What is the cultivation method of roses?

Alias: Rosa roxburghii, Fallen Flowers, and Heart-piercing Rose.

Rosa of Rosaceae.

Decorative features:

Rose is a deciduous shrub with a height of 2 meters, flourishing leaves, loose and vertical surface, dense and hard spines mixed with prickly bristles, odd pinnate compound leaves, 5-9 leaflets, oblong to oval, wrinkled network on the surface, obvious veins, solitary or clustered, mostly purplish red, but also pinkish varieties, with strong double petals and strong fragrance, and flowering from April to August. The fruit is oblate, and the mature fruit is orange-red.

Origin and habit:

Roses are native to the arid regions of Asia and Europe, and distributed in North China, Northwest China and Southwest China, as well as Japan, North Korea, North Africa, Mexico and India. It is sunny, drought, waterlogging and cold, and is suitable for growing in fertile sandy soil.

Bulgaria is the largest producer of roses in the world and is known as the "hometown of roses". The rose is the national symbol of Bulgaria. It is said that its output is huge. Otherwise, let's calculate that Bulgaria produces rose oil 1200 kg every year, and each kilogram of rose oil needs 2000 ~ 5000 kg of petals. There are hundreds of kinds of roses planted. Every early summer, the "Rose Valley" at the southern foot of the Balkan Mountains is a sea of flowers, and all kinds of roses are in full bloom. In many roadside flower beds and community gardens, roses are also blooming everywhere. The rose oil produced in Bulgaria is pure in texture and rich in fragrance, with a maximum annual output of 2 tons, and its export volume has always ranked first in the world.

Rose is a temperate tree species, which is cold-resistant and drought-tolerant, and has no strict requirements on soil. It can grow in weak alkaline soil. It grows and blooms best in neutral or slightly acidic light loam rich in humus and well drained, and likes light best. Poor growth in the shade, few flowers, no tolerance to water accumulation. When it is flooded, its lower leaves will turn yellow, and it will germinate strongly and grow rapidly.

Classification and commodity classification level:

Classification:

Roses are classified by color: red rose, yellow rose, purple rose, white rose, black rose, orange rose and blue rose.

The types of roses are classified according to tree types: Fioribundas (medium-sized flowers), Hybrid (large-flowered flowers), mimi (mini roses) and tendril roses.

At present, there are the most varieties of roses in the world, with large flowers and one flower per stem, and the representative variety is Heping Dior.

Intermediate rotating species

Widely used, the flower size is about 6 ~ 10 cm. The representative varieties are mahogany and Ciolina.

Small round race

Flowers are only about 1.5 ~ 2.5 cm, with small inflorescences and short plants, which can be used as small potted plants or flower beds for beautification. Representative varieties are Xiao Sunset and Shi Lina.

Tender species

It comes from the mating propagation of vine roses or the variation of non-vine roses, which can reach 4 ~ 6 cm high and have no climbing ability, so it is necessary to fix branches artificially.

According to the pattern classification: flat open type, open cup type, deep cup type, cluster type, quad cluster type, single petal, semi-double petal, sword petal, semi-sword petal and single petal surrounding.

Commodity classification level:

Red system: deep red, bright red flowers, velvet, high heart-shaped curl, very beautiful, hard petals, small leaves, dark green and thick. Branches are hard, slightly curved and spiny. Its grading standard is: first class, the length of flower branches is more than 45cm, the flower branches are thick, the buds are full, the leaves are bright, and there are no pests and diseases. Grade II, with branches more than 30cm long, stout flowers, full and bright buds, green leaves and no pests and diseases. Grade III, with branch length less than 30cm, thin flower branches, soft buds, yellow-green leaves and no plant diseases and insect pests.

Samantha, with crimson flowers, velvet luster, high heart curl, very beautiful, resistant to insertion, dark green leaves and semi-luster. Branches have medium thorns. Its grading standard is: Grade I, with the length of flower branches more than 45cm, thick flower branches, full buds, dark green leaves and no pests and diseases. Grade II, with branches more than 30 ~ 40 cm long, strong branches, full buds, green leaves and no pests and diseases. Grade III, the length of flower branches is less than 30cm, the flower branches are thin, the leaves are yellow, the buds are normal, and there are no pests and diseases.

