Asking physics questions
Compilation of Physics Questions for the 2009 High School Entrance Examination (Changes in State of Matter)
(09 Kunming City) 20. Please record the values of the physical quantities measured by the following measuring tools (2 points for each question, ***6 points):
(1) The indication of the spring dynamometer in Figure 9 is N.
(2) The voltmeter in Figure 10 indicates V.
(3) The thermometer in Figure 11 shows ℃.
(09 Nanchang). The H1N1 influenza is prevalent globally this year. The first symptom after contracting this influenza is fever, so a thermometer is used to measure the body temperature. As shown in Figure 12, the thermometer and laboratory Commonly used thermometers, please briefly describe three differences in their construction or use.
(1);
(2);
(3 ) .
Answer: (1) Different measuring ranges; (2) Different graduation values; (3) There are constrictions on the thermometer.
(09 Fuzhou City) 1. Winter in the North is really beautiful. Mao Zedong, a great man of a generation, once described the scenery of the North in a poem: "Thousands of miles of ice, thousands of miles of snow drifting, looking at the inside and outside of the Great Wall, only the vastness remains...", in which the formation of ice is part of the change of physical state
A. melt b. Solidification c. Liquefaction D. Ninghua
Answer: B
(09 Chongqing) 3. As shown in Figure 2, the curve describing the crystal melting process is ( )
Answer: C
(09 Jinjiang) 6. Among the following descriptions of the beautiful scenery of the four seasons, the one that belongs to the phenomenon of sublimation is
A. Spring, rain cage mountains B. In summer, fog surrounds the peaks
C. In autumn, frost hits the branches D. Winter, frozen valley bottom
Answer: C
(09 Zigong, Sichuan). The picture on the right is a melting image of sea waves. The correct information obtained from the image is
A The boiling point of sea wave is 48℃ B. The sea wave absorbs heat in the BC section
C. The sea wave is gaseous in the CD section D. The sea wave has completely melted in 6 minutes
Answer: B
(09 Wuhu) 16. Five thousand years of Chinese civilization has created countless poems and poems. When we appreciate these poems and poems, we should not only explore their ideological connotations, but also explore the natural phenomena and physical laws described in them. Below is a classmate’s review of some poems. Understanding of the physical knowledge contained in:
① "The dew is like pearls and the moon is like a bow" - dew is actually small water droplets, formed by melting ice;
② "Human painting "The peach blossoms reflect each other's red" - Peach blossoms are the source of light, and the red light they emit makes people's faces red;
③"Flying down three thousand feet" - During the process of the waterfall flying down, the gravity of the water Potential energy is converted into kinetic energy;
④ "The solitary sail comes with the sun" - the "lonely sail" movement takes the river bank as a reference.
The correct one is
A. ①② B. ②③ C. ③④ D. ①④
Answer: C
(09 Guangzhou) 24. Use the experimental device in Figure 22 to explore the temperature change pattern when a certain substance in the beaker melts (the substance in the beaker absorbs the same amount of heat in the same time)
(1) The thermometer indication at a certain moment is as shown in Figure 22 , the temperature of the substance in the cup at this moment is _______.
(2) According to the experimental data, the temperature of the substance in the cup changes with time during the heating process, as shown in Figure 23. The melting point of the substance is _______.
(3) At time t2, the substance is in the _______ state (optional "solid", "liquid", "solid and liquid mixed")
(4) t2 and Compared with t3, at which moment does the object in the cup have a greater internal energy? _______, the reason is _______
(5) It is known that the time from 0 to t1 is equal to that from t5 to t6. From Figure 23, we can see that the temperature rise is different during the two periods. From this, we can make: "This The specific heat capacity of a substance in the solid state is less than the specific heat capacity in the liquid state."
Please write down the basis for making this judgment
Answer: (1) -8℃ (2) 0℃ (3) Solid-liquid mixing (4) t 3 The melting process absorbs heat
< p> (5) Answer: The material in the beaker absorbs the same amount of heat in the same time. The temperature that rises in the time from 0 to t1 is △t1=20℃. The temperature that rises in the time from t5 to t6 is △t2 =10 ℃, so △T1 > △T2 It can be seen from Q=Cm△t that when the absorbed heat and mass are the same, the larger the △t, the smaller the specific heat capacity C. Therefore, the specific heat capacity of this substance in the solid state is less than the specific heat capacity in the liquid state.(09 Mianyang, Sichuan) 22. The three experimental groups simultaneously explored "the changing rules of temperature when wax melts", "the changing rules of temperature when sea waves melt" and "the boiling of water". The recorded data are as follows:
(1) In In the three exploratory experiments, in addition to stopwatches, thermometers and iron stands, the experimental equipment used was _______________.
