Briefly describe the artistic characteristics of residential buildings?

Huizhou architecture consists of halls, buildings, corridors, pavilions, bridges, patios, walls, doors, roofs, steps and other basic elements. The basic forms of these elements are stable, and there are few big changes, but their combination ways and methods are very flexible, and there are certain rules accordingly. The most common one, such as vertical superposition, can be a building or attic, pavilion bridge; Horizontal coherence, repetition, enclosure, interpenetration, deviation and concealment can be combined into various types of houses. Here is a brief introduction to the artistic features of residential buildings brought by Zhong Da Consulting for your reference.

For example, ordinary houses can be divided into four types: concave type, mouth type, H type and Japanese type. Concave house, that is, the hall in the middle, the wing rooms on the left and right, and the patio in front of the hall; Mouth-shaped houses, mostly three buildings with two entrances, are actually two three-bedroom concave houses combined in the opposite direction; H-shaped residence is actually a combination of two concave houses, with patios in front and back, verandahs on both sides and purlins in the middle; Japanese-style houses are also three rooms and two halls. Each entrance has its own patio, and both sides of each entrance are connected by verandas. Multi-entrance houses are either repeated or offset, or interspersed with the terrain, or even multi-units extend vertically and horizontally, forming a "multi-entrance hall". Every time you enter a hall, you must upgrade to a higher level, and set up steps along the steep slope of the mountain, commonly known as "step by step", which best reflects the idea of "cohabitation" and "kissing" in Huizhou culture, as well as the hierarchical system within the family. The ancestral hall, another single building of Huizhou architecture, is the largest building in the village, towering above the residential buildings and magnificent. In the ancestral hall, there are a sleeping hall dedicated to ancestral tablets, a mourning hall dedicated to ancestors, and a parliamentary hall for implementing clan rules. Ancestral halls are symmetrically distributed in strict accordance with the central axis. A series of buildings, such as zhaobi, Pingtan, Fangmen, Monument Pavilion, Yimen, Guanliang, Altar, Appreciation Hall, front and rear courtyards, sleeping halls, sacrifice seats and so on, are all distributed on the central axis, from south to north. From Pingtan, Yimen to the memorial seat of the Sleeping Hall, the ground is gradually raised from front to back, so that the roof of the main entrance, the roof of the lobby and the roof of the Sleeping Hall form a multi-peak on the ancestral hall. Memorial archway is another single building in Huizhou architecture, which is actually a materialized symbol of feudal ethics. From the form composition, it includes two parts: the lower imitation wood foundation unit and the upper building. Naming usually depends on the number of rooms, columns and buildings. In the late Ming Dynasty, three-dimensional stone workshops appeared in Huizhou, such as the stone workshop in the first city of Shexian County, commonly known as the "octagonal pavilion". The whole archway consists of two archways with three rooms, four columns and three floors, and two left and right single rooms and two columns (front and back), which are connected by eight columns on all sides. The front-back length is 1 1.5m, the left-right width is 6.8m, and the height is11.4m. The square is a stone square model with four columns and three layers of towering columns, with compact structure, plump shape, firmness and grandeur. Ancient dwellings, ancestral halls and memorial archways are known as the "three wonders of ancient architecture" of Huizhou School. Of course, this refers not only to their individual form, but also to their group form, including the comprehensive effect of the overall shape, scale, color, texture, outline and other elements of the building complex, as well as their group methods and rules or rules.

The Style and Aesthetics of Huizhou Architecture

As a wonderful flower in China's traditional architectural art, Huizhou ancient buildings show their unique architectural style with mountain environment and Huizhou merchants' social culture as the main body. In architecture, the word "style" generally refers to the external expression of the internal characteristics of buildings, which is "a style of architecture or architectural design, which is different from other styles in some identifiable way". Some experts believe that "the architectural style of Huizhou School can be summarized as: Gu Zhuo, simplicity, modesty, preciseness, elegance and exquisiteness". Huizhou has beautiful mountains and rivers, and there is no need to add more decoration. The village garden buildings are simple and simple. When land resources are scarce, building a house is easy, compact and exquisite. The cultural atmosphere of "Southeast Zou Lu" and "Queli in Zhu Cheng" in Huizhou makes Huizhou people abide by etiquette and be good at observing ancient customs. Huizhou merchants flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Jia was good at Confucianism. They appreciate the simple and natural beauty of elegant culture, which is elegant and refined. Businessmen generally have the habit of careful calculation, and they like exquisite aesthetic taste. The craftsmanship of Huizhou craftsmen is the highest in the country, which is the support of Huizhou architecture. All aspects covered by Huizhou architectural style and its causes can be attributed to the understanding of "Huizhou ancient rhyme" architectural style and its external appearance. Huizhou architectural style is consistent from local to overall. From the bonsai decoration of residential courtyards, to the hall layout of luxury houses, and then to ancestral temple buildings, their styles are all in the same strain. For example, from the scale, shape and construction technology of the ancestral temple, the "Zhen Jing Luodongshu Ancestral Temple" located in Chengkan, Huizhou District is one of the representatives of typical Huizhou architectural styles. Shu Dong Temple was built in Jiajing period and continued to be built in Wanli period. On the roof of the back bedroom, an attic was added to the column to hide the ancient dragons (imperial edicts, imperial edicts, etc.). ), hence the name "Baolunge". The ancestral hall has four courtyards, which are symmetrical in turn along the central axis. The head gate is Xingxingmen, the five six-column arches are wooden black fences, and the patios are left and right. The second door is the instrument door, which has two sides. There are five rooms in the lobby, and six rows are juxtaposed. On the main screen door hangs a gold-lettered plaque with the inscription of Dong Qichang. The sleeping hall has two floors, with twelve columns juxtaposed, nine towers and two ladders and eleven bays. The watchposts on the steps and railings are decorated with embossed stone lions. Ten square columns stand on the steps in front of the back bedroom corridor, and the column base is hexagonal. Seventy-two pillars set up criss-crossing moon beams and sparrows, and a huge plaque inscribed by Wu Shihong, the filial son of the Ming Dynasty, hung in front of the pavilion. This is a very unusual ancestral temple, which gives people the first impression of grandeur. Its width is nine bays (in order to avoid exceeding the prohibition of feudal society, bays are divided into three groups and three bays), compared with the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City, only two bays are missing. Its high pedestal, three relief goulan steps and complex wooden structure are rare in ancestral halls [3].

