The characteristics and differences between the northern and southern houses in Qing Dynasty, the northern refers to Guanzhong area. ...

Courtyard residence

Courtyard-style houses are characterized by the separation of the houses that make up the courtyard, the houses are connected or not connected by cloisters, all the houses are decorated with solid eaves, and the courtyard surrounded by houses is very large, with doors and windows facing the inner courtyard and covered with thick walls. The roof truss structure adopts lifting beam frame. This residential form can accept cool natural wind in summer and has spacious outdoor activity space; In winter, we can get enough sunshine and avoid the cold wind, so quadrangle style is a common form in northern China, which is prevalent in northeast, north and northwest China. Among the quadrangles, Beijing quadrangle is the most regular and typical. The complete Beijing quadrangle consists of three courtyards, with inverted rooms, hanging flower doors, main hall, main room and back building arranged along the north-south central axis. Every time you enter the hospital, there are east and west wings, and there are wings on both sides of the main hall. Around the courtyard, there are mountain corridors and calligraphy corridors to connect the houses. The gate opens in the southeast corner. Large-sized houses have additional shaft houses, gardens and study rooms. Every house in the house has a fixed purpose, and the inverted house is the living room, the financial room and the concierge; The main hall is the living room for family discussion; The main house is for parents and elders; Sons and nephews all live in the wing; The back room is warehouse storage, servant living and kitchen. This kind of residence is arranged according to the rank order of young and old, inside and outside, noble and low, and it is a kind of closed residence with strong patriarchal clan system. There are still houses in quadrangle style: Jinzhong houses, with long and narrow courtyards from north to south; Most of the houses in southeastern Shanxi are two or three floors; In addition to the long and narrow courtyards, the wing rooms of Guanzhong folk houses mostly adopt the form of slopes; Linxia Hui folk houses, free layout, random orientation, with gardens; Jilin Manchu residence, with a wide courtyard, the main room is mainly in the west and middle, and there are ten thousand kang on three sides; Zhuangke in Qinghai is a flat-topped quadrangle, and all the surrounding external walls are built with rammed earth. Bai folk houses, that is, the folk houses in Dali area, have two typical layouts: "three squares and one wall" and "four entrances and five patios"; Naxi folk houses are similar to Bai folk houses, but they absorb Tibetan architecture and have a front porch.

Hall residence

Hall-well residence is another main type of quadrangle, which is characterized by an open hall and a small courtyard. In other words, the houses around the yard are connected with each other, and the roofs overlap, closely surrounding the middle yard. Because the eaves are small and shaped like wellhead, it is also called patio. Generally, patios have floor paving and drainage channels. There is a big front porch or eaves in front of every house, so as to walk in collusion on rainy days. At the same time, some houses are made into semi-outdoor spaces such as living rooms and patios as living spaces. Its structure adopts a bucket-penetrating frame. This kind of residential building can produce cool convection wind and improve microclimate in hot and humid summer; At the same time, there are more outdoor and semi-outdoor spaces to arrange various life and production activities, and the open hall becomes the center of daily activities, which is not affected by the rainy season. Tingjing folk house is a common form in the Yangtze River valley and its south area, especially in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Fujian and Guangdong. Taihu Lake Basin is the hometown of mulberry silk weaving, and the folk houses also have their own characteristics. Suzhou folk houses can be said to be the representative of Taihu Lake Basin folk houses. It is a long and narrow house with an axis of symmetry and consists of several courtyards. On the central axis, there are hall, sedan chair hall, lobby and women's hall in turn. The hall is a gathering place for banquets, and the superstructure is mostly made into a two-story building in the shape of "Xi", which is the bedroom of the family. Most houses in Suzhou have no wing rooms, and the front and back rooms are connected by alleys (corridor houses) connected by gables on both sides. A beautifully carved brick gatehouse was set up in the main patio to show the owner's wealth. There is a beautiful garden next to the rich merchant's house. Today, Suzhou House is still an important wealth in China's classical garden heritage. Some Huizhou folk houses belong to Tangjing folk houses, mostly the combination of regular three-way courtyards or quadrangles, mostly buildings. Dongyang folk houses are famous for their woodcarving, and their typical plane is "H", which is called "Thirteen Heads" by local people. Xiangxi dwellings are the dwellings of Miao, Tujia and Han nationalities. Because it is two stories high, surrounded by a totally enclosed embankment wall higher than the house, it looks like an official seal from a distance, so it is called "Yinzifang". The houses in central Sichuan are in the middle of the gate, commonly known as "Longmen", with exquisite interior decoration, hanging, flower covers and other items. "A letter" in Yunnan is a residential form near Kunming, which is a small square quadrangle. Quanzhou folk houses are characterized by three halls in the middle, and north and south guardrails are built on the east and west sides, which are called "protecting houses" locally and form a big house together with * * *. Such houses have a great influence on Chaoshan and Taiwan Province Province. There are many types of houses in central Guangdong, and local middle and lower class residents like to use a "three rooms and two corridors" house, which saves land.

