What does the mystery of Qin Shihuang's tomb mean?
Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is approximately square, with a flat top and a slightly stepped waist. It is 76 meters high, 345 meters long from east to west and 35 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 1275 square meters.
according to the preliminary investigation, the cemetery is divided into two parts: the inner city and the outer city. The inner city is square, with a circumference of about 3 meters. There are two doors on the north wall and one door on the east, west and south walls. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of more than 62 meters, and each corner has a gate address. There are horse burial pits, rare birds and animals pits and pottery bucket pits between the inner and outer cities; There are more than 4 stables, human martyrdom pits, prisoners' pits and tombs of tomb-repairing personnel outside the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin was placed.
since p>1974, three toilet pits for soldiers buried in the cemetery have been found 1.5km east, with finished products arranged in zigzag, covering an area of more than 2,m2, and 8, pottery barrels, 1 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons have been unearthed. Among them, about 6, pieces of Taobai and Taoma, which are as big as real horses, are buried in the No.1 pit. There are more than 1,3 pottery barrels and horses and 89 chariots in the No.2 pit. There are 68 samurai barrels, 1 chariot and 4 pottery horses in the third pit.
In p>198, bronze cast large chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. This group of painted bronze chariots and horses, Gao Che and An Che, are the largest, most ornate, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze".
In addition to the burial pits, the ruins of stone processing plants have been found in mausoleum of the first qin emperor. The architectural relics include door anvils, column foundations, tiles, ridges, tiles, stone waterways and pottery waterways.
The scale of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is obvious, but is there a blueprint for the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor?
According to the historical records, "The water phase made the world's 72, prisoners serve as tombs and carved articles of association", the construction of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum was by no means arbitrary, and it must have been planned according to the design drawings. Looking at the history of the construction of imperial tombs in past dynasties, it is not difficult to imagine the correlation. The specific design blueprint is still under further study.
who presided over the construction of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum?
It is speculated that Shaofu is in charge of architecture, and the National Mausoleum should be managed by it. Of course, the highest management superior is the true nature, but the true nature is busy and is handled by the specific operation of Shaofu. However, there is still a problem here, that is, one official in Shaofu was named after the reunification of Qin, and it is impossible to verify whether this official position existed before the reunification, but whether it exists or not, there must be an institution that specializes in civil construction projects of the court. As for the name of this institution, it needs further research.
how deep is the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang? "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" says that it "wears three springs". The descriptions of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum in Old Books of Han Dynasty are "extremely deep" and "extremely deep". Some people think that the underground palace of the Qin Mausoleum is neither shallow nor deep, and the "three springs" mentioned in the book are nothing more than "under the nine springs" that people often mention. According to "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", "Shallow is the fox's promotion, deep is the spring", that is, the deepest is the spring. In ancient times, due to technical limitations, it was not easy to construct under the spring water. Moreover, if the underground palace was located under the groundwater level and the groundwater penetrated for a long time, it would definitely cause the underground palace to suffer from "immersion". The designers of Qin Shihuang and his mausoleum could not fail to take this into account. Of course, these are just speculations, and the specific situation is unknown.
what is the structure of the catacombs of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum?
From the excavated remains of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum, it seems that Qin Shihuang wanted to take his palace, mountains and rivers and others to the underground world, and to achieve this, it is difficult to build a vast tomb. According to "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang", "When the great event is finished, it has been hidden, closed in envy, and the door is envied outside, and all craftsmen are hidden, and there is no comeback." Here, when it comes to admiring the middle door and the outer door, there must be an inner door. This seems to indicate that there is a passage leading to the main tomb in the underground palace, and craftsmen can only close outside the Zhongxian Gate, and the inner envy gate is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin and camphor are placed. As for the length of the pyramid-shaped mound, it can be imagined that if there are 3-foot caves, it is no wonder that some people think that the caves in the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum are directly under the main peak of the mountain riding center-Wangfeng.
according to the archaeological exploration and the judgment of the toilet position of the tomb guards, experts believe that the direction of the tomb is to sit west to east. This is a strange layout. As we all know, in ancient China, the position facing south was respected, and the tombs of emperors in previous dynasties basically sat in the pattern of facing south. Why did Qin Shihuang, who unified the world, want to sit west to east?
Some people think that Xu Fudong was sent by Qin Shihuang to cross the Yellow Sea before his death to search for the fairyland of Penglai and Yingzhou, and he made many personal tours, drinking stones in the east and meeting records in the south, and stayed in Langxie and Zhizhu, all of which showed his urgent yearning for fairyland. Unfortunately, when Chui Fu went away, there was no news, and Qin Shihuang's wish to visit Wonderland finally came to nothing. If you can't get the medicine of immortality before you die, you should face the east after you die, in order to extradite the immortals and reach the kingdom of heaven. Perhaps this is the greatest wish of Qin Shihuang in his later years. Based on this, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang can only sit west to east.
Some people think that Qin is located in the west. In order to show his determination to conquer the six eastern countries, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, first built an eastward mausoleum. After the annexation of the six countries, in order to keep an eye on the six countries in the East after his death, the first emperor was determined not to change the original intention of designing and building the mausoleum, so the mausoleum we saw could only face east and west.