Dallas, with crimson flowers, big buds, hard petals, dark green leaves, hard and straight branches and many thorns. Its grading standard is: Grade I, with the length of flower branches more than 60cm, thick flower branches, full and bright buds, dark green leaves and no pests and diseases. Grade II, with 45 ~ 60 cm long flower branches, thick flower branches, dark green leaves, full flower buds and no pests and diseases. Grade ⅲ, the length of flower branches is less than 45cm, the flower branches are thinner, the leaves are yellow-green, the buds are slightly smaller, and there are no pests and diseases.

Super red, big flowers, deep red, dark green leaves and thick branches. Its grading standard is: Grade I, with the length of flower branches more than 60cm, thick flower branches, full and bright buds, dark green leaves and no pests and diseases. Grade ii, with 30 ~ 50 cm long flower branches, stout flower branches, full buds, dark green leaves and no pests and diseases. Grade III, the length of flower branches is less than 30cm, the flower branches are slightly thinner, the buds are full, the leaves are yellow, and there are no pests and diseases.

Pink series:

Bellamy, a light pink flower, curled up very high when it was first released, and then it was easy to win hearts. Branches are harder and less prickly. Its grading standard is: Grade 1, above 45cm, with thick branches, full buds, beautiful flowers, dark green leaves and no pests and diseases. Grade 2, within 30 ~ 40 cm, with stout branches, full buds, dark green leaves and no pests and diseases. Grade III, below 30cm, with thin curved branches, slightly soft buds, mottled leaves and no diseases and insect pests.

Yellow series:

Gold medal, yellow and red flowers, easy to open, slender and prickly branches. Its grading standard is: first class, more than 40cm, straight branches, full buds, fresh leaves, no pests and diseases. Grade 2, 30 ~ 40 cm, straight branches, full buds, fresh leaves, no pests and diseases. Grade III, below 30cm, with curved branches, full buds, slightly mottled leaves and no diseases and insect pests.

Golden emblem, golden yellow, pure in color, bright, with high heart and upturned corners, beautiful flower shape, tall and straight pedicels and branches, red thorns and large. Its classification standard is: first class, above 45cm, straight branches, good flower shape, bright colors, fresh leaves, no pests and diseases. Grade 2, 30 ~ 45 cm, straight branches, bright colors, fresh leaves, no pests and diseases. Grade III, below 30cm, with curved flower branches, variegated leaves, small flower buds and no pests and diseases.

White series:

Tannick, a big pure white flower, has a high center, curled edges and beautiful flower shape. The pedicels and branches are quite hard and have few thorns. Its grading standard is: first class, more than 45cm, full buds, thick branches, dark green leaves, no pests and diseases. Grade ⅱ, 30 ~ 45 cm, full buds, stout branches, dark green leaves, no pests and diseases. Grade III, below 30cm, with smaller buds, thinner branches, slightly mottled leaves and no diseases and insect pests.

Cultivation management:

1. Planting and cultivation methods of roses

(1) cultivation method of rose:

At present, the production of cut rose is mainly divided into three cultivation methods, namely ridge cultivation, culture tank cultivation and rock wool nutrient solution cultivation.

Ridge cultivation of roses;

Setting of cultivation bed and cultivation density: the so-called ridge cultivation is the production mode of cultivating roses in situ by using soil as a bed. Before planting, soil disinfection, application of soil improvement materials and fertilization management should be carried out. The width and number of cultivation beds are generally determined according to the direction, width and length of facilities, but in order to make the light intensity of plants uniform, it is best to set the cultivation beds in the north-south direction. Cultivation facilities usually include single-span or multi-span greenhouses, greenhouses, single-slope solar greenhouses and so on. In short, the number of cultivation beds should be set according to the specific conditions of the facilities. In recent years, in order to improve the light transmittance between plants, the configuration of irrigation pipes and the convenience of field management, double-row planting is usually adopted. The width of the cultivation bed is increased to 65 cm ~ 70 cm, the bed spacing is 60cm, the row spacing is 35 ~ 40 cm and the plant spacing is 20 ~ 25 cm. Generally, 33000 ~ 4 10000 plants are planted in greenhouses or greenhouses per mu. Of course, the planting density of different varieties is slightly different. For example, when planting hybrid tea strains, 34,000 ~ 36,000 plants are planted per hectare, and when planting multi-flower tea strains, 38,000 ~ 40,000 plants are planted per hectare. In recent years, the speed of planting roses all over the world has gradually accelerated, and there are many examples of renewing varieties after planting for 3 ~ 4 years or 2 ~ 3 years. In this case, it is beneficial to increase the planting density appropriately, but its density limit should not exceed 4 1 1,000 plants/hectare.

