Information about loach in Huaiyang County
There is a "Dawu Fuxi Mausoleum" in Sanli, north of Huaiyang City, covering an area of 875 mu, with a large scale, commonly known as Renzu Temple locally. The word "Tai Hao" describes Fu He as bright as the sun and the moon, in order to praise him for "fishing for Palestine and Israel to support the people" in the era of "eating raw meat at the beginning of his life and living in skins"; Raise six animals to fill the kitchen "("Shi Gang Ping Yao Tai Hao Fuxi ").
When Taihao Mausoleum was built, there is no way to verify it. There is only one sentence in the existing inscription: "The mausoleum is far from here." According to "Chen Zhou Fu Zhi", "there were characters before the Han Dynasty". There is no basis for this statement, so it is impossible to determine when Fuxi Mausoleum was built.
Dahaoling has a grand event in February of the lunar calendar every year, commonly known as the "February meeting", also known as the "ancestor meeting" (from February 2 to March 3 of the lunar calendar). According to "Folklore of Chen Zhou County Records II", "On February 2nd, at dawn, the gray enclosure was taken as the national shape, indicating a bumper year. Children playing tile terrace means that Japanese residents refer to Xiaoling Mausoleum to burn incense and sacrifice until March 3. It is an ancient pottery for holding wine, covered with a musical instrument, which is said to be made by Ge Shitian. " "The Book of Songs Chen Fengwan Qiu Zai": "Qi Qi strikes; At the head of Wanqiu, there is no winter and no summer, reaching its heron feathers. " It can be seen that the custom of singing and dancing on the stage began in Chen State. Therefore, the activities of offering sacrifices to Fuxi may have existed before the Han Dynasty. February 2 of the lunar calendar; According to the folklore in China, it is said that Wu Taiyi's "human head is snake-shaped", "dragon-shaped", "snake-shaped", "scale-shaped" and "dragon is totem".
During the February meeting; Every day, hundreds of thousands of Volta descendants gather here from Anhui, Shandong, Hebei, Hunan and other provinces to pay homage to their ancestors. They held high the yellow silk Qinglong flag, held the "incense tower" and "flagpole" in their hands, and carried the "flower basket" on their shoulders, screaming at the top of their lungs; The gongs and drums are loud, firecrackers are ringing, and cigarettes are lingering, which is spectacular. Pilgrims call Fuxi the "ancestor"; Call the girl "grandma" and bow down devoutly. After burning incense to worship ancestors, pray silently (for children, medical care, and peace). All people who worship their ancestors should bring a handful of earth from their hometown and sprinkle it on Fuxi Mausoleum after the sacrifice, indicating that their ancestors will continue to burn incense. Children and grandchildren are full, and people are prosperous.
Nu Wa is the oldest mother god of the Chinese nation. Legend has it that during the occupation period, Fuxi and Nu Wa's brother and sister "fought for life". Tailan quoted Custom Tong as saying: "As the saying goes, heaven and earth opened, and there was no one left. Nu Wa fought for life, and the audience sitting there was at a loss, so they pulled a rope in the mud to fight for life." The story of Fuxi's brother and sister shoveling earth to make people is still circulating among the people in Huaiyang. The main idea of this story is: "After Fuxi and Nu Wa got married, they felt that there were only two brothers and sisters in the world, which was very deserted. So he picked up Huang's little clay figurines and pinched many of them, but they all survived and left home in droves to live independently. One day it suddenly rained heavily; Fuxi and the mother snail hurried to clean up those lovely clay dolls; Finally, some of them didn't have time to clean up, so they quickly pulled out the willow branches and swept them into the hole. Who knows that they accidentally broke some clay dolls in their panic, so there are many strong yellow people in the world, but there are also a few disabled people with incomplete limbs. " Nu Wa "made man out of soil", which enabled men and women to have relations, give birth and reproduce; Therefore, later generations revered Nu Wa as "God" or "High School", and regarded it as the ancestor of motherhood and the god who managed marriage and reproduction.
