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What tea cultures are there in Ziyang?

Ziyang tea culture:

First, the meaning and content of Ziyang tea culture

Combining tea culture with Ziyang in a specific region and the tea it produces, Ziyang tea culture was produced. In other words, Ziyang tea culture is a cultural and social phenomenon in the application of Ziyang tea. It includes both material and spiritual aspects. Its essence is the spiritualization of matter and the materialization of subjective spirit. For tea drinkers, it is a subjective and objective translocation. Send a fragrant tea to relatives and friends who have been separated for a long time to express their thoughts and care; Giving good tea to foreign guests shows the friendliness and kindness of the landlord and also means selling local products. The objective tea is used to express the subjective spiritual world, and the material is spiritualized. According to the above, Ziyang tea culture should at least include the following contents: Ziyang selenium-enriched tea with unique quality characteristics; Long-term tea drinking custom: poetry, prose, music, dance, painting, calligraphy, photography and other literary works with tea as the theme; Beautiful natural scenery and simple and elegant humanistic environment, the core content of which is tea art with regional characteristics.

Second, the formation and foundation of Ziyang tea culture

The emergence and formation of Ziyang tea culture is closely related to the spread of Buddhism in Ziyang.

According to documents, Buddhism was introduced to Ziyang in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and a large-scale Buddhist Daji Temple was built in the upper reaches of the Hanshui River. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism developed greatly due to the propaganda of the ruling class. In the Ming Dynasty, with the people's yearning for peace, Buddhism flourished rapidly in Ziyang, and more than 30 Buddhist temples were built in the county. Because monks and nuns pay attention to meditation and abstinence, they set up tea gardens in temples for drinking tea. In the folk, tea gardens specially planted for tributes have also appeared one after another. This not only promoted the development of tea production, but also injected cultural factors into Ziyang tea. If tea planting before the Eastern Han Dynasty was only for self-drinking and tribute, it was a simple production behavior, then tea was grafted on the cultural branch. It can be said that Ziyang tea culture has a history from the Eastern Han Dynasty, or that Ziyang tea culture has taken shape. During the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1078- 1085), Zhang Pingshu (No.. Ziyang), the ancestor of the southern Sect of Taoism, went to Ziyang Xianren Cave to practice and stood out, which made Taoism flourish in Ziyang and had a far-reaching impact on people's moral behavior and tea affairs. Ziyang tea was exported to the northwest in the Ming Dynasty. The "tea-horse law" (exchanging tea for horses) made tea directly related to the country's politics and military affairs, and became a powerful "weapon" for tea owners to exchange war horses and improve relations. Ziyang tea at this time has rich cultural connotations.

Ziyang tea culture, as a part of China tea culture, has its unique cultural and social phenomena. It has a solid foundation in many aspects, including the following seven points:

1, named after Ziyang, is characterized by overlapping mountains and criss-crossing gullies, with an altitude of 400- 1 100 meters, abundant rainfall and mild climate, forming a "rain-washed castle peak four seasons" suitable for tea environment. Most of the soil presents acidic reaction, and tea tree species are rich in resources and good in natural quality, which constitutes a good material condition for tea production. Therefore, the famous "Ziyang Tea Area" centered on Ziyang County was formed in history. Ziyang tea area breaks through administrative boundaries, spans Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces, and is located in Ankang and Hanzhong of Shaanxi Province and Daxian and Wanxian of Sichuan Province. As early as the Tang dynasty, the tea produced in Ziyang tea area today is famous tea. Chen Zongmao's "China Tea Classic" has a section of "historical famous tea" among "teas". According to relevant historical data, Cheng Qikun concluded that there were more than 50 kinds of famous teas in the Tang Dynasty, including today's "Ziyang Tea". From the beginning of this century to the 1960s, people used to refer to the tea produced in southern Shaanxi and northern Sichuan adjacent to Ziyang as "Ziyang tea". Only with Ziyang tea can we talk about Ziyang tea culture. The name of Ziyang tea has a long history and laid a broader material foundation for Ziyang tea culture.

