At present, how many nature reserves have been established in our country, with a total area of tens of thousands of hectares?
The construction of nature reserves in my country began in the 1950s. After more than 40 years of efforts, by the end of 1997, the number of nature reserves nationwide had grown to 926, covering an area of 76.979 million hectares, accounting for approximately 7.64% of the country’s land area.
Among the 926 nature reserves that have been established, there are 124 national nature reserves with an area of 26.4606 million hectares, 392 provincial nature reserves with an area of 46.0646 million hectares, and 84 municipal nature reserves with an area of 659,300 hectares. There are 326 counties with an area of 3.7945 million hectares. There are 14 nature reserves listed by UNESCO, including Changbai Mountain, Dinghu Mountain, Wolong, Wuyi Mountain, Fanjing Mountain, Xilingol, Bogda Peak, Shennongjia, Yancheng, Xishuangbanna, Tianmu Mountain, Maolan, Jiuzhaigou, and Fenglin. "International Man and Biosphere Reserve Network"; 6 nature reserves including Zhalong, Xianghai, Poyangyuan, East Dongting Lake, Dongzhai Port, and Qinghai Lake are included in the "List of Internationally Important Wetlands". With the establishment of these nature reserves, 70% of my country's terrestrial ecosystem species, 80% of wild animals and 60% of higher plants, especially the vast majority of rare and endangered wild animals and plants under national key protection, are located in nature reserves. Get better protection. At the same time, these nature reserves also play an important role in conserving water sources, maintaining soil and water, preventing wind and sand, and stabilizing the regional microclimate.
Answer: wang0192034 - Xiucai Level 2 2-17 10:55
< p>------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------Overview of the development of nature reserves in China
< p>Construction of nature reserves in China in 2003As of the end of 2003, 1,999 natural areas of various types and levels had been established nationwide, with a total protected area of 143.98 million hectares (including 13,975 hectares of land area) million hectares, sea area 6.03 million hectares), accounting for about 14.4% of the land area. Compared with the previous year, the number of nature reserves increased by 242, and the area increased by 11.031 million hectares, with growth rates of 13.8% and 8.3% respectively. Among the established nature reserves, there are 226 national nature reserves with an area of 88.713 million hectares. In 2003, 38 new national nature reserves were approved and established.
(1)
The Earth is the only planet known to have life. Since the emergence of humans on the earth, human activities have continuously affected changes in the natural ecological environment. With the increasing development of science and technology and the rapid increase in social productivity, this change has become increasingly obvious and rapid.
Human survival is originally premised on transforming nature in various ways and acquiring a large amount of material wealth. The earth’s rich resources, especially biological resources, undoubtedly have an important impact and huge role in the historical process of human development. . However, human beings' subjective initiative to transform nature has a dual nature. On the one hand, it creates the material wealth necessary for its own survival, and on the other hand, it destroys the original stability, coordination and balance of nature. For a long time, human beings have been thriving in the cracks of this contradiction. It was not until they were severely punished by nature that they gradually realized their status on the earth and their relationship with nature, and began to change from "the earth belongs to humans" to "the earth belongs to humans". The misunderstanding returns to the correct concept of "human beings belong to the earth".
As early as more than 100 years ago, Engels earnestly warned mankind not to be overly intoxicated with victory over nature, "For every such victory, nature takes revenge on us.". Although each victory initially achieved the expected results, it showed completely different and unexpected effects in subsequent developments, often canceling the initial results. Historically, in places such as Mesopotamia, Greece, Asia Minor, and Italy, due to the extensive destruction of forests, the center for accumulating and storing water was lost. Mountain springs dried up for most of the year, and during the rainy season, the springs dried up. The floods poured down onto the plains with greater ferocity. This example clearly illustrates the ruthless retaliation suffered by mankind as a result of its unscrupulous and unrestrained seizure of biological resources and serious damage to the natural environment.
