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Who invented the first submarine?

In human history, it is recorded that the Italian Leonard studied submarines. 1500, he put forward the theory of "underwater navigation hull structure", which greatly inspired future generations. More than half a century later, 1578, the Englishman William Bourne published a book about submarine theory-invention. In his book, he proposed to build a submarine that can dive into the water and surface at will.

1620, Dutch physicist Derel successfully built a diving boat. The whole hull is like a wooden cabinet with a sheepskin bag used as a compressed water tank. Water is injected into the sheepskin bag when diving, and the water in the sheepskin bag is squeezed out when floating. This diving boat is equipped with a lot of wood pulp protruding from the boat. As long as the crew paddles the wood pulp, it will move underwater, and can carry 12 sailors at most, and can dive to a depth of 3 to 5 meters.

Derel's diving boat can be said to be the embryonic form of modern submarines. After 65438 to 000 years, there is no written record about the development of diving boats in the world. It was not until 65438 to 0724 that the Russian Effim Nikonov built a submarine that could sail underwater.

Nikonov is a carpenter. 17 18 One day, he went to see Peter I with his submarine drawings and asked for permission to build a ship that could sail underwater, which was supported. 1724, Nikonov successfully manufactured its own submarine. This submarine is made of oak, pine, leather and other materials. Due to poor sealing, Nikonov almost died when he was launched during the sea trial. Peter I didn't blame him for this, but ordered him to continue the experiment. After some efforts, he finally built a submarine that can sail underwater. The progress of diving technology also means the military application of diving technology. 1776 During the American War of Independence, bushnell, an American, invented a turtle-shaped submarine, which went under the British warship Eagle and nailed a torpedo, but failed because of the adjustment failure. This action kicked off the underwater battle and became the first practical example in the history of submarines.

1797, Fulton, the genius of invention, dedicated a plan to build submarines to the French government. This submarine, Nautilus, is on trial 180 1 year. Nautilus's shell is copper, and its frame is iron. It is 6.89 meters long and shaped like a cigar, with a maximum diameter of 3 meters. Sails are used to propel submarines when sailing on the water. When it is sailing underwater or when there is no wind, the sail is put away and the propeller is turned by manpower to propel the submarine.

In order to facilitate observation, Fulton also built a raised control tower in the center of the submarine hull. In order to solve the underwater breathing problem of the crew, the boat is equipped with compressed air, which can be used by four people and two lighted candles underwater for three hours. Nautilus has a speed of 2 nautical miles per hour and can dive to a depth of 8 to 9 meters.

1864, during the American Civil War, the original submarine of the South Army sank a new cruiser of the North Army. Since then, the role of submarines has begun to be valued by navies of various countries.

From the military point of view, the submarine is only a warship that can move underwater, but there are four factors that make the design and operational use of the submarine much more complicated than that of the surface warship: it needs to bear a certain depth of seawater pressure; Need to control in three-dimensional space; You must also have the ability to sail on water; You can sail without the atmosphere.

According to these requirements, 1899, the American inventor Holland designed and built the world's first truly practical submarine. When it swims on the water, it is driven by a 45-horsepower gasoline engine. When it sinks into the water, it is driven by a battery electric motor. When the battery floats on the water, it is charged by a gasoline engine. This submarine named "Holland 9" basically has all the characteristics of modern submarines.