2. Planting and cultivation techniques According to "Eight Records of Huayang National Records", tea was widely planted in Ziyang during the Western Zhou Dynasty. For thousands of years from the Western Zhou Dynasty, Ziyang tea farmers summarized and formed planting and cultivation techniques different from other tea areas. For example, the transformation of old tea gardens, cutting off old leaves (that is, cutting off the outer branches of old leaves) and storing seeds; Hole sowing method of direct seeding tea seeds; In seedling management, "two or three years without ploughing or hoeing" and so on. After the establishment of the garden, while introducing new technologies, we also explored experiences suitable for local promotion, such as comprehensive prevention and control of tea plant diseases and anti-freezing technology of tea plants.

3. Production Technology Ziyang County mainly produces sun-cured green tea in history, which is a representative production area of sun-cured green tea in Shaanxi. The acquisition standard of raw tea is one of more than 40 sets of ministerial standard samples managed by the National Supply and Marketing Corporation. The processing technology of sun-dried green tea is different from other tea processing technologies, and the processes of frying green and hairy tips are also different from those of making tea abroad. In addition, when packing bulk tea leaves, it is unique to put the tea leaves into sacks and stamp them with your feet. Later, when packaging bulk tea, it was also unique to put tea into sacks and stamp them with your feet. Later, on the basis of summarizing and refining the traditional processing technology of Ziyang Maojian tea, and drawing lessons from the technical essence of famous tea production all over the country, the unique processing technology of Ziyang famous tea was explored and formed.

4. Folklore Ziyang people have the custom of loving evil things with tea as a gift, and also have the traditional etiquette of offering tea to guests. In the era of poor material living conditions, guests came to the host's house, and the host made a porcelain jar of strong tea and handed it to the guests; If a poor family meets more guests, the host will say, "Please switch to drinking". Be humble to each other among the guests. After a few sips, most of the first drinkers will tilt the teapot and pour out a little tea to show health and courtesy. The host continued to add tea politely. Although limited by the lack of teacups, people still try to pay attention to hygiene. This has become a folk custom with local characteristics.

5. Brand Ziyang Tea has formed and developed its own brands, such as Ziyang Maojian, Ziyang Yinzhen, Ziyang Cuifeng, Ziyang Xiang Hao and Shaanxi Green Tea. These brands have great influence in the northwest, northeast, Beijing and other places, and some still enjoy a high reputation. Some famous teas have won more than 20 domestic awards and enjoyed a high reputation. 199865438+In February, "Shenyun" brand Ziyang selenium-enriched tea was awarded the title of "famous brand product" by Shaanxi Provincial People's Government.

6. Literary and artistic works There are a considerable number and level of literary and artistic works such as folk songs, poems, calligraphy, photography and TV dramas with tea as the theme. Folk songs such as Shun Cai, Inverted Tea, New Tea Mountain in Spring, and Tea Picking and Singing are widely sung among the masses. Poems such as "Yesterday, Guan Nanchun was alone early, and Ziyang tea was cooked in Qingming" were widely quoted in the Qing Dynasty. Another example is Ziyang Tea Talk (written by Zhang Xuanqiang, published in Shaanxi Daily) and Chashan Testimony (written by Zeng Deqiang, published in Modern Personnel), which have had great influence. Calligraphy, such as Jia Pingwa's inscription "The Best in Tea" and Zhong Dengshun's famous banner on Ziyang Tea, are highly praised by experts. A number of photographs, such as Qiu Yongxi and Zhu Qingshu, which reflect the natural landscape, processing technology and marketing of Chashan, were printed on books, newspapers and product packaging, which had a good influence.