Two-thirds of the earth's land area, approximately 7.6 billion hectares, was originally covered by forests, but by the 1980s of this century, the remaining area was less than 2.8 billion hectares. Currently, the world's forests are disappearing from the earth at a rate of 18 million hectares per year, which has greatly accelerated the rate of species disappearance, with an average of one species disappearing per day and tending to become extinct. In the past 200 years, 593 species of birds, more than 400 species of mammals, 209 species of amphibians and reptiles, and more than 20,000 species of plants have been endangered, which is 1,000 times faster than the rate of natural elimination.
In fact, there are extremely rich biological species in nature, but human beings’ understanding of them is very limited. According to estimates by scientists, there are about 5 to 10 million species of living things on the earth, but only more than 1.43 million species have been named so far, including 346,000 species of plants (including 250,000 species of angiosperms) and 1.09 million species of animals (including 250,000 species of angiosperms). There are 751,000 species of insects and 13,368 species of birds and animals). Human food mainly comes from hundreds of species of animals and plants, 90% of which only comes from more than 20 species. However, there are thousands of species of organisms that provide the survival needs for these hundreds of species of animals, plants and humans. various conditions to meet various human needs. These precious natural and historical heritages are a huge wealth for mankind.
Biological organisms in nature are not only affected by the environment, but also interdependent and restrictive. This complex relationship forms a very large natural ecosystem. Some people estimate that terrestrial ecosystems on Earth produce 117 billion tons of dry weight organic matter every year, of which 80 billion tons are in forests. The conversion and storage of these substances and energy are mainly fixed through plant photosynthesis, and are clearly reflected in the number of species groups. This means that species must be structurally coordinated and functionally balanced so that nature can maintain a normal cycle and carry out constant metabolism and regeneration, so that organisms can adapt to the natural environment, survive and reproduce.
Biology has huge economic, ecological and social benefits for human beings. Preserving biological diversity has become the only wise choice for human beings today. Many countries have regarded it as one of the basic national policies to solve the problems of survival and development, placing the protection of biological resources and the utilization of biological resources in an equally important position. In today's world, due to the development of society, population and the progress of scientific civilization, human beings' demand for natural resources is constantly increasing in both quantity and quality. In the process of increasing the speed of biological resources around them and reproducing in large quantities, on the one hand, they are restricted by time, space factors and development methods, and maintain a certain growth rate; on the other hand, due to the increasing improvement of human material and cultural living standards, Demand is becoming increasingly diversified, and consumption is bound to increase dramatically. Therefore, adopting scientific and effective methods to properly protect the genetic diversity of species in the ecosystem has not only become a top priority to protect our own survival and development, but has also become an important yardstick for the international community to measure the performance of governments and social civilization of various countries. As we all know, before the 1960s, the important medicinal value of plants such as maytonwood and cedarwood was not known. It was only after the 1960s that they were discovered to contain anti-cancer ingredients. Some special traits and functions of living things only attracted attention after people had a certain understanding of them, and began to study and imitate the performance of certain living things to solve difficult problems encountered in the production struggle. Therefore, bionics also followed. its rise. If a large number of plant and animal species become extinct, it will undoubtedly be a huge and irreparable loss to human survival and development.
Man and nature have contradictory aspects, but they also have aspects that can and must be coordinated. In order to survive and reproduce, humans need to rationally transform nature and effectively protect nature. However, human beings can neither return to the primitive age simply to protect nature, nor can they destroy the diversity of living things for the sake of their own survival. The correct way out is to scientifically study and predict the possible impact of humans on living things under various natural environmental conditions, so as to coordinate and balance the relationship between humans and nature, organisms and the environment, and organisms and organisms in practice. relationship, making the material cycle in nature tend to a relatively stable state. Therefore, the establishment of various types of nature reserves has become an effective way for countries around the world to solve the relationship between man and nature.
(2)
Our country has a vast territory, complex natural conditions, and great environmental changes and differences. There is a 49-degree difference in latitude between the north and the south. The Zengmu Shoal in the southernmost Nansha Islands is far away from the equator. Only 400 kilometers long, the mainland coastline is more than 18,000 kilometers long, and there are more than 5,000 islands along the coast.
