Mineral type
First, tin mines.
Tin deposits are mainly found in the Danchi ore belt (Hanfa et al., 1997), such as Changpo-Tongkeng, Bali-Longtoushan, Dafulou, Mola, Beixiang, etc. They are tin polymetallic deposits, including tin, antimony, zinc, lead, silver, copper, indium and cadmium, forming super-large deposits. The deposit occurs in Devonian, and the main ore-bearing strata are Liujiang Formation, Wuzhishan Formation and Nabiao Formation of Middle Devonian, followed by Tang Ding Formation of Lower Devonian. The ore-bearing rocks are a set of lithologic combinations of lentil limestone, banded limestone, reef limestone, carbonaceous shale, mudstone and siliceous rocks. The ore body is layered, quasi-layered and lenticular. The deposit was formed in the rift environment of continental margin, and its sedimentary environment is mainly platform-valley facies belt. In addition, the Qin family in Debao, southwest Guangxi has copper and tin mineralization, and its tin mineralization has reached a medium scale. The deposit occurs in marl, sand shale with carbonate rock and layered skarn belt of middle and upper CAMBRIAN, and the ore body is layered and lenticular. The metallogenic tectonic environment is aulacogen, and the sedimentary environment is trough margin facies belt. There is also syngenetic banded tin mineralization in the Mesoproterozoic Bosi Group in Baotan area of Luocheng, but no industrial ore body has been formed (Chen Yuchuan et al., 1995).
Second, lead-zinc mine
Lead-zinc deposits in Guangxi are relatively developed, mainly distributed in northern, central and southeastern Guangxi. There are independent lead-zinc deposits, such as Fozichong in Cenxi, Bobai Tao Dong, Yongfu Baoan and Xiangzhou Dale, which are also produced together with other mineralization, such as tin polymetallic deposits in Dachang, lead-zinc pyrite in the north of Huanjiang, lead-zinc barite deposits in Panlong, Guli and Lemei in Wuxuan. Wu Yi et al.,1987; Wang Jian et al., 1998). Mineral deposits can often reach large and super-large scale, such as Dachang, Fozichong and Beishan. Ore-bearing strata range from Lower Silurian to Upper Devonian, such as Fozichong and Tao Dong lead-zinc mine, which are located in the upper member of Dagangding Formation of Lower Silurian (Fozichong) or Lingshan Group of Lower Silurian (Tao Dong). The ore-bearing lithology is mainly sandstone shale with carbonate rock and layered skarn. Yongfu Baoan lead mine is located in Lianhuashan Formation of Lower Devonian, and its ore-bearing lithology is gray conglomerate. Strawberry structure, striped structure and oolitic structure can be seen in the ore (Zhoushi = 1986). Panlong, Guli, Lemei and Jiuya deposits occur in Ertang Formation or Shanglun Formation of Lower Devonian, and the ore-bearing lithology is a set of dolomite, limestone, mudstone and argillaceous limestone, with siliceous rocks locally. Siding and Beishan deposits occur in the bottom of Donggangling Formation of Middle Devonian and Rongxian Formation of Upper Devonian, and the ore-bearing lithology is limestone, dolomite and reef limestone combination. The ore body is layered, quasi-layered, lenticular and multi-layered. The metallogenic tectonic environment is aulacogen. Early Paleozoic is trough facies belt, devonian period is tidal flat facies belt, and after Middle Devonian is basin facies belt or limited-semi-limited platform facies belt and reef facies belt.
Figure 6- 1 Schematic Diagram of Distribution of Main Hydrothermal Deposits in Guangxi
Three. antimony ore
Besides Longtoushan and Changpo-Tongkeng, there are other small and medium-sized antimony deposits in Dachang, Guangxi, such as Maxiong in Longlin and Cuijia in Xing 'an. Maxiong-Yan Po antimony deposit occurs in Yilan Formation of Lower Devonian, and its ore-bearing lithology is mainly argillaceous fine sandstone. The ore body is layered and lenticular, accompanied by granular gold. Its sedimentary environment is subtidal zone-semi-closed basin facies zone. Cuijia antimony deposit is located in Upper Devonian, and its sedimentary environment is Taigou facies belt.