Planting method: the planting depth is generally about 2cm above the ground at the interface of grafted seedlings. Because a large amount of organic matter such as cow dung compost is applied before planting, the soil is loose, so the periphery of the plant must be compacted when planting, so that there is no big gap between the root and the soil, and the root system must be completely fixed by proper watering after planting.

Cultivation of roses in culture tanks;

The so-called culture pot cultivation is a cultivation method of making culture pots with wood or concrete, isolating them from soil and filling them with prepared culture soil to produce cut flowers. General aquaculture ponds are 74cm wide and 30cm deep.

Selection of suitable planting period;

The production of cut-flower rose basically uses grafted seedlings, and the suitable planting period is generally different according to the different methods of grafted seedlings. The determination of suitable planting time is also related to varieties and seedling sources. Generally, it can be planted from the end of l0 to the following spring, and the best planting time is 65438+1October to March. Especially for the first time, it is very beneficial to plant as soon as possible. Although different regions are greatly affected by climatic conditions, it is best to build or install greenhouses or greenhouses and heating equipment before 65438+ 10 when using protected cultivation. In order to promote the growth and development of slow seedlings and early seedlings after planting, it is best to carry out heating cultivation. Grafted seedlings for main planting are preferably 1 year, and usually grafted with dormant branches. If the scion is still dormant and does not germinate during planting, then 10% of the plants cannot germinate or germinate too late after planting, so some spare seedlings should be prepared for later replenishment. In order to avoid irregular germination, the root of the scion was wrapped with peat, dry moss and rice husk before the leaf bud expanded, and the room temperature was raised to 15 ~ 16℃. In the meantime, it is best to use sprinkler irrigation and other devices to maintain indoor humidity by spraying water at intervals. If it is too late to sow in March due to the construction of greenhouses, greenhouses and other facilities or the preparation of seedlings, it should be sown in the cultivation bed at least in early April. After five to six years of rose planting, the plants began to age, and the yield and quality of cut flowers gradually declined. At this time, it is necessary to replant, which is commonly known as replanting. Generally, before replanting, the last batch of cut flowers are harvested with old plants in spring, and then the old plants are dug out for soil disinfection, soil preparation, fertilization and cultivation. And it is best to replant in May-June. If replanting is carried out from late June to July, it will enter the high temperature period immediately after planting, which is very unfavorable for the slow growth of seedlings and the harvest period will be relatively delayed. Grafted seedlings that need to be transplanted must be placed in plastic pots 30 ~ 40 days before the expected planting date. When planted in this way, the grafted seedlings have actually grown for about 1 month. But if you keep coming in for more than 2 months, it will become an aging seedling.

The United States, Germany, Israel and other countries also use 2-year-old grafted seedlings for planting, and China also has this practice.

2. Soil, fertilizer and water management

(1) fertilizer management

Roses are perennial plants, which can bloom all year round, so they don't have an obvious growth and development stage like chrysanthemums or bulbs. Plants entering the flower picking stage repeatedly pick flowers 6 ~ 7 times a year, and because of different cultivation types, including the addition of artificial adjustment factors, it brings certain difficulties to the fertilization management of cut rose flowers. If winter dormancy is adopted in cold areas, after 1 ~ 2 months of dormancy, pruning and heating are carried out, so that the elongated branches can be directly harvested as cut flowers without pinching. When cultivated in the open field, pruning is usually carried out in February-March, and harvesting is repeated in May 5- 10/0/65438+10. Judging from the characteristics of flower picking of roses, the nutrient absorption characteristics of roses are that they must provide nutrients in a balanced way all year round. Therefore, the fertilization of roses is usually carried out by a small amount of topdressing.

Excess and deficiency of nutrients in roses: Excessive application or deficiency of various nutrients will affect the normal growth and development of roses and even cause physiological diseases. Through nutrient solution cultivation, scientists have studied the morphological changes of roses when various nutrient elements are surplus or insufficient, which are now introduced to the vast number of producers for reference.