The topography of the country is high in the west and low in the east, with great fluctuations. The landform types are diverse, including mountains accounting for 33%, plateaus accounting for 26%, basins accounting for 19%, plains accounting for 12%, and hills accounting for 10%. It is a mountainous country, forming a unique and complex natural environment. The topography of the country changes significantly according to altitude, and is divided into three parts: alpine, arid, and humid from west to east.
(1) The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a plateau that was strongly uplifted and rose sharply in the middle of the Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era, with an altitude of 4,000--5,000 meters. It is composed of tall mountains, platforms, lake basins, and valleys, and has a cold climate. Dry, frost cracked and weathered, cold desert and gravel desert are widely distributed. The mountains are covered with snow all year round and are dotted with modern glaciers. It is one of the countries with the most developed mountain glaciers. There are more than 1,500 inland saltwater lakes, which are habitats and breeding grounds for alpine animals and a variety of migratory birds. In the southern part of the plateau, the Himalayas, the tallest mountain in the world, stand on the border of the motherland. In the foothills and river valleys near 29 degrees north latitude, such as Medog and Bomi, there is abundant rainfall and tropical monsoon forests are distributed. On the east side of the plateau is the north-south Hengduan Mountains. Affected by the warm current of the Indian Ocean, the alpine canyons appear as natural landscapes of vertical climate zones with changes in altitude. The vertical changes in the distribution of biological resources are very typical.
(2) The northwest inland is a vast plateau, mountainous area and basin alternately distributed. The terrain of the Inner Mongolia Plateau in the east is gentle and undulating. The Ordos Plateau has many short inland rivers and salt lakes. The Loess Plateau is susceptible to erosion and erosion. The Alxa Plateau has few rivers. The plateau has an altitude of 1,000 to 2,000 meters. The Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains in the west are 3,000-5,000 meters above sea level, forming the famous Turpan Basin, Ili Basin and Junggar Basin. The climate of the entire region is arid, with scarce precipitation and large temperature differences. It is a typical continental climate, forming large areas of steppe, Gobi, and desert. A few mountainous areas have small patches of forest and grassland alternately distributed. The surface vegetation is sparse and simple. Herbivorous ungulates and rodents are the dominant populations. Inland lakes and wetlands are habitats and breeding grounds for migratory waterfowl.
(3) In the east, mountains, hills, and plains are distributed alternately from north to south. Affected by the monsoon circulation and controlled by the polar continental air masses, it forms a humid and semi-humid monsoon area. It is a typical monsoon climate with four seasons. It is very obvious; the river flows eastward and southward into the Pacific and Indian Oceans, with abundant water but high sand content. Lakes are dotted here and there, and the water network is intertwined. Karst low mountain landforms are formed in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the hilly basins of Guangxi. There are various animal and plant components from cold temperate to tropical areas, and the biological resources are the most abundant.
The distribution of biological resources in my country has not only relatively typical zonal characteristics, but also obvious transitional and vertical distribution characteristics, forming forests, grasslands, deserts, waters, wetlands, tidal flats, islands, etc. Various natural landscapes. From north to south, the forest vegetation in this area includes coniferous forest, coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, broad-leaved mixed forest (including evergreen and deciduous components), evergreen broad-leaved forest, tropical monsoon forest, and rain forest. In addition, there are bamboo forests; other vegetation includes shrubs, savannas, grasslands, meadows, herbaceous swamps, etc. Except for the cold temperate coniferous forest in the Altai Mountains, most of the western region consists of grasslands, meadows, herbaceous swamps, deserts and other vegetation.
