Using the knowledge of modern environmental design, talk about your understanding of Chinese classical architecture and "Feng Shui"?

Many archaeological data prove that attaching importance to people's living environment is an important part of Chinese local culture. As early as six or seven thousand years ago, the Chinese ancestors had reached a very high level in their choice and understanding of their living environment. The location selection of settlements during the Yangshao Culture period had a clear tendency of "environmental selection". The main manifestations are: (1) being close to water sources, which is not only convenient for daily water collection, but also conducive to the development of agricultural production. (2) It is located at the intersection of rivers and has convenient transportation. (3) Located on river terraces, it not only has fertile soil for farming, but also can avoid floods. (4) If you are on a hillside, it is usually on a sunny slope. For example, the Banpo site is a typical Shangji Feng Shui pattern surrounded by mountains, rivers and the intersection of two rivers. What is quite instructive is that most of these villages are overlaid by modern villages or towns. For example, in a certain area along the flood coast of Henan, 11 Neolithic village ruins were discovered among 15 modern villages. 69 ruins have been discovered within 70 kilometers along the Wei River in Gansu. It can be seen that people in ancient times paid great attention to the factors of settlement site selection. This ancient tradition is deeply rooted in the minds of future generations and is concretely reflected in the site selection and construction of many modern cities, villages and towns. It can also be judged from the situation of ancient cultural sites that clear functional divisions have emerged in areas where people live together. For example, in the Banpo site, the cemetery was arranged outside the residential area. The conscious separation of the residential area and the tomb area became a precursor to the later distinction between Yin Zhai and Yang Zhai. The continuous improvement of primitive living forms in the Neolithic Age reflects people's ability to adapt to changes in the environment. The location selection of primitive settlements also reflects the ancient ancestors' high level of understanding of the quality of the living environment. In short, while observing the environment, people began to actively choose the environment. From the palace ruins of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, it can be clearly seen that people's understanding of the relationship between rivers and living environment has reached a very high level. Xiaotun Village, two kilometers northwest of Anyang, Henan Province, was the capital of the Yin and Shang dynasties. Here the Huan River turns from the northwest to the south, and then flows to the east. On both sides of the river, the Xiaotun Village area at the bend of the south bank is where the palaces of the Shang Dynasty were located. The large areas to the west, south, southeast of the palaces and east of the Huan River were the residences of common people and small and medium-sized nobles. Land, workshops and cemeteries, etc.; the Houjia Village and Military Officer Village on the north bank are the tomb areas of Shang kings and nobles. What needs to be emphasized is that whether it is the palace area, residential area, production area or mausoleum area, they are all located in the meandering embrace of the river. This fully proves that the pursuit of the concept of "curves are more auspicious" in later generations of Feng Shui has a long history. Just as it is said in "Boshan Chapter: On Water": "The ocean tide is vast, the water grid is rich. The twists and turns, the water grid is noble." Jiang Pingjie's "Shuilong Jing" also said: "The natural water law must be remembered, nothing more than When bending, there is affection. When it comes, it cannot rush away. It must be wrapped around and curved. "When water sees three bends, happiness and longevity will be at ease. When bending comes, prosperity and prosperity will surround it." In short, the requirement for water flow is to "bend around." "Hug", pay attention to "the bend of the river is the gathering of dragon energy" ("Summary of Yangzhai"). Furthermore, in Feng Shui, the inside of the river bend is a lucky place, and the outside of the river bend is a bad place. "Kanyu Reveals Secrets" says: "Water hugs the edge to find the ground, water turns to the edge and cannot go down." "Water Dragon Sutra" also believes that any "reverse flying water", "reverse diving", "reverse water", "reverse bow" Landforms such as "water" are all dangerous places, which are not conducive to fertility and living. As the saying goes, "Those who desire water like it to loop around and face the acupoint. Water is the connection of dragons, so avoid rushing back and bowing." Obviously, this is the long-term study by ancient ancestors on the relationship between the natural environment and urban and rural architecture in river areas. This conclusion is consistent with the changing laws of modern river landforms regarding river meanders. In other words, the view that "water holding emotions is good luck" summarized in ancient architectural Feng Shui is based on this scientific understanding. Secondly, Feng Shui emphasizes that cities and buildings should "face the south and face the sun", which has both a profound cultural background and a very reasonable scientific basis. From a cultural perspective, this is closely related to the study of "Zhouyi". "Book of Changes: Gua Shuo" says: "The sage faces the south and listens to the world." Later generations called the emperor's strategy of ruling the country the "Southern Technique", which originated from this. In addition, China's astronomical star maps are drawn by standing facing south and looking up to the sky, and maps are drawn by standing facing south and looking down on geography. Therefore, the ancient Chinese orientation concept is also very unique: front, south, back, north, left, east, right and west, which is exactly the opposite of the Western orientation concept commonly used by people today (up, south, down, north).