Four. Mercury mine
The mercury mine is Nandan Yilan mercury mine, which has reached a large scale, followed by Nandan Mayang Wanbaoshan mercury mine (Wu Yi et al., 1987). Yilan mercury deposit is located in Liujiang Formation of Upper Devonian, and its ore-bearing lithology is a combination of siliceous rocks, carbonaceous shale and micrite limestone. The mercury deposit in Wanbaoshan is located in marl-mudstone of Luofu Formation of Middle Devonian, which is located in the middle of bioclastic limestone. The tectonic environment is continental margin rift or aulacogen, and the sedimentary environment is platform-valley facies belt.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) gold mine
Gold deposits are mainly distributed in western Guangxi, represented by Gao Long, Mingshan, Jinya, Longgor, Langquan and Luolou (Chen Dajing et al., 2003; Xie et al., 2006). The ore-bearing strata are mainly Baifeng Formation of Middle Triassic and Luolou Formation of Lower Triassic, and the lithology is calcareous and carbonaceous sandy argillaceous fine clastic rocks and siliceous rocks. There are Lower Devonian Yilan Formation (Maxiong gold-antimony deposit), Lower Carboniferous Tang Ying Formation, Lower Permian and Upper Permian (lung or gold deposit), and the lithology is sandy argillaceous fine clastic rock, siliceous rock and impure limestone. The ore body is layered and lenticular, and the gold is fine grained. Located in Longlin-Baise aulacogen in Youjiang rift basin, the sedimentary environment is trough-basin facies formed by semi-deep sea turbidity current (Guo Hui et al.,1992; Wu Yinglin et al., 1994).
Six, copper mine
There are few copper mines in Guangxi, which are distributed in Jilongding (Zhang Qingzhi et al., 1995) and Qinjia (Guangxi Second Geological Team, 1973) in Rong County. The ore body of Jilongding Cu-Ag polymetallic deposit is layered and lenticular in the middle stratum of Upper Ordovician, and the ore-bearing lithology is sericite phyllite banded marble and timely intermediate-basic volcanic rocks, with thick barite layer. As mentioned above, the Qinjia copper-tin deposit is located in the tectonic environment of the aulacogen trough, and its sedimentary environment is the trough facies belt. However, there are a few copper deposits in Mola zinc-copper deposit, whose tectonic environment is aulacogen and sedimentary environment is Taigou facies belt.
Seven, tungsten ore
Tungsten mines include Wuming Daming Mountain large-scale tungsten mine and Niutangjie and YouMa Po medium-sized tungsten mine. Damingshan tungsten deposit occurs in the upper part of Lianhuashan Formation of Devonian, and its ore-bearing lithology is fine clastic rock composed of fine sandstone and sandy shale. The ore body is wolframite, which occurs in layers or layers, folds synchronously with the strata, and has obvious bedding characteristics. The ore has banded structure, and the associated siliceous rocks have banded layered structure (photo 1). The tectonic setting of Danchi area is aulacogen, which is in the early stage of rift activity. The sedimentary environment is nearshore zone; Early Paleozoic hydrothermal scheelite (Zhang Mingxing, 1983) occurs in Luchuan and Bobai areas in southeastern Guangxi, such as the Ma Po W-Mo deposit. The ore bodies occur in marine carbonate rocks, layered skarns and fine clastic-argillaceous metamorphic sedimentary rocks with basic volcanic rocks from the middle and upper Ordovician to the lower Silurian. The ore body is layered and quasi-layered, and the ore has banded, banded and disseminated structures. Its tectonic environment is aulacogen, and its sedimentary environment is trough facies belt. There are hydrothermal sedimentary scheelite produced in Cambrian in the northeast of Guangxi, such as Niutangjie tungsten mine (see the second section of chapter 3 for details), and the ore body is produced in the second member of Qingxi Formation of Cambrian, and the ore-bearing lithology is metamorphic siltstone or quartzite sericite with marble and layered skarn. The ore bodies are layered, lenticular, fine grained, disseminated and banded along the bedding. The metallogenic tectonic environment is continental margin rift, and the sedimentary environment is sub-deep sea slope reduction environment.