There are more than 30,000 species of higher plants in the country. Second only to Brazil and Malaysia. Ranking third in the world, nearly 200 genera of plants are unique to my country, such as silver fir, ginkgo, metasequoia, white cedar, golden pine, involucrata, campanula, eucommia, water green tree, fragrant fruit tree, etc., which are A relict species unique to our country. There are nearly 800 species of gymnosperms in 12 families in the world. There are more than 230 species in 10 families in my country. Various pine, larch, spruce, and fir range from cold temperate to tropical areas in my country, from the humid areas in the east to the dry and alpine areas in the west. area, forming a large area of natural forest or mixed forest. Angiosperms are the most prosperous and widely distributed plant group in modern times, with more than 25,000 species in my country. In tropical and subtropical areas, plant resources are more abundant. For example, dipterocarps are representative plants in the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia. my country has six genera: dipterocarps, green plums, celestial trees, dipterocarps, dipterocarps, and sal trees. More than 10 kinds. Many precious and rare tree species, such as Zijing, Musheng, clam, checkerwood, catalpa, golden plum, tree fern, cycad, camphor, nan, etc., mostly grow sporadically and have a narrow distribution range. Some native species of cultivated plants are also preserved in various places, such as wild rice, wild walnut, wild lychee, wild apple, wild chestnut, wild soybean, etc., which are extremely valuable germplasm resources for breeding improved varieties.
Many plants, such as Eucommia ulmoides, Cephalopodia argyi, Rauwolfia truncatula, Maydenwood, Dracaena, Acosta, etc., all have high medicinal value. There are also abundant resources for extracting fat, starch, spices and making fruit products. There are still many natural or cultivated ancient trees preserved throughout the country.
my country’s terrestrial vertebrates (including mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles) belong to the Palearctic and Oriental kingdoms respectively in the world’s zoogeographic distribution areas. The Palearctic boundary includes Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai-Tibet, North China and Northeast China; the Oriental boundary includes the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the areas south of it. Between the Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, animals from the two realms interpenetrate each other, forming a wide transition zone; in the Hengduan Mountains area, the fauna belongs to the Oriental realm as a whole, but at higher altitudes, the Palearctic realm The animals extend southward along the ridge, becoming an area where animals from both worlds are extremely mixed.
There are more than 2,200 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles in the country, making it one of the countries with the most species of wild animals in the world. More than 100 species of rare animals include giant pandas, golden monkeys, white-lipped deer, antelopes, Taiwanese monkeys, white-tip dolphins, brown-eared pheasants, yellow-bellied tragopans, blue-bellied pheasants, black-necked cranes, alligators, and giant salamanders. Giant pandas, known as "living animal fossils", have been widely distributed in history. Today, they are only distributed in small numbers in Qionglai Mountain, Liangshan Mountain, Minshan Mountain and the southern slope of Qinling Mountains in my country. There are 15 species of cranes in the world, and my country has 9 species including red-crowned crane, black-necked crane, white crane, white-headed crane, white-naped crane, demoiselle crane, gray crane, red-necked crane, and Canadian crane. Primates, my country has 6 genera and 20 species of gibbons (4 species), langurs (4 species), golden monkeys (3 species), loris (2 species), macaques (6 species) and white-rumped langurs. Several species of gibbons are distributed in tropical rainforests and monsoon rainforests; langurs are distributed in monsoon rainforests; black snub-nosed monkeys are distributed in deep mountainous areas in northwest Yunnan and southeastern Tibet; macaques are widely distributed, ranging from Xinglong, Hebei in the north, to Qinghai and Tibet in the west, and to the south The largest number. There are 56 pheasants in my country, accounting for one-fifth of the world's pheasants, 19 of which are endemic to my country. There are many species and quantities in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Hengduan Mountains. There are nearly 300 species of other birds and animals with scientific research and economic value, and the resources are relatively abundant. Our country's natural environment and resource conditions are unique and rare in the world.
