Deeply mourn for Fang Shenghu, the hero who saved lives in Wuhan Institute of Physical Education. Who knows the detailed funeral customs of Li nationality in Hainan?
In the long historical years, the Li nationality has gradually formed its own funeral customs. The Li nationality has always given priority to burial, and the funeral is grand. However, customs such as funeral ceremonies and taboos vary from place to place.
1. Funeral
Li people believe in ancestor worship, and believe that everything in the world has a soul, and the soul does not die, and the soul still exists after death. Therefore, the funeral is serious and the procedural norms cannot be simplified. The funeral procedure has the following aspects:
1.1
When the patient is dying, relatives gather around to listen to his instructions. When a person dies, relatives send food and water to the mouth of the deceased, and call on the deceased not to "go" but to "come back to earth", indicating that the deceased has relatives to honor and eat a mouthful of food when he leaves the world. The family members of the deceased mourned with wailing and firing guns, and sent personnel to deliver the bad news. The mourners put on clothes instead and informed the relatives, uncles and friends of the deceased to come to attend the funeral.
1.2 Cleanliness
Relatives wash the face, hands and feet of the deceased with clean water, comb their hair and wear life clothes. The body is lying, hands and feet straight. For the Li nationality in Hemu area and Baisha Nankai area, for the female deceased who has not been tattooed, after cleansing, charcoal should be used to draw a pattern on the face of the deceased according to the tattooed part, which means that if the female is not tattooed, the ancestors of the underworld will not lead people.
1.3 funeral instrument
There are two ways to funeral instrument. In Hemu area, Nankai, Nanfeng and other areas, the mortuary is set up; In Qiongzhong, Baoting, Lingshui, Sanya, Ledong, Dongfang, Changjiang and other areas, coffins are set up.
morgue coffin: the body of the deceased is placed at home, with the head of the male corpse facing the front door and the head of the female corpse facing the back door. The bottom of the body is covered with a bare leaf mat covered with a yellow or gray felt quilt, and the rich man covers it with a dragon quilt (Li Jin). A silver dollar or a frog gong was used as a pillow under the head of the body, and a silver dollar was held in the hands of a man and a woman. It means that the deceased is rich and has the money to pay for the trip to the underworld. The calf of the deceased was tied with a rope in Nanfeng area, which means that the deceased should not wander around the world and go to their ancestors by the right path. Place a bowl of wine, two handfuls of rice, bovine mandible or porcine mandible and a kerosene lamp in the direction of the corpse head. Put a kerosene lamp on one side of the corpse's foot. Straw mats are placed on both sides of the coffin as seats for the wake. Dead for 3 days.
coffin resting place: the wooden coffin is placed in the hall of the deceased, and the bottom of the coffin is covered with straw mats and black and white cloth. Put the body in the coffin, put your hands and feet straight, put a silver dollar as a cushion, and hold a silver dollar in your left hand, covered with black and white cloth and gray felt. After the coffin is covered, the coffin is covered with gray felt or dragon quilt. Light a kerosene lamp at the end of the coffin (kerosene lamps are not allowed to go out before the funeral), and there are straw mats around the coffin for the mourners to sit and stop the coffin for 3 days.
1.4 wake
People generally put coffins at home for three days. During the wake, the relatives of the deceased sat on both sides of the coffin in order of seniority and cried and sang mourning songs. When attending the funeral service, everyone sang mourning songs while drinking to recall the merits and demerits of the deceased. Relatives and friends who came from afar to attend the funeral service, brought pigs, sheep or rice wine and money, etc., to mourn and sing mourning songs. Mourn the song "Wei Wu" in Li language. The contents of mourning songs mainly describe the merits of the deceased and the pain of the living who lost their loved ones. The melody is sad and the charm is touching. During the wake, the lights were brightly lit, songs were mourned, and the scene was very sad. The deceased is in a spiritual position, and it is forbidden for dogs, cats, chickens and other livestock to cross the remains. For relatives and friends who come to pay their respects, one yuan is given to each person at the time of bereavement or a leaf is put in his pocket, indicating that the living are lucky.
2. Burial style
2.1 Coffins
The burial custom of the Li nationality is earth burial, and there are five kinds of coffins: wooden coffins, bamboo coffins, bark coffins, exposed leaves coffins and pottery coffins. The Li nationality in Wuzhishan area is dominated by single wooden coffins. Li people in coastal plain areas make coffins with planks. It is the custom in the area of mu system that people go up the mountain to cut logs and dig wooden coffins after they die. Those who died abnormally, such as hanging, drowning, falling trees, and lightning strikes, were regarded as "fierce ghosts" and buried with exposed leaves and coffins. The urn coffin is used to install the second burial of the bones of the deceased when the tomb is dug and moved (one pottery urn is used as the "female coffin" and the other pottery urn is upside down on the mouth of the female coffin, which is called "male coffin"). There is a custom of urn coffin burial in Lingshui and Sanya Li District.
