Information about Cheng Yi and Hao Cheng
The word Bochun,no. Ming Dow, was born in Luoyang, Henan (now). Cheng Yi and his brothers are called "Cheng Er" in the world. His family has been an official for generations, and his great-grandfather Cheng Xizhen served as the Foreign Minister of Shangshu Dangerous Department. His grandfather Cheng Hao presented the third secretary of history to Kaifu instrument, and his father Cheng Jun was an official and a doctor in Taizhong. Influenced by family studies since childhood, especially by his father Cheng Jun, he is famous for his non-Wang Anshi's new law. After the promotion of Jinshi, the calendar officials were the master book of Jingzhao House, the master book of Shangyuan County of Jiangning House and the order of Zezhou Jincheng. At the beginning of God's reign, he served as an imperial adviser. Because of his disagreement with Wang Anshi's political views, he was not reused, so he devoted himself to academics. Song Shiyuan said: "I have the ambition to seek Tao. It has flooded many schools, and it has been in and out for decades, and it has been returned to the' Six Classics'. " Initiating "Luo Xue" with his younger brother Cheng Yi laid the foundation of Neo-Confucianism. In education, he set up schools in Songyang and Fugou successively, and devoted himself to educational research. He wrote a lot of books and formed a set of educational ideology. Cheng Hao pointed out that the purpose of education is to cultivate saints. "The gentleman's learning, must first learn the sage. Not saints but their own people have been abandoned. " The filial piety is filial piety, and the younger brother's is the younger brother. It's just a saint. "That is to say, the highest purpose of education is to make the educated follow the laws of nature, be kind to the people, love things, and abide by feudal ethics. Learning the Analects of Confucius and Mencius is "knowledge". " What is ridicule when you read The Analects of Confucius and Mencius without knowing it? "The University and the Doctrine of the Mean are also indispensable." The way of a university lies in its virtue and understanding. "And the doctrine of the mean" heaven also, not very clever, not the doctrine of the mean ". In short, education must take Confucian classics as teaching materials and Confucian ethics as the basic content of education. Cheng Hao also suggested that reading should aim at "explaining meaning and principle" and pay attention to reading methods. It is a great misfortune for scholars to "study on the premise of being poor and practical" and not "get stuck at the end of the chapter and sentence". Cheng Hao's educational thought, like his Neo-Confucianism, has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Later generations set up shrines or academies where he gave lectures to commemorate the origin of studying. In the first year of Jiayou, Song Renzong (1056), Ercheng Temple was established in the place where the Book of Changes was published in Shi Jing (now on the left side of the Wanfo Pagoda in Kaifeng, Henan). In the 20th year of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (1489), Li Yan, the governor of Henan Province, built the Daliang Academy in Ercheng Temple and dedicated Ercheng in the lecture hall. In addition, Songyang Academy was established to commemorate Cheng Er. "Preface to the Records of Songyang Academy" said: "Songyang Academy, the place where books were collected in the Song Dynasty, had a free time and gave lectures with a group of disciples".
Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi are brothers, known internationally as "Cheng Er". When Cheng Cheng was fifteen or sixteen, he studied under Zhou Dunyi, the founder of Neo-Confucianism. Song Shenzong established his own system of Neo-Confucianism during the Zhao Zhuan period. Although Cheng's theory is different in some aspects, the basic content is the same. They all take "reason" or "Tao" as the basis of all theories, and think that "reason" is the heavenly principle that precedes all things, "everything is only heavenly principle", "everything originates from reason" and "reason leads to anger". The current social order is natural and logical, otherwise it will go against the sky. Put forward the simple dialectical thought that things are human beings. Emphasize that human nature is good and "human nature is rational". Because of different temperaments, human nature is good and evil. Therefore, turbidity and malignancy are actually human desires. People's desires blind their own hearts and will damage justice. Nobody wants to be natural. Therefore, it teaches people to "save righteousness and destroy human desires." To "uphold justice", we must first "manage tomorrow". If you want to "manage tomorrow", you must understand the truth of things day by day, and if you accumulate more, you can suddenly get through it. Advocate the cultivation method of "self-cultivation needs respect, learning depends on knowledge" Cheng advocated feudal ethics and advocated the formation of the relationship between monarch and minister in the family. Cheng Yi also opposes women's remarriage, claiming that "starvation is minimal and dishonour is great", which is quite pernicious. Cheng Cheng's works include Suicide Letter from Cheng Family School in Henan Province, Foreign Letters from Cheng Family School in Henan Province, Collected Works of Mr. Ming Dow, Collected Works of Mr. Yichuan, Essence of Cheng Cheng's Speech, Jing Shuo and so on. And Cheng Yi has another book, The Book of Changes. Cheng's theory was later inherited and developed by Zhu and other philosophers in the Southern Song Dynasty and became the "Cheng-Zhu" school.