(3)
Our country is a country with an ancient civilization. In the Yellow River Basin, our ancestors left behind many precious cultural, historical and natural historical heritages. Two or three thousand years ago, natural forests were distributed in the Yanshan Mountains; the Taihang Mountains and the mountains and hills to the east were also covered by forests; vegetation was widely distributed in the Loess Plateau. Wild animals are also more abundant and diverse than today. In the Spring and Autumn Period, elk were abundant from the North China Plain to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, giant pandas were also distributed in western Hubei, northwestern Hunan, and eastern Sichuan. In ancient times, some far-sighted politicians, thinkers and scientists put forward some correct ideas on protecting natural resources, and the general public also accumulated a lot of rich experience in production practice. During the Zhou Dynasty, the emperor and Guizhou had hunting reserves of different scopes. It was stipulated that "the emperor is 100 miles away and the princes are 40 miles away", and no felling or hunting was allowed. According to the "Book of Rites of Zhou" records, at that time, not only institutions were set up for the management of natural resources, but also full-time managers were set up, such as "shanyu" in charge of the administrative orders of mountains and forests; "jiren" in charge of farming and hunting; animal resources. King Wen of Zhou Dynasty's garden "Lingtai" raised deer, cranes, herons, fish and other animals; the large-scale "Shanglin Garden" in the Qin and Han Dynasties included giant pandas among the animals; thereafter, such as the "Lingtai" of the Jin Dynasty Poultry Garden", "Huaqing Palace" in the Tang Dynasty, "Qionghua Island" in the Yuan Dynasty, "Xiwan" in the Ming Dynasty, and "Summer Resort" in the Qing Dynasty, etc., have objectively protected some rare animal and plant species. effect. Many other famous mountains, temples, royal cemeteries, "Longshan" and "Fengshui sites" of ethnic minorities, as well as religious and cultural resorts such as Mount Emei, Tianmu Mountain, Huangling, Dongling, Mount Tai, Mount Heng, and Mount Jiuhua are still covered with lush greenery.
The ancient trees are towering. It can be said that these are the prototypes of nature reserves in ancient China and also the Chinese nation’s simple thinking on protecting the living environment.
Due to the long-term feudal rule, the development of productivity was slow, the production methods were primitive and backward, and the damage caused by the blind abuse of resources was serious. Before the Tang Dynasty, 15 states and counties in the border areas of Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan and Hubei provinces still had rhino horns as tribute. Due to long-term hunting and changes in the natural environment, they tended to become extinct after the Northern Song Dynasty. After Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, moved the capital to Beijing, he sent "hundreds of thousands of people into the mountains to open roads" and mined large quantities of timber from the south for several years.
Previous wars have caused more serious damage to natural resources by cutting down trees, burning forests, digging up dams, and destroying weirs. In modern times, the imperialist powers have unscrupulously plundered our country's biological resources, and many precious species have also been destroyed.
After the founding of New China, my country’s nature reserves gradually developed. At the third session of the First National People's Congress in September 1956, scientists such as Bingzhi and Qian Chongpeng proposed "requesting the government to delineate natural forest logging prohibition zones in all provinces (regions) across the country to protect natural values for scientific research." Needs Proposition 92. This proposal was handed over to the Ministry of Forestry of the State Council and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for processing. In October of the same year, the Ministry of Forestry formulated the "Draft on the Delimitation of Natural Forest Logging Prohibited Areas (Natural Reserves)", which proposed the delimitation objects, methods and areas of nature reserves. In 15 provinces (districts) across the country, ) plans to delineate more than 40 logging-free areas. In the national science and technology plan, the construction and research of nature reserves is listed as one of the basic theoretical research tasks. Soon thereafter, they were successively established in Dinghu Mountain in Guangdong, Jianfengling in Hainan, Xinkou in Fujian, Huaping in Guangxi, Xiaomengyang, Menglun, Mengla, Damenglong in Xishuangbanna in Yunnan, Changbai Mountain in Jilin, Fenglin in Heilongjiang and other places. More than 20 nature reserves have filled the gaps in the development of natural sciences in our country. During this period, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Forestry organized a group of experts and investigation teams to conduct extensive inspections and inspections of biological resources in some remote mountainous areas, such as Xishuangbanna, Fanjing Mountain, Shennongjia, Huzhong, Gaoligong Mountain, Huaping and other places. Forest surveys have accumulated rich information for understanding and mastering my country's biological resources. In 1962, the "Instructions of the State Council on Actively Protecting and Rational Utilization of Wild Sports Resources" was issued, proposing to establish nature reserves in the main habitat and breeding areas of rare birds and animals; establish hunting zones in areas with serious damage to wild animal resources; and prohibit giant pandas and other 19 This rare wild sport is strictly prohibited from hunting and protected. In 1963, National People's Congress representative Zhu Kezhen and other scientists put forward the suggestion of "Carrying out Nature Conservation Work" at the National People's Congress meeting. Regarding the importance of carrying out nature conservation work in our country, the development of nature conservation work in various countries around the world, and the nature conservation work in my country A systematic speech was made on the development status.