7. Scientific Research Achievements A lot of achievements have been made in the scientific research of Ziyang tea. For example, many papers written by Mei Ziqing and others have been published in national and international academic exchange conferences or newspapers, and the annals of Ziyang tea industry and Ankang tea industry (focusing on Ziyang tea industry) edited by Cheng and others have been published. Especially since the early 1980s, with the discovery that Ziyang tea is rich in trace element selenium and the research, identification, publicity and promotion of selenium-enriched tea, great achievements have been made in the scientific research of Ziyang tea. This is the most distinctive foundation of Ziyang tea culture.

Although Ziyang tea culture has a long history and a profound foundation in human geography, it has been in a natural, spontaneous, disorderly and shallow form for a long time, and has not been specially studied, so it can't develop and even face extinction. Therefore, it is necessary for us to excavate, sort out, develop and promote Ziyang tea culture, and make it a branch or an important part of China tea culture.

Third, the core of Ziyang tea culture is tea art.

What is making tea? Wen Ding's Tea Ceremony in China explains "tea art" in this way: "Tea art is the technology of making tea, making tea and drinking tea. When technology reaches the extreme, it becomes art. So, what should Ziyang tea art look like? Let's take a look at it from the aspects of picking, making, brewing, drinking and preservation.

In picking, it is wonderful and should not be "grabbed" to keep the shape intact.

In the production, it is best to make tea by hand, stir-fry tea with firewood or electric energy, and avoid using coal fire. Green, roasted green and fried green have their own characteristics.

When brewing, use flowing water, preferably mountain spring. Tap water has a certain influence on the original taste of tea because something else is added. Boiling water should be used to make tea, so that the spout keeps a certain distance from the teacup, which reflects the word "chong" and makes the tea roll in the cup. After brewing, blow off the floating foam and cover it for a few minutes. Others soak half a cup first, soak it to a certain color, and then fill it with water. Most of them are concerned about whether tea "draws water"-less tea can make a stronger soup color.

When drinking, you should sip slowly and absorb it bit by bit, often the second cup tastes the best. The most important thing is the word "product". The word "product" has three mouths, which can be understood as three products, and then the taste; It can also be understood that it is best to have three or two like-minded confidants to chat over tea. Usually it is brewed by guests, not hidden in a big teapot. After the tea is brewed, give it to people with both hands immediately, and add it quickly after the guests have finished drinking. Many Ziyang people pay attention to "mouth strength" when drinking tea, that is, tea should be "strong" and a cup of tea should be divided into seven and three portions. After the bitter taste, the fragrance overflows and it tastes refreshing. Pay attention to drinking hot tea instead of Leng Cha, and drink fresh tea instead of overnight tea.

In terms of preservation, Ziyang people gradually explored a set of methods, such as sealing with double plastic bags, wrapping with leather paper, or storing in the refrigerator, or adding apples and bananas to tea to inject a fragrance. There are also homemade osmanthus tea, chrysanthemum tea, ginger tea, sugar tea and so on, each with different medicinal values.

Ziyang tea art should be standardized and guided. For traditional customs, we should "take its essence and discard its dross", infiltrate the modern civilized lifestyle into tea art, and strive to make it reflect the spiritual essence of simplicity, quietness and etiquette.

1, simplicity has two meanings: material simplicity and emotional simplicity. Generally speaking, tea is the cheapest of all drinks and is easily accepted emotionally. Inviting you to tea is more relaxed, casual and harmonious than inviting you to a restaurant, and there is no suspicion of attracting corrosion.

2, quiet tea is quiet and elegant, simple and harmonious, indifferent and pure. Drinking and resting can not only refresh the mind and eliminate fatigue, but also replenish water and get rich nutrition. Jia Pingwa 1994 Ziyang wrote a couplet for a literary friend, "Why don't you drink without worry?" Quietly and often taste Ziyang tea. " This road shows a spiritual realm. In the impetuous and noisy contemporary society, many people pursue silence, which is a spiritual pursuit at the cultural level, and silence is a blessing. We can make a cup of tea, be quiet while making noise, cultivate our morality, do what we want, study what we are interested in, forget fame and fortune, and forget all our troubles. Tea should also be strongly advocated to replace wine at banquets.