The ancestral temple meeting in Wu Lingren is also called "February meeting"; With a long history, it can be traced back to ancient times. "The Book of Rites and the Moon Order" contains: "The Moon in Midspring; Command men and women; Therefore, runners have no choice. " "February meeting"; It is a place where men and women love each other between different tribes; "Runners can't help it" is actually an improvement for human beings to seek spouses from the "consanguineous marriage" in matriarchal society. It is a taboo of totem behavior; It is also a form of protection for intermarriage between men and women of different totem clans. Engels said in The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State: "From all brothers and sisters; Even once sexual intercourse between the farthest collateral relatives is prohibited, the above groups will become a clan. "
In mid-spring and February, spring returns to the earth, thousands of trees revive, and men and women meet and combine. It is a "hymn" to human reproduction. "The Book of Songs Chen Fengze North" says: "The evil of Peter Ze; There is also Pu and He, and there is another person in America. What injury? " Today's ancient city, Huaiyang, is still a 10,000-acre city lake; The scenery remains the same, the water plants remain the same, and the Puhe River remains the same. In the cemetery of Taiwuling, there was once an ancient mulberry tree (which survived in the 1980s), which may be a relic of the "Runners can't help it" era in February of mid-spring.
Yuan said in the book "Ancient Myths of China": ... In February, it will be located in mountainous areas and Shui Ze, such as Sanglin in Song State and Yunmeng in Chu State, and a stone will be erected on the altar as usual; People have great respect for this stone, which is probably the relic of the ancient people's worship of reproductive function! The ancients called this stone symbolizing male reproductive organs "suburban stone" or "Mukai stone". Whether there were "suburban stones" at the February meeting in ancient Huaiyang; I don't know, but at present, there is a round hole called Ziyao on the cornerstone of the Ren Xian Hall in the Great Tan Ling, with a diameter of about 2.5 cm and a depth of about one finger. At the annual meeting in February; Pilgrims wishing to have children; In order to have children, both men and women touch the cave with their index fingers (implying sexual intercourse between men and women). In ancient matriarchal society, people "only knew their mother, but not their father." Thereby forming the totem worship of female reproductive function.
Another traditional custom related to the "descendants kiln" is "tying dolls". Beggars (mostly women and old people) got a clay doll (male) after praying and making a promise of "sending children to give old milk", tied it with a red rope (meaning tying them away), hid it under their clothes, and shouted auspicious names such as "stay", "lock" and "come" as they walked. When they got home; Put the tied doll under the quilt or pillow. If you really have a child, the child seeker must make a wish to the "old wet nurse" as promised, and also give two clay dolls to others to have children. This custom is extremely common among Henan people. Up to now, there are still "Grandma Temple", "Niang Temple" and "Old Milk Temple" in the rural areas of western, northern and eastern Henan.
After entering the feudal society, the concept of reproduction of prehistoric human beings has been replaced by the concept of "filial piety has three, and filial piety is the greatest". However, in the eyes of China people, Nu Wa has always been regarded as the high-media ancestor who created human beings, the oriental goddess of love, and the immortal idol of the Chinese nation.
Another primitive art form closely related to "reproductive worship" is the "witch dance" in the February meeting of Taihaoling, commonly known as "inheritance". "Tracking Dance" originated from the story of "Hua Xu was born in Fuxi following the footsteps of a great man". According to legend, Fuxi's mother, Hua Xu (now from Lantian County, Shaanxi Province), got pregnant because she mistakenly stepped on the giant's footprints, and gave birth to Fuxi in Ji Cheng (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province). The connotation of "track dance" is still the theme of the February meeting-praying for children. The dancers are composed of four famous local middle-aged and elderly women (occasionally, in pairs, symbolizing Fuxi Nuwa), dressed in black and white trousers, solemn and solemn, with five-foot long black gauze wrapped around their heads, and the rest hanging behind them. Three of them are singing and dancing, and one is beating the warp plate (made of bamboo) according to the rhythm. There are roughly three kinds of dance changes: one is "scissors" Dancers cross each other; Shaped like a cut rope; The second is "twist twist" (also known as "iron chain"). Dancers walk in figure 8; Shaped like a twist, overlapping repeatedly and orderly; The third kind is "snake shedding its skin" (also called "stepping"). That is, one person leads the dance and three people dance with each other along the front steps. Then they pass through the middle and walk like pythons. The three dance steps interweave and rotate, and the black gauze floating behind them automatically spreads out. It symbolizes the meaning of "two tails intersect" between Fuxi and Nu Wa. From the archaeological point of view, this dance still has a long history, which is related to the Wulian Temple in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province and the "Han Stone Relief" unearthed in Nanyang, Henan Province (the existing Nanyang Han Stone Relief Museum); And the mating map of Fuxi Nuwa in the tomb of Astana, the former site of Gaochang in Sui Dynasty; They all accurately express that "reproductive worship" is an important content of ancient human culture.