The ten years of "Cultural Revolution" have severely damaged my country's emerging nature reserves and wild animal and plant resources. Some established nature reserves were forced to be decentralized or decentralized. Undo. According to statistics from the National Rare Animal Resources Survey Symposium held by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in 1973 in key provinces, cities and districts, there are only a dozen nature reserves in the country. In 1975, relevant documents of the State Council stipulated: "The areas where rare animals mainly inhabit and breed must be designated as nature reserves, and the construction of protected areas will be strengthened before they are gradually resumed.
The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Since then, the construction of nature reserves has developed rapidly. During this period, a large number of nature reserves were established in various provinces. In 1979, 48 nature reserves were restored and established across the country, covering an area of 1.5 million hectares. The layout of the protected areas is reasonable. The National Agricultural Zoning Committee established a professional group for natural reserves led by the Ministry of Forestry and participated by relevant ministries and commissions to carry out the zoning and construction of national natural reserves. In October of the same year, eight organizations including the Ministry of Forestry and the Chinese Academy of Sciences were established. The ministries, commissions and bureaus jointly issued the "Notice on Strengthening the Management, Zoning and Scientific Investigation of Nature Reserves". In September 1980, a professional group held a national work conference on the zoning of nature reserves in Chengdu to study and deploy plans for the development of nature reserves nationwide. Principles and steps of zoning work. At this time, 20 provinces (regions) across the country have established 72 nature reserves with a total area of about 2 million hectares. The meeting decided to carry out zoning and inspection of nature reserves on a provincial (municipal, district) basis. work, and proposed four principles for delineating nature reserves across the country:
1. Areas with typical natural ecosystems representing various natural zones;
2. National first-class Protect important living and breeding areas for rare animals, rare tree species or other wild animals and plants with special protection value;
3. Natural ecosystems or species have been damaged and have important value and must be restored or replaced Areas;
4. Geological sections, glacial relics, karsts, hot springs, fossil origins and other natural historical sites and important water source areas with special protection significance
In each province (region). With the support, *** organized 2,500 professional and technical personnel during the three-year period to conduct on-site investigation, analysis and demonstration, and prepare a zoning plan.
In August 1983, the Ministry of Forestry held the first National Forestry System Nature Reserve Work Conference in Urumqi, where they studied the problems existing in the construction and management of nature reserves, adopted in principle the zoning plan for forest and wildlife nature reserves, and It is proposed that 56 nature reserves that are of typical significance in the country, have special value in scientific research, and have certain international influence will be submitted to the State Council for approval to be classified as national nature reserves. At this time, 133 nature protection sites have been established across the country, with a total area of 8.06 million hectares.
At present, the establishment of nature reserve management agencies has been gradually improved. The number of nature reserves and wildlife protection and management personnel at all levels across the country has increased from 4,000 to 13,000 in 1983. Construction funds have increased year by year. Policies and regulations have also been gradually established and improved. By 1993, there were 501 forest and wildlife nature reserves nationwide, covering an area of 50.59 million hectares. With the approval of the State Council, 77 places including Huaping, Wuyi Mountain, Changbai Mountain, and Xishuangbanna have been designated as national nature reserves. These nature reserves, regardless of their construction scale or the protection of natural ecosystems and wild flora and fauna species, have an important influence and a decisive position in the country, laying a solid foundation for the development of my country's nature reserve construction.
