunspots are normal 73% of the time, which is the lowest activity since 19 13. In 2009, astronomers tried to find some traces of solar activity, but found nothing.

What effect does the abnormal behavior of the sun have on people? Scientists believe that this may aggravate the climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions.

Mike Lockwood of the University of Reading in the United Kingdom said that the winter in Europe from 2009 10 was extremely cold. At the same time, according to the research data, back to 1650, there was a very cold winter in Europe, and sunspots were not active at all this year. For another example, during the period from 1645 to 17 15, sunspot activity dropped sharply, and the sun showed almost no signs of activity. According to the analysis of Georg Feulner and Stefan Rahmstorf of potsdam institute for climate impact research, if the weakening of sunspot activity is similar to the phenomenon recorded in that year, it will slow down the pace of global warming and reduce the global average temperature by about 0.3 degrees Celsius.