3, etiquette treats guests with tea, and more ingredients are to express a kind of etiquette. China is a country of etiquette. It is a courtesy to offer tea to guests and send them away. This kind of etiquette is the most typical in Ziyang, and it is a beautiful etiquette worth carrying forward. It is also the essence of Confucianism and the main body of China's traditional culture to cultivate one's sentiment with tea, to be courteous and peaceful, pure and elegant, and to cherish friendship. Generally speaking, Buddhists drink tea in order to understand nature, Taoists drink tea in order to conform to nature, while Confucianism advocates elegance and sincerity by taking tea as a friend and taking tea as a peace. This should be the theme of Ziyang tea people.

Supplementary answer: Ziyang Tea Ceremony:

Ziyang has not formed a fixed form of tea drinking in the long history. In the frequent natural disasters and wars, Ziyang culture appeared several faults in history. Majiaying culture in Neolithic Age, Baimashi culture in Xia, Shang, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and temple culture with Dongming Temple as the main body in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties, but the cultural prosperity in these periods did not form a connecting link. Ziyang belonged to Qin, Bashu and Jingchu before the establishment of the county. Different cultural factors are scattered among them, and Ziyang is far away from the political, economic and cultural centers, which leads to the fragmentation and unclear dominance of Ziyang tea culture. The unique geographical location of this area provides a channel for Yunnan tea to advance to the Central Plains and southeast, forming a transitional zone between the southwest and southeast of Ziyang tea culture. Qinling Mountain has also become a watershed between north and south, which has set obstacles for the introduction of aristocratic tea ceremony and elegant tea ceremony in Tang Dynasty. Although the fragrance of aristocratic tea ceremony in Tang Dynasty once permeated the Hanshui River valley, it was a long time before snow mud claws were discovered. The development of commercial economy has shaken the wheel of civilization to move forward, making the Han River across the east and west stand in great numbers and merchant ships galloping, bringing the Central Plains culture and the Hunan-Chu culture to China. In addition, the influx of Jingxiang refugees into the old forest and the blending of drinking culture in different places led to the diversity of Ziyang tea culture, forming an alienated body with Xiangchu culture, Bashu culture and Chang 'an culture as the main body. Thirdly, after the establishment of Ziyang County, the tea-horse trade in Ming Dynasty and the opening up of Central Asia and the East China Sea coast, with tea, ceramics and silk as the main trade, made the economic superiority of tea once again improved. At the same time, the Taoist temple fostered the growth of tea ceremony and gave birth to the embryonic form of Ziyang tea ceremony.

Contents of Ziyang Tea Ceremony:

Ziyang tea culture has no fixed form in history. Covering a bowl of tea and drinking it in separate pots is the main form in its drinking history, and the folk "switching to drinking" has become a major feature of Bashan people. In the old forest in the mountains, tea was made in small hanging pots, and then divided into earthen pots, wooden bowls and bamboo tubes. Due to the continuous improvement of living standards, Yan Qian, the former Wang Xietang, has now flown into the homes of ordinary people, and the reform and opening up has destroyed the formation of Ziyang Tea Ceremony.

The content of Ziyang Tea Ceremony consists of tea, tea set, water, tea songs, jokes, music, costumes, environment and a spirit embodied in the tea ceremony.

Tea:

Ziyang selenium-enriched hairy tip: compact, straight, slightly white in shape, bluish green in color, fresh in aroma, mellow and sweet in taste, light green in soup color, clean and bright.

Ziyang Se-rich Cuifeng: The rope is straight and beautiful, with green color, delicate fragrance and lasting fragrance in Gao Shuang. The soup is light green and clear, with fresh and refreshing taste, sweet aftertaste and light green leaves.

Ziyang Selenium-enriched Silver Needle: The cord is straight as a needle, thin as a needle, with green color, delicate fragrance, smooth and lasting, clear soup color, fresh and sweet taste and tender and even leaves.