Some people think that the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum sits west to east, which is related to the etiquette and customs during the Qin and Han Dynasties. According to relevant documents, at that time, from emperors, governors to generals, and even ordinary scholar-bureaucrat families, all the masters sat west to east. Qin Shihuang is the only one in the world. In order to maintain the "respect", the direction of the mausoleum can be imagined.
Actually, it's not just the orientation of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum that puzzles people. According to investigation, 917 Qin tombs have been excavated in Shaanxi, most of which are east-west oriented. The 32 tombs in Qin Gong Mausoleum also face the east. This feature of Qin people's burial style is more obvious in the early days. What caused the Qin people to adopt this eastward burial style? Scholars who insist that the Qin people originated in the East believe that because the East is the place where the ancestors of the Qin people once worked and lived, they have special feelings for the East. However, the east and the west are separated, the road is long, and there are many strong enemies in the meantime. The hope of "returning to the roots" is very slim, so they adopt the burial style facing the East to show that they don't forget the root. On the contrary, scholars who insist that Qin people originated from the west believe that Qin people adopted the burial custom of "facing the west" to show that they came from the west of China. However, if the burial ceremony with the head in the west and the foot in the east means that the Qin people came from the west, does the popular custom of burying the head in the north mean that they came from the north? The researchers of modern cultural chemistry and folklore put forward a new view that the popular custom of burying the head in the west of the Qin people, like their popular "limb-bending burial", is related to the ancient culture or some primitive religious belief in Gansu Province. For example, the explanation of "White Horse Tibetans" for the popular Western First Funeral is that when the sun sets, people will follow the sun. Perhaps, the Qin people also have their own unique explanations for their burial style.
everything is unknown.
People often ask why Qin Shihuang used so many clay figurines to bury him.
Some people think that the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was designed specifically according to the requirements of the ancient ritual system that "things die like things live". Because after Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he spent most of his energy and time in the war to unify the whole country. At that time, he led thousands of troops to fight in the north, thus swallowing six countries and unifying the world. In order to show his achievements before his death, it seems inevitable to be buried with him in the form of an army.
Most scholars think that the toilet of Qin Bing is a part of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, which reflects the military situation of Qin Shihuang before his death, but they disagree on specific issues.
One view is that the large-scale group sculpture of the Qin army unearthed in Qintongkeng is a symbol of Qin Shihuang's creation and strengthening of centralization; The military lineup of a large number of soldiers and toilets in Qintongkeng is the image record of the powerful military strength under the rule of Qin Shihuang. In a certain sense, it can also be said that it is the symbol of Qin Shihuang's East Patrol Guard.
One view is that the toilet pit of the Qin army symbolizes the troops stationed outside the capital, and it can be called the Suwei Army. Take the No.1 soldier toilet army array with chariots and infantry alternately as the right army; The toilet pit of the No.2 soldier, which is dominated by chariots and cavalry, is Zuo Jun; The abandoned pit that has not been built should be the No.4 pit, which is the proposed Zhongjun; The toilet pit of the No.3 soldier is the shogunate commanding the right, left and Chinese armed forces. The pit itself symbolizes the barrier of stationing troops. The defense of the capital by the three armed forces is a reflection of Qin Shihuang's desire to strengthen centralization and safeguard the unification of the country.
One view is that there is no pit 4, and the terracotta warriors' army array is composed of regular soldiers, odd soldiers and the headquarters, thus denying the theory of the three armies.
One view is that the toilet array of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is an unfinished project, and all of them should have 5, toilet pits. This huge army array is equipped with troops in front, back, left, right and middle, which is actually the most basic array of eight array methods practiced in the Qin Dynasty. One of the characteristics of the phalanx formation is that it is "thin in the middle but thick in the square". The Chinese army has fewer soldiers, and the four peripheral teams receiving the enemy have more troops. The military array of the Qin terracotta warriors and figures is configured according to the square array method of "thin in medium and thick in square".
One view is that the Three Pits of Terracotta Warriors and Horses are not symbols of the left, middle and right armed forces, but reflect the three components of the Central Army in the Qin Dynasty. Pit No.3 is by no means the headquarters that people usually say, but it should be the palace guard Lang Wei who symbolizes the command of the doctor. Pit 1 is a reflection of the Miyagi guards under the jurisdiction of Wei Wei, or the Southern Army. Pit No.2 reflects the garrison troops of the capital commanded by the lieutenant, which can be called the Northern Army.
Some people think that the No.3 pit belongs to the clan of the Army Wu, which is used for military sacrifices, and it is the place where the owner of the clan who is the object of ancestor worship in the army, the owner who moved there, and the owner who placed the two owners of the clan.
For the No.2 pit, some people suggested that it is a four-beast array, that is, the curved array is Zhu Bird array, the mixed array of chariots, infantry and cavalry is Xuanwu array, the array composed of cavalry chariots is Qinglong array, and the chariot array is White Tiger array.
some scholars believe that the terracotta army array is the "constant array" as described in Wei Slow Son.
Some scholars believe that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Army array is a group of figurines buried for the first emperor.
it is impossible to confirm the purpose of building the terracotta warriors and horses.
Qin Shihuang, a great man, has many mysteries hidden in his tomb.