(2) According to the record sheet, please decide which of the following statements is correct ___ _.
A. A is wax, B is sea wave, C is water C. A is sea wave, B is wax, and C is water
B. A is water, B is wax, and C is sea wave D. A is water, B is sea wave, and C is wax
(3) Within the time period of 2min~5min shown in the above table, the correct statement below is ___ _.
A. A continues to absorb heat and its internal energy remains unchanged B. B continues to absorb heat and its internal energy increases
C. C continues to absorb heat and its internal energy increases D. The heat absorbed and released by C is equal, and the internal energy remains unchanged
(09 Guiyang). Which of the following measures is intended to slow down the evaporation of water
A. Blow dry wet hair with an electric hair dryer
B. Use a broom to sweep away the accumulated water on the ground.
C. Spread wet clothes out to dry in the sun. Ventilated place
D. Wrap the fruit in plastic wrap and then put it in the cold room of the refrigerator
Answer: D
(09 Anshun, Guizhou). Among the following measures to speed up evaporation:
A. Cover the alcohol lamp with the lamp cap when not in use; B. Dry clothes in a sunny and ventilated place;
C. Pack vegetables in fresh-keeping bags and put them in the refrigerator; D. When planting trees, prune off a large number of branches and leaves.
Answer: B
(09 Guangzhou). As shown in Figure 19, take out the thermometer from the alcohol whose temperature is the same as room temperature (24°C). Please analyze why after the thermometer is taken out, its reading first decreases and then rises back to 24°C after a while?
Answer: When the thermometer is taken out, the alcohol on the bubble evaporates and absorbs heat, and the temperature of the bubble decreases, thus reducing the reading of the thermometer; after the alcohol evaporates, the outside air temperature is high and transfers heat to the bubble. Until the temperature difference between the air and the bubble is 0, the temperature of the thermometer returns to the same temperature as the room, 24°C.
(09 Nanchang). Explore the factors that affect the speed of liquid evaporation
Ask questions: What factors are related to the speed of liquid evaporation?
Conjectures and hypotheses through observation Picture and make conjectures based on actual life
Conjecture 1: The speed of liquid evaporation may be related to the height of the liquid, the size of the liquid and the speed of air flow on the surface of the liquid.
Conjecture 2: Under the same conditions , rub water and alcohol on your arms at the same time. Alcohol dries more easily. I guess the speed of liquid evaporation may also be related.
Design and conduct experiments Xiao Ming conducted the following experiment on one of the conjectures:
p>
As shown in Figure 16, a drop of alcohol of equal mass is dropped on two identical glass plates. By observing the scene in the picture, we can see that he is exploring whether the speed of alcohol evaporation is related.
During this experiment, it is necessary to control the flow of alcohol at the same speed as the air above its surface.
Communication and evaluation
We know that liquids absorb heat when they evaporate. Can you please give an example? Application of evaporation and endothermic matters
Example: .
Answer: Conjectures and Hypotheses Conjecture 1: Temperature Surface Area Conjecture 2: Substance
Design and conduct experiments of liquids Surface area temperature
Communication and evaluation Sprinkling water on the ground to cool down in summer
(09 Kunming City) 22. (4 points) After learning the factors that affect the speed of liquid evaporation, Li Li guessed that the speed of liquid evaporation may also be related to the type of liquid. Please use the experimental samples provided below to design experiments to verify whether Li Li's conjecture is correct.
(1) In the experiment, the speed of air flow above the liquid, the contact area between the liquid and the air, and the amount should be controlled to be the same.
(2) The laboratory has provided several samples filled with alcohol and water, as shown in Figure 13.
According to the experimental requirements, two samples should be selected for comparative study
.
(3) If a student selects two liquid samples, places one indoors and the other outdoors, and compares them after the same time, do this:
( Fill in "Correct" or "Incorrect").
(4) Select the sample correctly and perform the correct operation as required. The situation of the sample after the same time is shown in Figure 14. Based on this, what do you think of Li Li's conjecture?
(09 Fuzhou City) 26. Student Xiaofan is doing the "observing the boiling of water" experiment
(1) His operation is shown in Figure 16, and the error is .
(2) After correcting the error, the thermometer display when the water boils is as shown in Figure 17, which is ℃, indicating the air pressure at this time (optional "<", ">" or "=") 1 Standard atmospheric pressure.
(3) Analyzing the image shown in Figure 18, it can be seen that the temperature characteristics of water during the boiling process are .