Nitrogen (N): When there is excessive nitrogen in the soil, the root system of roses is damaged first, thus inhibiting the normal nutrient absorption of plants. Therefore, due to the malnutrition of plants, the leaves become smaller and darker, and sometimes yellowing occurs (which is also the cause of iron deficiency). The symptoms of excessive nitrogen are very similar to the phenomenon of excessive soluble total salt concentration. Inorganic nitrogen fertilizer is used too much. At first, the leaves are black, then the leaves die and fall off, and the top of the stem is black and necrotic. When nitrogen is lacking, the aged leaves are first affected. At first, the leaves are yellow-green, and then the leaves turn yellow and fall off. Specifically, the new leaves are smaller, the internodes are shorter, the stem nodes are slender, there are more blind flowers, the color is lighter, and the branches and buds after pruning and coring are underdeveloped.

Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus will not cause too much harm to roses, but excessive application of phosphate fertilizer will hinder the absorption of copper, iron, zinc, calcium and other elements by plants or affect the effective metabolism of these trace elements in cells. When phosphorus is lacking, the old leaves lose their luster, become dark green or grayish green, and finally fall off. At the same time, root development is blocked. Buds develop slowly, the number of petals decreases, the petals are brown, and the number of cut flowers decreases. The veins of some varieties produce purple pigment.

Potassium (K): Excessive potassium is very similar to the symptoms of high soil salt concentration. First, the root system suffered from nutrient absorption disorder, then the leaves turned green, the leaf edge was necrotic, and the new shoots wilted. Mild excessive stem and leaf sclerosis. When potassium is deficient, the internodes of new shoots become shorter, the upper stems and leaves are dark green, and the buds become smaller and deformed. When potassium is deficient for a long time, the top and periphery of the lower old leaves turn yellow, resulting in browning, necrosis, yellowing and flower bud abortion.

Calcium (Ca): Generally speaking, there is no excess calcium in roses, but excess calcium will hinder plants from absorbing other trace elements such as iron and manganese. Excessive application of calcium will cause iron deficiency and lead to leaf chlorosis. When plants are short of calcium, their branches are short and hard, their roots are short and brittle, they are dead and black, their young leaves are curly, their old leaves are gray-green and their leaves droop.

Magnesium (Mg): When potassium and calcium are deficient in soil, it is easy to cause excessive magnesium. Therefore, magnesium excess is very similar to potassium deficiency and calcium deficiency, which is difficult to distinguish. When magnesium is deficient, symptoms first appear from younger leaves. At the beginning, spots appeared between veins, which soon became a large area of dead spots. These spots are dark brown or purple, and finally spread to the whole leaf.

Iron (Fe): Iron has antagonistic effect on elements such as copper, manganese and zinc, so excessive iron in nutrient solution cultivation will cause symptoms such as copper deficiency, manganese deficiency and zinc deficiency. When iron is deficient, the veins of the young leaves on the upper part of the plant are obviously green at first, and only the veins are green. When iron deficiency is severe, the leaves turn white, the lateral branches grow poorly and the stems are thin and weak. Iron deficiency is not due to the lack of iron in soil, but to the low activity of root system, which can not absorb iron or the high pH value of soil, which makes iron an insoluble iron compound that plants can not absorb and utilize.

Copper (Cu): Under normal circumstances, plants will not suffer from excessive copper, but excessive use of copper-containing fungicides will also cause yellowing and defoliation of leaves. When the plant is short of copper, it first shows that the tip of young leaves turns yellow and curly, and soon dies. In addition, the growing point is dead, and 1 small lateral branches protrude from the axils.

Manganese (Mn): Manganese has antagonistic effect on iron, so the symptoms of manganese excess are similar to iron deficiency, mainly in leaves and flowers. Some varieties produce small black spots between veins of old leaves. When manganese is deficient, pale yellow or verticillium wilt appears between veins, and only part of green remains in veins, and the elongation of lateral buds is poor, which is easy to cause flower bud abortion.