(4)
Since the reform and opening up, the country has successively issued a series of laws and regulations on the protection of nature reserves and wild animal and plant resources to further strengthen legal management. In 1984, the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress promulgated the "Forest Law of the People's Republic of China" for the seventh time, which clearly stipulated: "The forestry department of the State Council and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall, at different levels, Typical forest ecological areas in natural zones, forest areas where rare animals and plants grow and reproduce, natural tropical rainforests and other forest areas with special protection value will be designated as nature reserves to strengthen protection and management. "In 1985, with the approval of the State Council, the Ministry of Forestry The "Measures for the Management of Forest and Wildlife Type Nature Reserves" were promulgated and implemented, making specific and clear provisions on the management of nature reserves. In 1988, the Fourth Session of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress promulgated the "Wildlife Protection Law of the People's Republic of my country", which stipulates: "The administrative department for wildlife sports under the State Council and the municipal governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall, in key national and local areas, The protection and management of wild animals and their living environment? These laws and regulations promulgated by the state provide a reliable basis and guarantee for the management and construction of nature reserves in our country.
Natural reserves are. It is an important facility for protecting natural resources. After more than ten years of efforts, forestry departments at all levels from the central to local governments have successively established management agencies and initially formed a nature reserve management system. At present, most of the protection and management work has established posts. Responsibility system and gradually carry out standardized management. In order to speed up the basic construction of nature reserves, improve the level of engineering construction design, implement various protection measures, build the nature reserve into a permanent operating entity, and give full play to the functions and benefits of the nature reserve, the Ministry of Forestry In 1988, the "Overall Design Standard for Nature Reserve Projects" was issued. Most of my country's nature reserves are in remote mountainous areas or forest areas, surrounded by people living in them. In order to properly solve and arrange their production and living problems, Wuyi Mountain, Taoyuan Cave, Fanzhou Many nature reserves such as Jingshan and Nangunhe have taken active measures to help them develop new production routes according to local conditions, carry out business activities that can not only protect the ecological environment and species resources, but also increase economic income, and mobilize the masses to do good in nature. The enthusiasm for work in protected areas promotes the development of science and technology in mountainous areas and rural areas.
Nature reserve management is a highly technical job involving many disciplines, and conservation managers must have certain skills. Since then, the number of nature reserves in our country has gradually increased, and management tasks have also increased. The Ministry of Forestry, together with scientific research and teaching departments such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, and Nanjing Forestry University, have jointly organized these events in schools or nature reserves. Various forms of training courses for nature reserve management technicians. Many provinces (cities, districts) also hold training courses to enable managers to receive different levels of business and technical training. In order to learn and master advanced foreign management technologies, the Ministry of Forestry Together with relevant national, regional and international nature conservation organizations, *** held seminars and arranged for some protected area managers to go to Hong Kong or abroad for training to gradually improve the quality of protected area managers.
Many protected areas, such as Changbai Mountain, Wuyi Mountain, Tianmu Mountain,
vocational colleges and primary and secondary school students, visited and conducted teaching internships, which increased their knowledge of natural protection and received intuitive real-life education; various places passed Through various forms such as television, radio, and movies, we will conduct extensive publicity to the masses to continuously improve people's awareness of nature protection and give full play to the role of nature reserves in the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.
In order to enhance the vitality of protected areas and under the principle of protecting the environment and species resources, some protected areas have planned and purposefully carried out various types of cultivation, breeding, processing and utilization in experimental areas. business and achieved a lot of good experiences or benefits. At the same time, developing and utilizing some landscape resources with ornamental value and carrying out eco-tourism activities with natural landscapes as the main body is a special way in the construction of protected areas in my country. Various eco-tourism facilities have local customs, are simple and wild, and are in harmony with Compared with other domestic scenic spot tourism, it is unique and has become an ideal classroom for visitors to acquire natural science knowledge.