Answer: (1) The glass bulb of the thermometer touched the bottom of the container (2) 98 < (3) Remain unchanged
(09 Yantai) 23. In the experiment of "exploring water boiling", an experimental team observed the two scenarios shown in Figure 16(a) and (b).
(1)Which one do you think is the scene when water boils?
(2) What other experimental phenomena did you observe during the experiment?
(3) What measures can be taken to reduce the time from the beginning of heating to boiling.
Answer: (1) (a) (1 point) (2) The sound of water is loud before boiling, and the sound of water becomes smaller after boiling. The reading of the thermometer before boiling continues to rise and continues to heat after boiling. The thermometer's reading remains unchanged. When boiling, violent vaporization occurs both inside and on the surface of the water (2 points will be awarded for answering two of the correct questions) (3) Appropriately reduce the amount of water, add a lid to the beaker, and appropriately increase the initial temperature of the water, etc. ( 2 points will be awarded for correct answers to two items, and other correct answers are also acceptable)
(09 Tai'an) 19. In the experiment to explore the "boiling of water", when the water temperature rose to 90°C, the thermometer's reading was recorded every 1 minute until the reading was stopped after 5 minutes of boiling. Part of the data is recorded in the following table:
Time/min 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Water temperature
/℃ 90 92 94 98 98 98 98 98
(1) There is no data recorded for a certain time. The thermometer showed the reading as shown in the picture at that time. Please fill in the missing data in the form.
(2) According to the experimental data in the table, it can be seen that the boiling point of water is ℃; from the boiling point of water, the atmospheric pressure at that time can be judged (optional "higher than", "equal to" or "lower than" ) 1 standard atmospheric pressure.
(3) After the exploration, the four students communicated and showed the curves they drew regarding the relationship between water temperature and time, as shown in the figure below. Among them, the one that can correctly reflect the relationship between temperature and time during the study of water boiling is ( )
Answer: (1) 96 (2) 98 is lower than (3) B
(09 Weifang, Shandong). Xiao Ming used the device as shown in the figure to observe the boiling of water. When the water boils, the thermometer indicates as shown in the figure. The boiling point of water at this time is ℃, which indicates that the atmospheric pressure at that time is stronger than 1 standard atmosphere; this In the experiment, the heating time should be shortened to make the water boil as quickly as possible. Please write down two feasible methods:
①;
②.
Answer: 98℃ low (small) ①Reduce the amount of water ②Cover the beaker (or increase the flame of the alcohol lamp, increase the initial temperature of the water, etc.)
(09 Mianyang, Sichuan) 6 ． Put a few drops of alcohol into a transparent plastic bag, squeeze the bag, drain the air out of the bag and tie the mouth tightly, then put it into hot water above 80℃. After a while, the plastic bag will bulge; from the hot water Take out the plastic bag and wait a while
A． The plastic bag is still bulging, and the alcohol in it has liquefied
B. The plastic bag is still bulging, and the alcohol in it has vaporized
C. The plastic bag deflated again, and the alcohol in it vaporized
D. The plastic bag deflated again, and the alcohol in it liquefied
Answer: D
(09 Henan)" is the first lunar probe independently developed and launched by China, in October 2007 On the 24th, the Long March-3A carrier rocket carrying my country's first lunar exploration satellite Chang'e-1 was ignited and launched from the No. 3 tower of the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. As shown in the picture, when the rocket was launched, there was a large pool under the launch pad. , let the high-temperature flame spray into the water, and absorb the huge heat through the water ________. The white "air mass" you see when the rocket takes off is formed by water vapor _______ (fill in the name of the change in the state of matter).
Answer: Vaporization and liquefaction
(09 Pingyuan County, Shandong) When steaming steamed buns in a steamer, which steamed buns are cooked first in the upper or lower steamer? After careful observation, Xiao Ming found that the high-temperature water vapor passed through multiple layers of steaming When the grill rises upward and encounters a cold steamer lid, a large amount of water vapor is generated, which causes a lot of heat, which will cause the steamed buns in the upper steamer to cook first.
(09 Tai'an) 1. , which belongs to the phenomenon of sublimation
A. The formation of dew C. The formation of ice
Answer: D
(09 Loudi, Hunan). Physics is a powerful weapon for human beings to explore and understand nature. Which of the following natural phenomena is classified as sublimation?
A. The heavy fog that sometimes fills the river B. Dewdrops?
C. Frost on the ground in winter morning D. A thick layer of ice on the lake?
Answer: C
(09 Jiangsu ) 13. Frost is formed by water vapor (fill in the name of the physical state change). During this process, water vapor absorbs heat (choose "absorb" or "release").