Boron (B): Boron excess first manifests as the peripheral part of the leaves under the new shoots turns yellow, and then turns brown, resulting in yellow spots and necrotic spots between the veins. The petiole of the old leaves darkens, and the leaflets fall off, leaving only the midvein. It is easy to be confused with symptoms of magnesium deficiency and calcium deficiency. Boron deficiency usually does not occur in soil cultivation, but in nutrient solution cultivation, boron deficiency of plants is manifested as necrosis of growth points, and the lateral buds near the growth points will be necrotic even after elongation, resulting in many short lateral branches. In addition, when boron is deficient, the leaves are deformed and the petals of yellow and white varieties curl and turn brown. It is very important to balance the ratio of boron and calcium.

Zinc (Zn): When zinc is excessive, the lobules and veins of roses are soaked in water, resulting in light green transparent spots. Other parts of the leaves will soon turn yellow and brown, and the leaflets will completely brown and fall off. The symptoms of zinc deficiency in plants are basically the same as those of copper deficiency, except that the side branches germinated after the death of the growing point are extremely short and rosette-shaped.

Fertilization method and dosage: According to the actual situation, there are generally the following fertilization methods.

Organic fertilizer+available chemical fertilizer: organic compost (cow manure, pig manure, chicken manure compost, etc. ) or using organic fertilizers such as oil residue and fish bone meal as the main fertilizer, and topdressing once every four months, and then supplementing topdressing with quick-acting nitrate nitrogen fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate according to the results of soil testing.

Slow release fertilizer+quick-acting fertilizer: on the basis of applying organic compost, apply some organic compound slow release fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer as topdressing. At present, although organic compound fertilizer has not been widely used in China, it will be gradually introduced to improve the quality and yield of cut flowers. There are many kinds of organic compound fertilizers, and each compound fertilizer is clearly marked with the accurate content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which can be supplemented according to the test results of soil nutrients and the fertilizer tolerance of roses.

Slow release fertilizer+liquid fertilizer: on the basis of applying organic base fertilizer, topdressing slow-acting organic compound fertilizer or quick-acting liquid fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer is generally used alone or mixed with potassium fertilizer in liquid fertilizer. The concentration of nitrogen and potassium is between 100× 10 ~ 6, 150× 10 ~ 6, and topdressing 1 time every 10d or 2 weeks. When the concentration is 100× 10 ~ 6, 150× 10 ~ 6, 200× 10 ~ 6, the addition amount of various fertilizers in 1t water. It is only for reference when producers use liquid fertilizer for topdressing.

Application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in saline soil;

When planting roses, if the content of available nutrients in 100g dry soil is too high, including 446mg of phosphorus, 263mg of potassium, more than 200mg of calcium 1 187mg and magnesium, it can be said that the cultivated soil has been salinized. In this case, only nitrogen fertilizer, not phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, can also ensure high yield and high quality of cut flowers. After several years, according to the test results of soil and the content of alternative alkali such as phosphorus and potassium, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied again.

CO2 fertilization: The so-called CO2 fertilization is to increase the CO2 concentration in the greenhouse or greenhouse by using a CO2 generator or a CO2 steel cylinder. Before sunrise, the indoor CO2 concentration can reach 400×10 ~ 6 ~ 700×10 ~ 6 due to the respiration of plants and microorganisms. However, after sunrise, due to the vigorous photosynthesis of plants, CO2 will be absorbed rapidly in the greenhouse, and it may reach the compensation point of CO2 in a few hours (100). Therefore, it is necessary to ventilate immediately or provide CO2 artificially. Only by increasing the indoor CO2 concentration can the photosynthesis of plants be promoted and the yield and quality of cut flowers be improved. Some people call CO2 fertilization gas fertilizer.

CO2 fertilization method: The season of applying CO2 is mainly from June 1 1 to April of the following year, and the application time is generally from 30 minutes before sunrise to 9: 00 before noon to 10. The fertilization concentration was set as 1000× 10 ~ 6, but the actual concentration in the greenhouse could be maintained at 950× 65438. It is necessary to pass the test according to the size and structure of the greenhouse and set up the CO2 infrared controller correctly. In addition, when applying CO2, the greenhouse should be sealed, and the ventilation temperature should be set at 28℃ ~ 30℃, and it is not allowed to open the window for ventilation during fertilization.