Eight, iron ore
The hydrothermal sedimentary iron deposits in Guangxi are undeveloped and small in scale, mainly distributed in eastern and northern Guangxi, such as Yingxiangguan Iron Mine in Hexian County and Sanjiang Iron Mine in northern Guangxi (Tuguangchi et al., 1993). Yingxiangguan Iron Mine in Hexian County belongs to the Neoproterozoic iron ore metallogenic belt in the northern margin of Yunkai-Fujian-Zhejiang Uplift, and Sanjiang Iron Mine belongs to the Neoproterozoic iron ore metallogenic belt in the southern margin of Jiangnan Uplift. They are produced in the Late Proterozoic, mainly in the Sinian system in the upper Yuanguyu, the Yingyangguan iron mine in the Yingyangguan formation of the Lower Sinian system and the Sanjiang iron mine in the aluminum-rich formation of the Lower Sinian system. The ore-bearing lithology is mainly fine clastic rocks mixed with siliceous rocks and quartzite, and there are many basic-intermediate acid volcanic substances in Yingyangguan iron deposit. The ore body is lenticular with banded structure. Besides magnetite, iron minerals are characterized by containing more hematite and specularite. The tectonic environment is aulacogen, and the sedimentary environment is a secondary depression with slope compared with deep water. In addition, there are Qinjia copper-tin iron mine in Debao, Shapo iron mine in Luchuan and Shengzhou iron mine in the middle and late Cambrian, Xiashui lead-zinc mine in Luchuan in the middle Ordovician, Shanyaotian iron mine and Honghua iron mine in eastern and northeastern Guangxi in the middle and late Devonian, but these iron mines are all small in scale, mostly small deposits or occurrences, and the iron minerals are mainly magnetite. However, siderite deposits (sites) produced in some areas, such as Lingshan in Rongxian County in the Middle and Late Ordovician, manganese-bearing siderite in Beiliu Panlong, Shengping in Lingshan in the Early Silurian, Yangmei siderite in Rongxian County, siderite in northern and northeastern Guangxi in the Donggangling period of the Middle Devonian, siderite in Yingshan, Luzhai in the Early Carboniferous and siderite in Quxiang, Chongzuo in the Heshan period of the Late Permian, may also be related to hot water deposition.
Nine, manganese ore
Hydrothermal manganese deposits in Guangxi are well developed, mainly distributed in southwest Guangxi, followed by northern Guangxi and southeastern Guangxi, including Daxin Xia Lei, Hutu, Jingxi Hurun, Tiandeng Dongping, Yishan Longtou and Guiping Gui Mu. The scale of manganese deposits in Xia Lei is the largest, reaching super-large, and the rest can reach large and medium-sized. However, some deposits, such as Gui Mu and Dongping manganese mines, have poor primary sedimentation and mineralization and are enriched only after secondary oxidation. The deposits mainly occur in Wuzhishan Formation (Xia Lei and Hurun) and Liujiang Formation (Gui Mu and Hutu) of Upper Devonian, followed by Datang Period of Lower Carboniferous (Longtou) and Beisi Formation of Lower Triassic (Dongping). The ore-bearing lithology is mainly a set of siliceous rock-mudstone-calcareous limestone lithology combination, and the ore body is layered and quasi-layered. Primary sedimentary manganese ore is mainly manganese carbonate, followed by manganese silicate. It occurs in rift environment, and the sedimentary environment is mainly platform-gully facies belt (Wu Zhi et al.,1987; Wu Yinglin et al.,1994; Yao et al.,1995; Liu Tengfei, 1996).