Answer: Condensation and release.
(09 Hebei). In the spring of 2009, a severe drought occurred in northern my country.
(1) Artificial rainfall is an important means to alleviate drought, and dry ice and other materials can be used to spread artificial rainfall. Dry ice on the cloud layer absorbs heat, causing water vapor in the air to quickly condense into water droplets to form rainfall.
(2) In the face of drought, we must save water. A common water-saving method in production and life.
Answer: (1) Sublimation (2) Using sprinkler irrigation to water the floor, mopping the floor with laundry water, etc.
p>(09 Jinhua) 13. After learning about "the formation of precipitation", classmate Xiao Ming did a "raining" experiment for his family. He dried the plate and put it in the refrigerator to cool, filled the kettle with water and placed it in the refrigerator. When it is boiled, the water vapor will continue to rise, and a group of "white gas" will appear above the spout. This is the "cloud". Take out a plate from the refrigerator and place it about 15cm above the spout. When the plate touches this "cloud", the lower surface of the plate will be covered with water droplets after a while. Falling one after another, this is "rain".
Which of the following explanations of experimental phenomena is correct
A. The "white gas" that appears above the spout is the gaseous water formed by the vaporization of the water in the pot
B. The "white gas" appearing above the spout is liquid water
C. Water releases heat when it vaporizes
D. When a water droplet falls, it is only affected by gravity and air resistance, so it must fall at a constant speed
Answer: B
(09 Yantai) 4. Changdao is an island with a serious shortage of fresh water. Seawater desalination is an effective measure to solve this problem. Figure 2 is the seawater desalination flow chart designed by Xiao Ming. During this process, the physical state of seawater changes successively
A. Liquefaction, vaporization B. Vaporization, liquefaction
C. Vaporization, sublimation D. Sublimation, liquefaction
Answer: B
(09 Jining) 5. Which of the following statements is wrong
A. The filament of an electric lamp that has been used for a long time becomes thinner due to sublimation B. In the autumn morning, the heavy fog gradually dissipates, which is the phenomenon of liquefaction
C. Burns caused by steam are more serious than burns caused by boiling water because water vapor releases heat when it liquefies
D. After people sweat, they feel cool when the breeze blows, because the sweat evaporates faster and takes away more heat
Answer: D
(09 Huzhou) 12. Antarctic Scientific Expedition Team Use an alcohol thermometer instead of a mercury thermometer because alcohol
A. has a low boiling point B. has a low density C. has a low freezing point D. has a high specific heat
Answer: C
(09 Chengdu)． Around the Spring Festival last year, some areas in southern my country encountered low-temperature rain and snow, and “rime” as shown in Figure 3 even appeared on the branches in some areas. The formation processes of "rime" and frost are very similar, both
A. Formed by liquefaction of water vapor B. Formed by water vapor condensation
C. Formed by the solidification of small water droplets D. Formed by the sublimation of small ice crystals
Answer: B
(09 Henan) Physics requires careful observation. The correct explanation for the following phenomenon is
A. In early winter, when I was taking a shower at home, I found that the room was full of "white gas", which was water vapor
B. On summer mornings, you can see dew hanging on the grass blades in the football field. But in early winter, the dew has disappeared, but you can see a thin layer of frost. Some people think that frost is caused by dew
< p>C. The mothballs placed in the closet will obviously become smaller over time. This is because the mothballs evaporate into gas and run awayD. Take out the frozen tofu from the refrigerator. After it melts, you will find that there are many small holes in the tofu. This is caused by the water in the tofu first freezing when cold and then melting into water.
Answer: D
p>(09 Weifang, Shandong). Thermal phenomena can be seen everywhere throughout the year. Which of the following statements is correct
A. Heavy fog often appears in spring mornings, which is a phenomenon of vaporization
B. In summer, when you open the packaging of popsicles, you will see "white steam" coming out of the popsicles. This is the phenomenon of condensation.
C. Small dewdrops appear on flowers and plants in autumn morning, which is a phenomenon of liquefaction
D. In the morning of early winter, white frost will appear on the ground. This is a solidification phenomenon.
Answer: C
(09 Linyi, Shandong). In the early morning, there are often crystal dewdrops hanging on the grass blades. This is It is caused by the low temperature at night and the water vapor in the air _________. These dewdrops will slowly disappear under the sunlight. This is because the dewdrops undergo _________.
Answer: Liquefaction Vaporization (evaporation)