It is known from practice that adding organic matter such as rice husk and sawdust into cow dung can maintain the physical and chemical properties of soil for a long time, but if immature organic matter is added, it will affect the growth and development of roses. Organic substances such as rice husk and sawdust not only contain phenols, tannins, resins and other substances harmful to the growth and development of roses, but also the heat of fermentation produced by organic substances during fermentation affects the root development of roses. At the same time, in the process of fermentation, due to the proliferation of microorganisms, in order to synthesize their own protein, a large number of nitrogen elements in the soil are absorbed, resulting in nitrogen hunger in the soil. At the same time, due to the large amount of water absorption in the process of organic fermentation, the bed soil will be dry and short of water. Therefore, when applying organic matter such as rice husk, sawdust, bark and broken straw, it must be mixed with livestock manure compost and piled up for fermentation. In order to prevent nitrogen starvation during composting, nitrogen fertilizer can be added, such as ammonium sulfate, urea, calcium superphosphate, chicken manure, oil residue and so on. When the internal temperature is above 60℃, stir 1 time, and then add some water to continue fermentation. The moisture content in compost is 60% ~ 65%, and it can be used after 3 ~ 6 months. Whether the compost can be used or not can be observed whether weeds grow on the compost, indicating that the compost has been decomposed. Although it takes a long time and a lot of labor to make compost, making mature compost is an important measure to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and microbial community, and provide necessary trace elements for the growth and development of roses.

After a large number of cow dung is used, a large number of phosphate, potassium, calcium and magnesium plasma can be detected from the soil. Because soil salinization has a bad effect on the growth and development of roses, it is necessary to apply cow dung compost in the production of cut roses, but it should not be excessive. It is best to add some straw organic compost to mix. In the actual production of cut rose flowers, it is very effective to improve the physical properties of soil by adding some organic substances such as rice husk and sawdust into cow dung. Although bark compost has the best effect, it has few sources and cannot be purchased in large quantities. It is practical to use organic substances such as sawdust, rice husk and straw in China.

China's peat resources are relatively poor, and large purchases will increase production costs and can only be used where conditions permit. However, China is rich in peat resources, but due to the serious decomposition degree of peat and low content of crude organic matter, some straw-like organic matter can be added appropriately after fermentation. Generally, the organic quality used to improve soil is mixed with peat and decomposed cow dung compost at the ratio of 1: 1, or mixed with peat, decomposed wooden waste compost and decomposed cow dung at the ratio of 1: 1. If the degree of peat decomposition is serious, it can be replaced by bark compost to prevent wet damage. In the Netherlands, the mixed compost of 16m3 ~ 30m3 should be applied in the greenhouse of half an acre of land for planting roses, and 10m3 ~ 13m3 should be used for replanting, which is amazing in terms of dosage, but considering the growth and development characteristics of roses, at least 20m3 of this mixed compost is needed. In areas without peat resources, cow dung compost and straw compost can also be applied at the ratio of 1: 1 ~ 1, and the tractor is used for deep ploughing for 50 cm ~ 60 cm, and the compost is fully mixed into the soil by the cultivator.

(2) Soil moisture management: Rose is a water-loving crop, and insufficient soil moisture will seriously affect the yield and quality of cut flowers. Even if it is only a slight wilting, it will cause excessive lignification, dwarfing, smaller leaves, black leaves and other undesirable phenomena over time. Someone has investigated the water potential of rose branches, and found that the water potential increased from morning to noon at 1 1, and then gradually decreased. The change trend of photosynthesis and water potential of roses is basically the same, so when plants are short of water during the day, it will affect photosynthesis, thus affecting the growth and development of plants. In addition, when the soil moisture drops, the concentration of soil solution will increase, because lack of water will cause salt concentration, which will directly harm the root system. Therefore, proper watering management is very important.

When the soil is short of water, it will affect the yield and quality of cut rose. On the contrary, too much soil moisture will lead to insufficient root ventilation and affect root development. Under normal circumstances, no matter whether the soil is short of water or too wet, the above-ground parts are basically wilting, so it is necessary to judge whether the soil is short of water by observing the development of roots. For example, when the soil water content is too high, the old roots of plants are thick and soft, and the epidermis is bright brown, without new roots and white root hairs. When cultivated in too dry soil, the old roots are long and slender, dark brown, and can differentiate into new roots, but there is no white root hair.