The emergence of this idea of ​​"facing the south and facing the sun" is determined by its specific environmental characteristics. Because China is located in the northern hemisphere, the sunlight shines from the south most of the time. People's life and production are based on direct access to sunlight, which determines that the direction of people's lighting must be southward. Furthermore, the choice of living facing the south is also related to the seasonal wind direction. In most areas of China, the cold northerly wind prevails in winter, while the warm and humid southerly wind prevails in summer. This determines that the basic pattern of the Chinese Feng Shui environmental model should be facing south, with west, north, and south winds. There are many surrounding mountains on the three east sides to resist the cold winter winds, and the south side is slightly open to welcome the warm and humid summer winds. Because it "lives facing the south", green dragon, white tiger, red bird, and Xuanwu are often used to express the direction in Feng Shui. For example, "The Book of Burial" says: "The green dragon is on the left, the white tiger is on the right, the red bird is in the front, and the Xuanwu is in the back." "Ten Books on Yangzhai" says: "Any house with running water on the left is called a green dragon; a long road on the right is called a green dragon." The white tiger; the sweat pool in front, is called Zhuque; the hills behind are called Xuanwu, which is the most precious place." Therefore, Qinglong, White Tiger, Zhuque, and Xuanwu became the names of the four gods respected in Feng Shui. However, it is unclear when Feng Shui began to use these four animals as direction gods. However, in the tombs of the Yangshao Culture 6,000 years ago discovered in Xishuipo, Ziyang, Henan, there is a clear pattern of "green dragon" and "white tiger" figures made of clam shells, ranking first among the burials. on both sides. If the "blue dragon" and "white tiger" graphics in tombs also have the function of pointing directions, then the idea of ​​"green dragon meandering and white tiger crouching" in later Feng Shui works can be traced back to the Yangshao Culture period 6,000 years ago. In fact, in ancient times, people already had a clearer concept of azimuth gods. Just as "Book of Rites: Qu Lishang" says: "OK, the red bird is in front and the basalt is behind, the blue dragon is on the left and the white tiger is on the right." The names of these four azimuth gods also represent the names of the four gods, forming the four celestial phenomena of north, south, east and west. Therefore, "Huainanzi Tianwen Xun" says: "No one is more noble than the blue dragon." As the gods of the four directions, the green dragon, white tiger, red bird and Xuanwu were later worshiped by Taoism and have a wide influence in Chinese culture. The four gods such as Qinglong and White Tiger are directional gods, each performing a certain role in guarding cities, towns and houses. Anyone who meets the following requirements can be called the "Four Gods" or "Four Spirits". The conditions are: "Xuanwu bows his head, Suzaku flies and dances, Qinglong meanders, and White Tiger bends down." That is, the peaks in the direction of Xuanwu bow their heads, the mountains in the direction of Suzaku should sing and dance, and the mountains of Qinglong on the left should be undulating. The mountain shape of the white tiger on the right should lie down and be supple. Such an environment is a "feng shui treasure land". The composition of the Feng Shui treasure land requires not only the "four elephants", but also the dragon, the sand table, the bright hall, the water mouth, the vertical direction, etc. "Ten Books on Yangzhai" said: "The place where people live should be dominated by the mountains and rivers of the earth. Their origins are the most powerful and have the most important influence on people's disaster and wealth." "Yangzhai is no different from Longyuan. The place where you live must be wide and flat. The bright hall must be able to accommodate thousands of horses...either from the mountains or from the plains. It must be surrounded by water in front and on the left and right. "Moreover, the water entrance must be tightened, and the bright hall should not be too close to the case." The location near Mingtang is not narrow. This is based on the overall situation and has a unique ranking. "This is a Feng Shui treasure land pattern from the perspective of the general environment: it requires endless mountains and ridges in the north. The low hills echo from far to near, surrounded by mountains on the left and right sides, heavily guarded, with clear halls in the middle, spacious terrain, and surrounded by curving water. This is an ideal Feng Shui treasure land. As Fo Yin said in "Lectures on Feng Shui": "The backing of the mountain is undulating, with scattered heights and twists and turns, like a living thing. The veins are coming out of the center, the acupuncture points are protruding, surrounded by dragon sand and tiger sand, and the mountains and waters outside are protecting the prosperity of the world. ”