Except for the area with mu system, it is forbidden to prepare coffins for the elderly, other areas in Lebanon have the habit of preparing coffins for the elderly.
2.2 Funeral
Funeral custom, the dead should not be buried in the morning and at noon, and people should be buried in the afternoon as the sun sets. A funeral ceremony will be held three days after the deceased died or stopped coffin.
Funeral in Hemu area: wrap the corpse with black cloth or blue cloth, and then wrap it with gray felt and exposed leaves. Take five mangosteen to make a lifting frame, and take one as a thick bamboo to carry. Put the body into a lifting frame, put a lifting shoulder on it, and fix it in five sections with rattan pieces. A Zhang Long quilt was covered on the spirit frame, which was carried by two relatives and helped by all. At the funeral, an old woman from the relatives of the deceased walked in front of the funeral procession with a torch. Walking in front of the spirit frame is an Aoya (male old man) who is proficient in ancestral ghost genealogy. He is dressed in funeral clothes, carrying two handfuls of rice on his shoulders, a cow's mandible, a pottery bowl, a pottery pot and a pottery altar. Ouya sang a mourning song while walking, asking the ancestors to lead the dead to the underworld. Behind the spirit frame is a long funeral procession with soil guns and mourning songs.
Li area in plain and coastal areas: During the funeral, Aoya presided over the ceremony, and four relatives of the deceased carried the coffin to the cemetery. The mourners carried wreaths made of leaves, as well as paper lanterns, cows, horses and sheep buried with them. Some of the funeral procession is as long as one or two kilometers. During the funeral of Li nationality in Diaoluoshan and this area in Lingshui County, the youngest daughter of the deceased sat on the coffin and covered the coffin head with an umbrella. The son lay on the ground according to his seniority and let the coffin be carried over, as a sign of filial piety to the deceased. During the funeral in Daban area of Baoting County, sick old people or children were sitting on coffins with umbrellas. This kind of funeral means that the living are sick because of the possession of a "fierce soul". Through this ceremony, the "fierce soul" will be buried with the dead to bless the living with peace in the future.
2.3 Graves
There are grave hills with dense trees in Hemu Zhili District, Baisha Nankai, Changjiang Wangxia and Dongfang Riverside. That is, there are tombs in the same ancestral pedigree. Trees in tombs are not allowed to be cut down at ordinary times, and only when the dead are buried can they cut down trees. There are normal deaths and abnormal deaths in the tomb mountain. In other areas, there are cemeteries left by ancestors.
At the time of burial, Aoya first dug three hoes to settle the grave, and everyone dug the grave with him. The acupoints are arranged according to the terrain, and the grave head faces the source of running water. Grave caves are generally 1.5 meters deep and 1 meter wide. After the grave hole was dug, Aoya swept the hole with leaves, which meant to bring the soul of the living back from the hole and let the dead rest in peace. In the area with mu system, the coffin was laid before the funeral. Before covering the coffin, uncover the blanket and let relatives pay tribute to the remains of the deceased. After the coffin was covered, Oya stood in front of the grave, calling out the names of the deceased and the names of the ancestors, asking them to take the deceased back. People attending the funeral throw their unlucky things and ominous disasters into the coffin in the grave by throwing leaves, which means that the dead can take the disaster away and the living are safe. Then Oya covered the grave with soil, and the people filled the grave with soil. The grave is long, about 7 cm above the ground.
Put the spirit frame on the grave, and cover it with thatch in the shape of "λ" from left to right, indicating that a new house has been built for the deceased. Since then, the grave is not allowed to break ground and cut down vegetation. In the Harbin dialect along the coast, when people dig graves after death, the "three uncles" take the son of the incense burner to the ancestral cemetery to "ask for soil", which means where the deceased is buried. After the "three uncles" said the spell, the "dutiful son" threw the egg to the ground. If the egg broke, he agreed to bury it here. If the egg did not break, choose another location. At the position where the egg broke, the "three uncles" dug three times with hoes, and then the people dug holes according to this position. Graves in cemeteries in coastal and plain areas are tapered, about 1.5 meters high, with tombstones. Every year in Tomb-Sweeping Day, there is a custom of sweeping graves. In Hemu area, hoes, shovels and other tools for burying people digging graves are not allowed to be washed in the river, but should be played back in the funeral home. Only after the funeral service expires can they be washed in the river and taken home.