Ziyang Se-enriched fragrance: compact in shape, light green in color, tender, smooth and lasting in fragrance, tall and long, light green and clear in soup, fresh and sweet in taste, and bright in leaf color.

In addition to the above famous teas, Ziyang tea can also be divided into sun-dried green tea and fried green tea. Suntanned and resistant to brewing, the soup is yellow and the entrance is refreshing; Stir-fried green glutinous rice wine has high precision, green soup color, easy brewing and resistance to brewing.

Tea set: Ziyang tea ceremony is divided into bowl-covering tea set and kung fu tea set. The tea set covering the tea ceremony consists of a tea tray, a tea bowl, a teaspoon, a tea note, a teapot, a storage teapot, a kettle and an electric stove. Tea bowls are mostly made of lanterns in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, ivory thin tire lamps in Dingzhou and colorful dragon-shaped lamps in Fulu, Xi Shou. Kung fu tea ceremony tea set is more expensive than Yixing Zisha Kung fu tea ceremony tea set, and the inner hall white glaze is the most suitable to reflect the quality of Ziyang tea.

Water: Ziyang famous water can be divided into two categories, one is mountain spring. High-quality spring water such as zinc, selenium and strontium mineral water in Haoping and Wanglongquan of Tea Research Institute is recognized as the top grade for brewing Ziyang tea. The second is well water. Well water still belongs to spring water to a great extent, only second to spring water. Although the zero water of the Han River at the foot of Weng 'er Mountain in Ziyang was once rated as the 13th water in the world by Lu Yu, it has already dropped out of the famous water list due to the formation of reservoirs and the pollution of the Han River.

Tea songs: Tea songs are an important part of Ziyang tea ceremony. Originally, it was in the process of picking and making tea, so as to show love and express one's mind. The melody is melodious and euphemistic, sometimes rising sharply, and there is no lack of wildness in delicacy. Most of the lyrics begin with Bi Xing, and the language is simple and ingenious, which can often arouse each other's scheming. From time to time, there will be some sour words and expressions, reflecting the singer's desire and helplessness. Nowadays, tea songs are integrated into the tea ceremony, and the regional flavor of the tea ceremony is more prominent. In the songs, Huxiang customs, Chu ci and Ba language are expressed so harmoniously and vividly.

Scold: Scold is an important process for Ziyang people to exchange tea. When acquaintances meet and have a cup of tea, there will always be laughter and scolding, and one will see who is witty and compete for a high or low level; The second is to adjust the speaking atmosphere. I'll interrupt your drinking. When I meet a woman, I will scold her for "interrupting" your "opening", and a woman will bite her "opening" for revenge. These words are mostly insinuations about male and female genitals. If you are tired and thirsty, drink with a teapot. Someone whistled and mocked for drinking "cow". Scolding and laughing are occasionally used in the tea ceremony of Yashi, but they are very subtle and ingenious to blend the atmosphere.

Music: Music is the important background of the whole tea ceremony. In Ziyang, there are mostly folk songs, folk songs and minor tunes. Sometimes forming a small band with melodious orchestral music can purify the soul and get rid of vulgarity and evil.

Clothing: Ziyang's traditional clothing can be described as varied, with different materials, workmanship and embroidery styles. While innovating, we should consider the continuity of traditional culture. The top should be in the form of big chest piping sleeves, and the bottom should be matched with piping skirts and big feet pants. There is no fixed method for law, because things are due to time.

Environment: The style of the environment should be mainly elegant and leisure. The interior of Yashi Tea Ceremony should have four or more people, namely fairy tea, calligraphy and painting, fine porcelain and beautiful women, and the decoration should be a combination of tradition and modernity. Leisure tea ceremony combines western style and local style. Music and tea are essential things.