Collective housing

Group houses are the collective houses of quadrangles. With its unique composition mode, it combines many houses in the country to form a grand and huge appearance, which is mostly used in Hakka dwellings in western Fujian, eastern Guangdong and southern Jiangxi, Zhangzhou in Fujian and Chaoshan in Guangdong. Hakka people like to build round or square earth buildings. For example, the Chengqi Building in Guzhu Township, Yongding, Fujian, has a diameter of 70 meters and houses are arranged in a ring. It is a four-story rammed civil frame building with closed appearance and no or few windows. There is a circular annex in the inner court, and the center is the ancestral hall of all ethnic groups. There are wells and granaries in it. After the country is closed to the outside world, the whole people can resist the invasion for a long time without relying on foreign aid. Another kind of earth building, with a square plane and decreasing floors from north to south, is still popular in Shile, Kanshi and Gaobei areas of Yongding Lake, and is called "Wufeng Building". Hakka people in Meixian County, Guangdong Province like to adopt the style of "three halls and two horizontal enclosed houses", that is, three halls in the middle, horizontal houses on both sides (that is, vertical houses), and a semi-circular enclosed house is built at the northern end of the horizontal house to form a fully enclosed big house. Hakka people in Nanxiong and Shixing areas in northern Guangdong prefer to use determinant residence, which is also a large family-style residence where people live together. In addition, Zhangzhou also has a modular tulou, which consists of three units. There is also a huge duplex mansion in Chaoshan, which is composed of small houses in the shape of "Zi".

Cave dwelling house

Cave dwelling is a very old way of living, that is, digging horizontal caves in the loess cliff area as living rooms. Because it has the advantages of simple construction, low cost, warm in winter and cool in summer, no damage to ecology and no occupation of fertile land. Although there are defects in lighting and ventilation, it is still a folk house in the loess area with little rain in the north. According to the construction mode, it can be divided into cliff kiln, flat kiln and closed kiln. Cliff kiln is a cross hole dug by natural earth wall, which can be single-hole or multi-hole, and can also be combined with ground houses to form a courtyard; The flat kiln is also called pit yard, digging yard and dark Zhuangzi. That is, deep pits are dug down on the flat ground to form artificial earth walls, and then caves are dug deep on the earth walls in all directions at the bottom of the pits, which can also be said to be the combination of vertical kiln and horizontal kiln. This kind of cave dwelling is popular in Gongxian, Sanmenxia and Lingbao in Henan, Qingyang in Gansu and Pinglu in Shanxi. Ancient kilns are independent caves built with bricks or adobe on the flat ground by issuing vouchers. Covered with soil, coupons are used as flat-roofed houses for drying grain, which are mostly used in western Shanxi and northern Shaanxi. At present, caves in China are mainly concentrated in five areas, namely Jinzhong, western Henan, Longdong, northern Shaanxi and northwestern Hebei.

Dry diaphragm residence

Dry film residence This is a kind of residence with overhead lower part. It has the advantages of ventilation, moisture-proof, anti-theft and animal protection, and is very suitable for southwest subtropical areas with hot, humid and rainy climate, including Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hainan Island and Taiwan Province Province. This kind of residence is small in scale, generally three to five, and there is no courtyard. Daily life and production activities are solved in one house, especially in areas with few ridges and complex terrain. The ethnic groups that use Ganlan's residential areas are Dai, Zhuang, Dong, Miao, Li, Jingpo, De 'ang and Buyi. Dai folk houses are mostly bamboo structures with thatched roofs, so they are also called bamboo houses. Its lower part is overhead, with bamboo mats on the floor, and it sits on the floor. It has a wide front porch and an open-air terrace, and its appearance is characterized by hanging eaves and steep roof. Zhuang people call Gan Lan architecture "Malan". Most buildings have five bays and use wooden roof trusses. The overhead column layer below is mostly surrounded by simple fences, which are used as animal pens and miscellaneous purposes. In the middle of the upper floor is a hall, which is a place for daily life, weddings, funerals and festivals. Divide the bedroom around the hall. The dry railing of the Dong nationality is similar to the hemp railing of the Zhuang nationality, except that the living room is partially open and exposed, and they like to use the gallery and hang the building. At the same time, there is also a towering drum tower with many eaves in the Dong village as a place for the whole village to move. Different villages compete for originality, which is a valuable architectural heritage of the Dong people. Miao people like to live in a half-floor, that is, in combination with the terrain, half-dug and half-filled, and half-dry diaphragm overhead. Li people live in Wuzhishan, Hainan Island, where it is rainy and humid. Its residence is a low dry diaphragm, with a thatched semi-circular roof, no walls and windows, doors at the front and back, and a bow outside the door, just like a long boat hanging overhead, so it is also called "boathouse". The roofs of Jingpo and De 'ang Gan Lan buildings have their own unique forms. Buyi houses used to be dry-fence houses, but the Buyi people living in Zhenning, Anshun and Liupanshui were completely changed into stone houses because of the limitation of building materials, but their prototype is still dry-fence.

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