3. Post-burial customs and taboos
3.1 Widows
In the area with mu system, the wife of the deceased was taken back by her family on the day of the funeral for her husband. Do not enjoy the property of the husband's family, take your own luggage and the rations of the year, as well as the babies who are constantly nursing. This marriage custom of not leaving the husband's family holds that it is unlucky for the widow to live in the dead husband's family. After death, she does not belong to the husband's family ghost, and her parents' ancestors do not recognize her and become a homeless ghost woman in the underworld. For the family whose wife died, the husband's family assisted the bride's family to handle the funeral affairs of the deceased and was buried in her grave. In other areas of Lebanon, young people with dead husbands remarried, and old people left their husbands' homes to support family management, which was later handled by their children.
3.2 relics
After the people bury the dead, they should put the daily articles used by the dead, such as clothes, bedding, straw hats, knife baskets, bows and arrows, textile tools, etc. According to the kind of things used by men and women, the male deceased was sent to the big banyan tree near the village or placed next to the grave by the male elderly at home. If the deceased is a woman, it will be placed by the old woman. When placing the relics, point out the name of the deceased and say that his (her) things have been delivered, and they are not allowed to make noise again.
3.3 mourning clothes
During the mourning period, relatives of Li people should wear mourning clothes. Qi dialect in Hemu area and Run dialect in Baisha county wear clothes backwards during filial piety. Ha dialect and Mobil dialect in Ledong, Changjiang, Dongfang and Sanya wear yellow linen mourning clothes. In Qiongzhong, Baoting and Lingshui, Qi, Sai and Ha dialects wear black mourning clothes. During the mourning period, you are not allowed to change clothes, take a bath or go out to participate in red events and various entertainment activities, otherwise it will be regarded as unfilial to the deceased and unlucky in the future. Now some districts in Lebanon hold funerals and wear black gauze.
3.4 Mourning period
In Hemu area, if someone dies in the village, the adult men and women in the village will not eat rice for three days. Every day, they should concentrate on drinking filial piety wine, eating meat and eating vegetables in the funeral home, and singing mourning songs before and after meals to express their mourning for the deceased. If the parents die, the children will be filial for 12 days from the day of mourning; 7 days of wine filial piety for dead brothers; Five days of drinking and mourning for the dead children. During the mourning period, relatives of the deceased wear mourning clothes instead, and are not allowed to beat gongs and drums, sing songs and play musical instruments, plant crops, or go out to visit relatives and friends. On the morning of the mourning period, the relatives of the deceased went down to the river to clean themselves, change clothes and put tools such as hoes for burial into the river to wash them, indicating that clear water can wash away evil spirits. Then, kill pigs and chickens to worship ancestors first, exorcise evil spirits and recruit blessed souls. Banquet at the home of the deceased, banquet for relatives and friends who were sponsored during the mourning period, and discuss matters such as the support of the deceased's children and the inheritance of property.
In other areas, the mourning period is 7 days, and the mourning rules are the same as those in the area with mu system except that rice is not forbidden during the mourning period.
4. Special Funeral System
In terms of funeral customs of the Li nationality, there are some special funeral systems:
4.1 "Soul Coffin"
In the Ha dialect in the peak area of Sanya City, when handling the funeral, the former deceased who did not hold the "Buddha-making" ceremony (that is, the funeral ceremony was not held) was buried behind. That is, two coffins are placed in the coffin, the body of the deceased is placed in the coffin on the left, and the coffin on the right is the soul coffin of the former deceased. At the time of the funeral, it shall be handled according to the funeral style. Children in Qi dialect in Daban area of Baoting County are sick and sick, and they are regarded as "fierce souls". On their children's birthday, their parents asked Dao Gong to make a "soul coffin" for their children. That is, take the "Li Nen" grass on the mountain, make a small coffin, catch a cockroach and put it in the coffin. The whole family wailed and buried the "soul coffin". This kind of funeral means that the living are safe by burying the evil spirits.
4.2 tomb-closing ceremony
There is a custom of tomb-closing ceremony for Li people in Hongfeng area, Qicha Township, Changjiang River. That is, the son died and was buried in his father's grave. This is a coffin stack. This kind of folding coffins and mourning customs thinks that father and son belong to one family in the underworld.