Influence of water quality: When establishing a production base of cut rose, it is best to investigate the local water quality in advance. For example, the conductivity (EC) and pH value of water source, and the contents of potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chlorine and boron in plasma. Generally speaking, the optimum moisture EC value of cut rose is below 0.25mS/cm, the suitable EC range is 0.25ms/cm ~ 0.75ms/cm, and the tolerable EC range is 0.75ms/cm ~ 1.5mS/cm. More than 1.5ms/cm will cause physiological damage to roses. In addition, when the content of boron in water exceeds 0.4ppm, boron will exceed the standard, and it is more likely to appear in summer than in winter. At present, there is no effective method to reduce the boron content in water. If the boron content in water exceeds 0.4× 10 ~ 6, it is best to avoid using it. The lower the ion concentration of various salts in irrigation water, the better.

Number and quantity of watering: The number and quantity of watering should be handled according to the specific situation. Transpiration and evaporation are closely related to plant growth (large or small), soil conditions, solar radiation, air humidity, air temperature, wind speed and other environmental conditions. Among many complicated related factors, how to judge and decide the number and quantity of watering is very important. Most producers basically judge the number and quantity of watering by experience.

(3) Watering method:

Artificial watering with rubber pipes or plastic pipes: Small-scale greenhouses or greenhouses can be watered manually with rubber pipes. When watering, a shower head such as a shower head is installed at the water outlet, or the rubber pipe is squeezed flat by hand, so that water can be sprayed out from the shower head in the form of rain, which can reduce the bed soil hardening caused by water pressure on the bed soil surface, and at the same time, the soil or mites on the leaves can be washed away by water pressure. Moisture in heat of vaporization can also reduce the temperature of roses and greenhouses. Even in the case of automatic pipeline watering, it is best to use artificial watering at the critical moment of cultivation, such as the initial stage of planting, after topdressing and after pruning in summer. Because we observe while watering, we can know the reasonable watering amount by clearly judging the water demand of each plant and the dryness of the bed soil.

Pipeline sprinkler irrigation: small nozzles are installed at a certain distance from one side of the rigid plastic pipe, which are arranged on both sides of the cultivation bed respectively, and the nozzles are inward. When supplying water, water is sprayed on the bottom of plants in a fan shape from a small nozzle. Or a spray pipe is arranged in the middle of the cultivation bed, and the water sprayed by the nozzle is sprayed on the surface of the cultivation bed in a round shape. When watering, the watering time can be controlled by time switch to adjust the watering amount, which is an automatic watering method. This watering method requires L pumps or water towers to provide pressure, and the facility cost is relatively high. When the watering pipes are arranged on both sides of the cultivation ridge, it will hinder the field work to a certain extent, and it is more convenient to arrange the watering pipes in the middle of the cultivation bed.

Drip irrigation: In the cultivation of cut rose in Holland and Israel, drip irrigation is usually used. The so-called drip irrigation is to insert many capillaries into the roots of roses and drop water into the soil like infusion. This watering method not only saves water, does not destroy the soil structure, does not reduce the ground temperature during winter cultivation, but also reduces the humidity in the greenhouse. It is an ideal watering method. But its production cost is high, because there are many capillaries, which sometimes hinders field work.

Underground drip irrigation method: this method is to bury the permeable pipeline into the soil, and the water can penetrate into the soil from the periphery of the pipeline after water supply. The permeability of lm long pipe is 30 ml ~ 70 ml. Although the permeability is slow, as long as the water supply time is extended, it will meet the needs of roses. The advantage of this watering method is that it does not destroy the aggregate structure of the soil, avoids the high humidity in the greenhouse caused by ground watering, and is very water-saving. If the watering pipe is combined with the liquid fertilizer supply device, it can be applied underground, which is very beneficial to the growth and development of roses. However, if the water supply contains mud, sand or other insoluble substances, it will block the pipe wall, and a filter membrane must be added at the water inlet.

Garden use:

Roses are colorful and fragrant, and they are famous flowers and trees. It is widely used in northern gardens, but rarely cultivated in Jiangnan gardens. You can plant flower hedges, flower borders and flower beds, or you can cluster on the lawn, embellish sloping fields and decorate characteristic gardens. Scenic spots can be planted in large quantities in combination with soil and water conservation.