Cheng Hao and his brother Cheng Yi are the main founders of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty, and they are called "the second generation of Cheng" in the world. Because Cheng Er brothers had been giving lectures in Luoyang for a long time, they were called "Luo Xue" by the world. Cheng Er gave full play to the theory of mind and numerology from Mencius to Zhou Dunyi in philosophy. Established an idealistic neo-Confucianism system with "Tian Li" as the core. The most important proposition put forward by Cheng Er in academic circles is "Everything is just Tian Li". They think that Yin-Yang, Qi and Five Elements are just the materials for "Li" or "Tian Li" to create everything. "Li" or "Tian Li" has been used as the highest category of philosophy since Cheng Er, that is, as the noumenon of the world. In addition, human itself is also the concrete embodiment of "natural justice" in human society. "The monarch and his son, the theorem of the world, can't escape from heaven and earth." ("Henan Cheng's suicide note" V)
Cheng Cheng's theory of human nature originated from Meng Si School's theory of good nature. Cheng Cheng's theory of human nature is further deepened on the basis of the theory of good nature, and answers a series of questions such as why sex is the best and why it produces evil factors. Cheng Cheng thinks that human nature is different from "the nature of destiny" and "the nature of temperament". The former is the embodiment of justice in human nature, without any damage or distortion, so it is the best and flawless. The latter is born of gasification, which is inevitably eroded by "qi" and produces disadvantages, so there are evil factors ... Cheng believes that the natural state of sex is perfect because it is the embodiment of human "justice". Good in human nature is the essential feature of "justice", while evil is manifested in people's unreasonable desires and emotions, which is what Cheng called "justice", and the two are incompatible. The prosperity of justice leads to the extinction of human desire, and the prosperity of human desire leads to the decline of justice. This shows that the proposition of "preserving righteousness and destroying human desires" put forward by Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty is actually of certain positive significance and cannot be completely denied.
The theory of "Tian Li" founded by Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi plays an important role in the history of China's ancient thoughts, which has had an important and far-reaching influence on ancient Chinese political thoughts and philosophical thoughts, and was highly praised by later feudal dynasties, so that it gradually evolved into the dominant thought in China's late feudal society for nearly a thousand years. For example, in the 13th year of Jiading, Song Ningzong (1220), Cheng Hao was named "pure male". Cheng Yi is an official. In the first year of Li Zongchun's reign (124 1), Cheng Hao was later named "Henan Bo" and Cheng Yi was named "Yiyang Bo" and "Worship Confucius Temple". One year from Yuan Mingzong to Shunyi (1330). As the imperial edict of Erdao Temple, it was built by taking Yanzi (Yan Yuan) as an example. Compared with Queli, there are more than 60 temples in front and back, and the eulogy praises Erdao Temple for "learning from orthodoxy, nurturing gentleness and educating children". In the twenty-fifth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi gave the Bi-directional Temple the following year.
Roam on the moon
On the moon, there are four wandering dams, and in the north, there is a platform of 100 feet in the sky.
Everything changed with the breath of autumn, and the chat in one night was very cool.
The clouds in Shui Xin are idle, and the springs under the forest are quiet.
There is no reason in this world, but every good thing saves money and keeps company.
[Appreciation] This is a wandering poem and an interesting poem. Although the author wrote some vivid scenes in this poem, his focus is still on expressing his philosophy of life. The so-called "Shui Xin clouds shine leisurely, springs under the forest come quietly" is exactly what the author pursues. So he thinks that everything in the world can be ignored. As long as you can get together with a few friends during the festival, it is great happiness. The poem expresses the indifferent feelings of taking things as they are, regardless of gains and losses.