The spirit of Ziyang Tea Ceremony: Tea is the Tao, which has gone far beyond the efficacy of quenching thirst, relieving boredom, refreshing the mind, improving eyesight, dredging limbs and relaxing a hundred knots. Tea, as Tao, has become a spirit and a law. Ziyang tea ceremony should be based on spreading and promoting the good reputation of Ziyang selenium-enriched tea, improving the status and taste of Ziyang selenium-enriched tea with Ziyang culture as the guide, providing healthy and green drinks for more people with Ziyang selenium-enriched tea as the purpose, and based on unique regional culture and unique tea art technology. Ziyang Se-enriched Tea Ceremony takes conveying ceremony, cleanliness, elegance and benefit as its basic spirit.

Courtesy-China cultural ceremony is the first, treat the quartet with courtesy and invite guests from the quartet. Courtesy gives birth to respect, respect for ancestors, respect for immortals, and respect for guests and friends from all directions. Respect for life and harmony, harmony with anger, wealth will succeed.

Cleanliness addiction-clean tea, clean water, clean utensils and pure heart are enjoyed by all people in the world and are for the health of all people in the world.

Elegance-meticulous tea making, graceful figure and movements, elegant coffee table, four hidden characters, proper humor and elegant style.

Benefit-benefiting people is a blessing, self-interest is a blessing, and benefiting the world is a blessing. People don't move without interests, things don't work without interests, and tea is useless without interests.

Ziyang tea art process:

Bowl of tea brewing program:

Step 1: The goddess scatters flowers and shows the tea set.

Ziyang selenium-enriched hairy tips and silver needles are best brewed with a bowl of tea. Brewing should be about 90 degrees wet, with a large glass teapot as a teapot, a medium teapot as a fair cup, and a blue and white cup with a bowl of tea. Two assistants put the saucer on the tray once, then put the bowl on it and put the lid on it. The movement is smooth, rapid and accurate, like walking in running water, with flowers and flowers.

The second step: the buds are first exposed and the tea rhyme is eternal.

The history, position, function and characteristics of Ziyang Se-enriched tea were introduced by the tea master. The assistant took out the dry tea from the tea sea with a teaspoon and put it on a plate for the guests to watch, leaving the first impression of Ziyang tea. All the above programs have background music.

Step 3: Youlong entered the sea, Lingya was born, and Duke Zhou vomited.

(1) Tea washing: Leave the tea in a glass pot, first use a 90-degree mountain spring, then raise it, then pour the water into the pot until it is full, but float, then warm the purple sand fair cup with the first cup of tea, and then add 7% pot of water into the pot to make the tea roll in the pot, and then sweat the tea into the fair cup. This is called Youlong Sanjin Sea.

(2) Serve tea: At this time, the tea in the glass is already overwhelming, and the flags and guns are lined up, and the buds before the Ming Dynasty are already unobstructed. At this time, the auxiliary bubble picks up the cup, shakes and rotates, and injects the tea buds and tea leaves into the guest's tea bowl at one time. Each bowl contains more than 100 buds, and the green soup is like a virgin. This is the birth of Lingya.

(3) Tea worship: At this time, the tea soup bred in the fair mug has good aroma and color. At this time, the main soaking hand holds a pot to offer tea to the guests. After three rounds, the drinker's cheeks are fragrant and his wisdom is refreshing, which means that the Duke of Zhou vomited and ate three times.

Step 4: enjoy tea and listen to songs. Ziyang is a famous hometown of songs, and the lyrics take tea as the theme, including solo, duet, listening to songs and tasting tea. Enjoy the taste of Ziyang tea in leisure and feel the spirit released in the tea ceremony in refreshments.

The process of Ziyang kungfu tea is similar to Chaozhou Kung Fu, so it is advisable to make tea with Ziyang Cuifeng and Ziyang Fried Green.

Ziyang tea ceremony is also a process of gradual improvement and innovation. Some people propose to reproduce the tea ceremony of the nobles in the Tang Dynasty, while others argue that Japanese tea ceremony is a good tea ceremony as long as it can reflect the contemporary national spirit, conform to the psychology of modern people, facilitate communication and give people beautiful enjoyment.