Many nature reserves have taken advantage of their unique natural resource conditions to carry out various investigations and research in exploring the evolution laws of nature and rationally utilizing wild animal and plant resources. Through organizing multidisciplinary comprehensive inspections of dozens of nature reserves such as Xishuangbanna, Wuyi Mountain, Fanjing Mountain, Maolan, Jinggang Mountain, Meihua Mountain, Taibai Mountain, and Badagong Mountain, Poyang Lake, Pangquangou, Songshan, Zhalong, In more than 200 nature reserves such as Guanshan Mountain, we have organized single or multiple professional inspections to basically understand the basic resources of the nature reserves, which not only provides a basis for carrying out protection management work, but also lays the foundation for further scientific research. Base. Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve is one of the earliest protected areas established in my country. After more than 30 years of hard work, it has basically identified the animal and plant resources and endangered animal and plant species in the area, established a forest ecosystem positioning station, and published dozens of academic papers. , published several academic monographs. Nature reserves such as Wuyi Mountain and Dinghu Mountain have also established ecosystem positioning research stations to monitor and study the resources and environment in the areas. In order to rescue and protect my country's rare, endemic and endangered wild animals and plants, such as giant pandas, South China tigers, brown-eared pheasants, cranes, alligators, silver fir, involucrata, golden camellia, white cedar, etc., relevant nature reserves have launched Special research has achieved gratifying results. Many inspection and research projects, such as Yangtze E breeding research, giant panda field ecological research, and inspections of Maolan, Guniujiang, and Songshan nature reserves, have reached the international level or the advanced level of domestic counterparts, and have won national or provincial (ministerial) awards. Scientific research achievement award or scientific and technological progress award.
In recent years, my country has continuously strengthened its ties and cooperation with many international organizations and institutions in the management and construction of nature reserves. Our country has successively participated in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Washington Convention), the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention). ). Our ministry has cooperated with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to establish a giant panda research center in Wolong to conduct research on the wild ecology and reproduction of giant panda habitats and achieved fruitful results; on tropical rainforests, South China tigers, and snow leopards, We have carried out extensive cooperation in field inspection and wetland protection and black-billed gull breeding survey; cooperated with the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) to introduce elk and return them to their hometown; cooperated with the World Crane Foundation (ICF) , conduct research on red-crowned cranes, white cranes, black-necked cranes, etc. my country's Changbai Mountain, Wolong, Fanjing Mountain, Shennongjia, Wuyi Mountain, Dinghu Mountain, Xilingol, and Xishuangbanna Nature Reserves have successively joined the international Man and the Biosphere (MAB) protected area network; Zhalong, Xianghai, and East Dongting Lake , Poyang Lake, Bird Island, and Dongzhai Port 6 nature reserves are included in the list of internationally important wetlands in the "Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially Waterfowl Habitats." In addition, we have also conducted cooperation and exchanges with relevant departments in the United States, Japan, Australia, Russia and other countries in the field of nature reserves. my country's achievements in the construction of nature reserves have attracted attention and praise from the international community.
Nowadays, various nature reserves in my country are established in typical ecosystem areas in different natural zones, or in the main habitat and breeding areas of nationally protected wild animals and plants. The natural environment and natural resources have been effectively protected. Protection; natural vegetation types, water conservation forests, and precious tree species in various areas have been preserved and multiplied; some endangered species have gradually recovered, and their populations have developed significantly.
According to national requirements, by the end of this century, Quangu will establish 1,000 nature reserves, and the total area will account for about 10% of the country's area, forming a complete network of nature reserves with reasonable layout. The construction of protected areas will also move towards a healthy development path of scientific management, standardized construction and systematic scientific research, thus preserving a number of huge natural wealth for mankind.