Vanadium ore
The hydrothermal sedimentary vanadium deposits in Guangxi are mainly distributed in central and northern Guangxi, represented by Shanglin Dafeng Formation and Luochenghuai Formation (Zhao, 2000), reaching large and medium scale respectively. In addition, there are vanadium minerals in Sanjiang and Longsheng areas in northern Guangxi (Zhang, 1984). Dafeng Vanadium Mine (see Section 6 of Chapter 3 for details) occurs in Tang Ding Formation of Lower Devonian, and its ore-bearing lithology is black carbonaceous mudstone with siliceous rocks. Both Huaiqun and Guibei vanadium deposits occur in the lower member of Qingxi Formation of Lower Cambrian, and the ore-bearing lithology is interbedded with black carbonaceous shale and siliceous rocks. The boundary between the seam and surrounding rock is unclear, and the ore body is vanadium-bearing carbonaceous shale, which is layered, layered and lenticular. The metallogenic tectonic environment is aulacogen, but Dafeng vanadium deposit is basically in the early stage of passive continental margin rift. The sedimentary environment of early Cambrian in northern Guangxi is trough-basin facies, and Dafeng vanadium deposit in central Guangxi is located in Taigou facies belt.
XI。 Phosphorus-calcium soil
Phosphate rock is not developed in Guangxi, but is found in Tiandeng Bailong, Bahe mining area, Lingshan and Yulin (Wu Yi et al., 1987), which can reach medium scale, and the ore is poor, and secondary leaching can enrich mineralization. Mineralization occurs in siliceous rocks and siliceous shale of Liujiang Formation of Upper Devonian. The tectonic environment is aulacogen, and the sedimentary environment is mainly Taigou facies belt, such as Bailong and Bahe phosphorite, followed by trough-side facies belt, such as Lingshan and Yulin phosphorite.
Twelve. pyrite
Pyrite is often associated with barite and lead-zinc mineralization and distributed in southwest, north, middle and south Guangxi. An independent pyrite deposit was discovered in Hepu Mansion, which is a small deposit. Huanong pyrite-barite deposit in Jingxi, where pyrite is medium and barite is abundant; Lead-zinc-pyrite deposit in Beishan of Huanjiang River, in which pyrite and zinc ore are abundant. All the deposits occur in Devonian, and Huanong pyrite-barite deposit and ancient lead-zinc pyrite deposit occur in mudstone-dolomite limestone of Lower Devonian Yujiang Formation (Yilan Formation) and Huang Yushan Formation. Guangong pyrite occurs in limestone of Rongxian Formation of Upper Devonian. Beishan Pb-Zn pyrite occurs in limestone-dolomite lithologic association of Donggangling Formation of Middle Devonian and Rongxian Formation of Upper Devonian, mainly in dolomite. The ore body is layered, lenticular and lentil-shaped, and the deposit is mainly formed in rift valley or aulacogen environment. The sedimentary environment is subtidal-semi-closed basin facies belt or carbonate semi-closed platform facies belt and reef facies belt.
Thirteen. Barite ore
Barite deposits (rocks) are mainly distributed in central Guangxi, such as Laibin Gutan, Xiangzhou Pancun, Sicun, Wuxuan Guli and Pengcun, followed by Yongfu Wangli in northeast Guangxi and half of Sanjiang in north Guangxi, and the aforementioned Jingxi Huanong in southwest Guangxi (Wu Zhi et al.,1987; Li Wenyan et al., 199 1). There are mainly single barite deposits in northern Guangxi, northeastern Guangxi, Laibin and Xiangzhou areas in central Guangxi, lead-zinc barite pyrite deposits in Wuxuan area and pyrite barite deposits in Huanong, southwest Guangxi. The ore-bearing strata in central Guangxi are Liujiang Formation of Upper Devonian, Lower Member of Tang Ying Formation of Middle Devonian, Shanglun Formation and Yujiang Formation of Lower Devonian, Yongfu Wangli is Sinian-Cambrian, and Sanjiang Plate should be Qingxi Formation of Cambrian. The ore-controlling lithology is mainly the combination of siliceous rocks and fine clastic rocks, limestone mixed with mudstone, argillaceous limestone and dolomite. The ore bodies are lenticular, layered and veined, and the veined ore bodies in Xiangzhou and other places can be regarded as veined ore bodies related to hydrothermal deposition and mineralization. The tectonic setting is intracontinental rift or aulacogen. Northern Guangxi is a slope-basin facies belt, central Guangxi is a platform basin facies and carbonate limited-open platform facies belt, and southwest Guangxi is a subtidal-semi-limited basin facies belt.