4.3 percussion funeral style
In Baoting New Deal area, Qi dialect mourned customs, and large-scale funerals required killing cows and pigs, arranging funerals, and staying at home for 7 days. At the wake, I beat gongs and drums all night. This burial ceremony expresses condolences to the deceased. The Harbin dialect in the No.1 area of Lingshui was in mourning, and the coffin was kept at home for 12 days. The family members were in tears, and the men and women sitting outside the door sang songs. When I was at home doing Buddhist work, I danced firewood at night. Mourn the dead with songs and dances.
4.4 The funeral custom of "being seven buddhas"
The funeral custom of "being seven buddhas" prevails in Harbin dialect in Nanlin Township of Baoting and the peak area of Sanya. The so-called "seven buddhas", that is, the burial ceremony should be done in seven seven periods, counting 84 days. Twelve days from the mourning day is a "seven", and every "seven" will hold a mourning ceremony. The funeral ceremony is to be a Buddha, that is, after the expiration of the "seven" times, a Buddha ceremony will be held. It takes a day and a night to be a Buddha, and the scene is grand. Relatives and friends should send wine and paper lanterns, white cloth and other ghost products to the bereaved pigs. A funeral ceremony was held to be a Buddha, and people from all directions came to attend, and a banquet was held for the funeral. Inside the house, people mourn and grieve, while outside the house, young men and women flirt with songs and make noise, showing a scene of mourning, vulgarity, sadness and joy. In this way of mourning, it is believed that when people die, the soul in the underworld becomes Buddha, and people in the world should be happy.
4.5 Funeral and burial style of abnormal death
Li people believe that there are auspicious spirits and fierce spirits in the world, and those who die abnormally are regarded as "fierce spirits and ghosts". Li language says "don't". If there are abnormal deaths in the village, they are not allowed to be buried in the ancestral graves; Bury the dead outside, and don't carry the body into the village. In the area of Hemu system, the abnormal dead are buried in red mourning. When the Kazak dialect in the eastern region is buried abnormally, the body is buried prone and a wooden stick is nailed on the top of the grave. This burial custom means that "fierce ghosts" are not allowed to come out to make trouble. Li people regard the cemetery where abnormal deaths are buried as a place where they are afraid of going in and being haunted by "unwanted" ghosts.
5. funerary objects and sacrifices
Li people live in tropical areas, which are rainy and wet underground. In addition, Li society has been in a state of low productivity for a long time. Judging from Li people's funeral customs and relics unearthed from tombs, the funerary objects are mainly bamboo tools, linen and cotton fabrics and ceramics. These bamboo tools and linen and cotton fabrics are perishable, and only ceramics are left behind. Li folk funerals and funerals, it is forbidden to put iron and bronze into the coffin for burial, only the clothes, straw hats, knife baskets and other living and production utensils of the deceased are placed next to the grave. The funerary objects placed next to the grave are: a jar, a pottery pot, a pottery bowl or a porcelain bowl.
Funeral offerings in Hemu area are divided into two grades. The coffin of the deceased is a wooden coffin, and the cow is killed at the time of funeral, and the lower jaw of the cow is placed at the first place in the grave. If the coffin of the deceased is a bamboo coffin or a bark coffin, only the pig mandible is sacrificed. The coffin is a straw mat coffin, and there is no sacrifice in the tomb.
In other Li areas, sacrificial altars were set up in tombs, with incense burners and three small ceramic cups. The sacrifices were pork or chicken, white wine, rice, incense and money.
6. Post-burial ceremonies and taboos
The Li people call the funeral day of their dead parents "Wan Mao" (that is, the day is forbidden). Wan Mao was banned from Japan for seven years. According to the calendar zodiac, every time "Wan Mao" forbids planting, building a house, getting married, setting a stove, setting up a bed, etc. On the day of mourning, rice, sugar cane, banana and bamboo will be planted, with seven trees for each species. When all these crops have grown (that is, every tree is alive), the "Wan Mao" ban on the sun can be lifted. In the area with mu system, the "Wan Mao" ban will be lifted, pigs will be killed to worship ancestors, and the deceased will be listed in the clan "ghost spectrum". There will also be banquets, gongs and drums, ancestral songs and lucky dances. Other Lebanese areas. On the anniversary of parents' funeral, kill chickens as sacrifices, and ask "Dao Gong" to set up a ghost plaque for the deceased. Every time Tomb-Sweeping Day worships and visits the grave. It is forbidden to place dead objects and build houses in the cemetery of the dead. Folk taboo others publicly point the names of dead parents, otherwise it will be regarded as