We can further understand the cultural connotation of ancestor worship in February from the "classics" (prayers and offerings) spoken by dancers in the corner. The original text is reproduced as follows: Old Pangu settled permanently, and there was no one in the world. There is Hongjun's ancestor in the southeast, and the mixed yuan old man in the southwest. The Lord only cares about the stars, the Lord only cares about the roots of the seedlings, and the Lord has mercy and left two people, grandpa, brother and sister. His brothers and sisters came to save the elves several times, but they all wanted to have a flood disaster. God sent a turtle to save them. The old white turtle went to Kunlun with his brother and sister on his back. Thanks to providence, brother and sister are finally married in Kunlun Mountain. After a long time, their children came in droves. Now, they all come to worship their ancestors. Don't forget, the whole world was born by a mother.
A classic, Dancing on the Edge, tells the story of the descendants of "Dragon" who never forget the creative achievements of Fuxi and Nu Wa, who cultivated everything and dug up the earth to create man.
At the February rally of Wutai Mausoleum, there is still an ancient custom of "grabbing the flagpole and returning it". Now, the connotation and implication of this folk behavior are almost unknown. The so-called "flagpole" is roughly shaped like a thick wooden stick, the top of which is cut into the shape of a glans, and then the wooden stick passes through a flat square wooden box without the top (a symbol of sexual intercourse). Offering a "flagpole" is the reduction behavior after seeking children's wishes, while grabbing a "flagpole" is the behavior of children seekers (similar to tying dolls).
In the early days of primitive society, human beings once worshipped female genitalia; During the transition from matriarchal society to paternal society, the worship of male reproductive organs also appeared. Just like the word "Zu" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, if we analyze it from the pictograph, it is actually the image of people bowing to the male genitals. The ancestors of the patriarchal society in the Neolithic Age were Tao Zu, Shi Zu and Wang Zu, all of which belong to the historical evidence of male reproductive worship in the patriarchal age. This is an inevitable stage of the development of human culture, no matter in the East or the West.
In the clan tribe of primitive society, the reproduction of human beings is the guarantee for the survival of the tribe. But only when humans do not understand the mystery of "fertility" will there be worship of "fertility". After entering the feudal society, men were regarded as the "pillar" and "backbone" to support the portal and as the "head of the family". Therefore, the motive and behavior of "grabbing flagpole" have long lost the original theme of "clan fertility".
"Reproductive worship" is one of the earliest ancestor worship contents in China, and "totem resort" is a place for prehistoric human sacrifice activities. Ancestors Fuxi and Nu Wa's sacrificial and praying behaviors in Huaiyang February Festival evolved from the reproductive worship of prehistoric humans. We can glimpse some traces of ancient culture from some visible folk culture in February Festival, and then try to analyze the deep cultural connotation of "mud dog art" to achieve the purpose of knowing why. 1. The origin of the name "mud dog":
"Mud dog" is the general name of mud toys sold at the "Ancestors' Meeting" of Taihao Mausoleum in Huaiyang. Overlapping two clay characters, the first is an attribute, which is used as a verb, that is, hand-delivered and also means kissing; The last word "mud" is a noun, that is, the substance of the object "mud". Of course, this explanation is still limited to the conceptual understanding as the name suggests.
Mud dogs, also known as "ghost dogs" or "ghost dogs", have a wide range of subjects, including birds in the sky and animals on the ground, and their shapes are illusory and mysterious. There are nine-headed birds, human-headed dogs, human-faced fish, Hericium erinaceus, Kirin, multi-headed monsters, flying fish, winged beasts, human-faced monkeys, four elephants, cats and monkeys, etc. Straw hat tiger, strange lion, turtledove, fish, frog, tortoise, python, snake, dog, bear, toad, lizard, bean worm, scorpion, etc. There are more than 200 kinds of abstract and deformed monster complexes.