Artistic characteristics of Huizhou folk houses

In Zhu's words, "Ji is the capital of heaven and earth, and it is a great feng shui". "In ancient times, the village was built according to the words of Kan Yujia, and it was built under the most auspicious stars, which can be said to be smooth for all ages." Dai Zhen said, "Our county is less plain and wild, living by mountains, and merchants go east and west for food." However, the people are born with the spirit of mountains, and their quality is proud of integrity. Although it is good, it is salty and close to the style of literati. "It shows that Huizhou ancestors have noticed the influence of weather, water and soil on folk culture and architecture, and there has been a saying that there is no mountain, no water and no residence since ancient times. According to the concept of folk geomantic omen, judging the good and bad of the landscape, "the mountain is thick and fat, the mountain is clear and beautiful, and the mountain is peaceful and safe." "So, the thickness, clearness and residence of the mountain have become the agreed standards for residential site selection; At the same time, the water is "high dry, not close to water, and skin-friendly." If the water bends, it has a second meaning. "Combining the two standards requires that the building site selection should pay attention to mountains, water and water, with high and dry terrain, broad vision and sufficient and convenient water sources; There are mountains on the left and right, so it's better to sit facing south. There are "pre-Suzaku, post-Xuanwu, Zuo Qinglong and Right White Tiger" on Jingshan Mountain, which is better in line with the five-element theory of "Mountain management of people and water management of wealth". The location and layout of Huizhou villages are integrated with the natural landscape, and most of them are surrounded by mountains and rivers. They not only consider the convenience of production and life, but also meet the spiritual needs of Feng Shui theory, and strive to be close to nature and build the village into an organic whole with "mountains as the skeleton and water as the blood". The single form of Huizhou architecture itself shows a kind of artificial artistic beauty, but once many single buildings "fall like a plate of pearls on a plate of jade" into the mountains and rivers, they convey an extension of the natural beauty of "order in complexity". Looking at the outline of Huizhou village, we will find that it is a series of tracks composed of horizontal lines reinforced with black tiles on the side of the horse head wall. Its crossing, repetition, infiltration, marching, jumping and turning mainly reflect the ups and downs of the terrain and the direction of the river. People often use "patchwork" to describe the rhythm of the horse head wall. This "cause" is the internal natural order and unity mentioned above, and it is also a unique spatial model that Huizhou people deliberately pursue, which not only respects and protects nature, but also gives vitality. Huizhou folk houses pay more attention to indoor furnishings, especially the hall, where people live, get together with relatives and friends, have tea and play chess, and recite poems and paint. The cloisters along the patio are generally separated by wooden lattice windows, which have the functions of lighting, ventilation, dust prevention, heat preservation and separation of indoor and outdoor spaces. There are various forms of wooden lattice windows, such as squares, circles and glyphs. Window carving patterns often use metaphor and homophonic methods, such as carving longevity peaches and fingered citron as "longevity and happiness". Carve vases, insert rose patterns, and the homonym is "Peace in the Four Seasons" and so on. On the main wall of the main hall, plaques are often hung high, with ancestors' statues or nave's calligraphy and painting hanging below, and there is a mystery case with vases and other things on both sides. There are square tables and plush chairs in front of the hall. There are tea table seats on both sides of the hall, and famous calligraphy and painting are hung on both sides.

conclusion

In a word, Huizhou traditional houses strive to integrate architecture with nature and make the space full of vitality. Pursuing poetry and painting in artistic conception, striving for harmony with people and making it meet the psychological needs of users. Huizhou folk houses are rare materials for architecture, history, folklore research and stone carving, and their rich cultural landscape is an indispensable part of art and tourism.

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