Faced with these Gu Zhuo, grotesque and surreal forms, it seems difficult for us to directly associate them with "toys". Then, what is the connection between "mud dog" and Fuxi and Nuwa? Why is there the name "mud ditch"? In this regard, the author made some investigations in 1994. When I asked the famous old artist Li Silin about the origin of mud dogs; I got a positive answer: "It was handed down from generations when people were made of earth." ; Another old artist, Jia Detong, said to me, "Keeping a dog is guarding the house, and a spiritual dog is a god dog that protects the mausoleum for your ancestors!" " ; Jin Huazhi (female), an old man in Jinzhuang, told me an interesting story. She said: "One year there was a drought in Huaiyang, and people were very sad;" Don't want to go to incense to worship ancestors, so the tomb of Dawu became deserted. Suddenly, one night, the wind was blowing hard and the clouds were cloudy. After a bag of cigarettes, it began to rain heavily. People were awakened by a thunderstorm. Looking out from the crack of the door and the window, I saw that the ground was dark and full of mud dogs. I saw them walking around on the ground. Why? Looking closely, I saw that they were all plowing and raking. At dawn the next day, people came to the fields and saw that all the fields had been plowed and the soil was full of water, so everyone cheered and they all went to Wutai Mausoleum to burn incense. Since then, the ancestral hall has flourished. "
There are some sayings about "mud dogs", that is, "they can cure diseases". It is said that pilgrims in Shannan and Haibei brought "clay dogs" back to their hometown, and not only gave them to their children and grandchildren, relatives and friends, but also threw some clay dogs into the well, saying that drinking water from the well can "clear the heart and improve eyesight, and cure all diseases." Otherwise; Why do you call it "dog"? Also, travelers, no matter where they go, as long as you buckle a little mud from the mud dog to make tea, you can cure the acclimatization or homesickness. No wonder overseas patriots and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan who come to Huaiyang to pay homage to their ancestors have to take a yellow towel from Taihao Mausoleum before leaving. It also seems to be to ease the homesickness for the motherland.
The "People's Ancestors' Association" in Huaiyang regards "Nigou" as a "sacred object" for Fuxi. Huaiyang people worship dogs; Respect dogs and think that "god dogs" can eliminate disasters and treat diseases for human beings and defend the safety of one party. It is said that Fuxi worships dogs, and the myth of "Fuxi and Pan Hu" is still circulating among the people in Huaiyang, to the effect that dogs are called "five-colored dogs" and are detained in Admiralty; Into a human head and a dog's body, that is Fu Ye. Coincidentally, there are similar legends among the Miao, Yao and Lei nationalities in the southwest of China, such as the "Dog Emperor Song" of the She nationality. This cultural phenomenon is by no means a coincidence. "The Book of Closing the Zen" records: "There are four doors in the dog market of Degong and Fuquan; In case of embarrassment. "The general idea is: when ancestor Fuxi went to the countryside, he chopped the dog into four and a half and buried it in four gates; Protect crops from diseases and insect pests. Obviously, this is to regard the dog as a totem god, a kind of town object. Whether Huaiyang people respect dogs and think that dogs can drive away evil spirits and keep peace is related to Fuxi's legacy is worth pondering.
In the development of history to the Han Dynasty, there is still a saying that "respecting people" is great. Xu Shen's Shuowen analyzed the word "Fu" as: "The sleeper waits for the monarch. I wait on things outside. From man to dog. Dogs, the same people, will become adults in a few days, while Japanese dogs, listed in the People's Armed Forces Department, respect people. " If the word Fuxi is decomposed, it is the synthesis of man and big, and it can also be understood that the dog is the primitive totem of Fuxi clan. After the Neolithic Age. The segmentation stage of animal husbandry and agriculture began to take shape. Social production has changed from predatory form to productive form, and human society has started a new leap. So totem culture was formed on the basis of hunting and gathering, and gradually transformed into dragon totem, a cultural system suitable for agriculture, animal husbandry and other modes of production. Dogs are the main domestic animals domesticated by prehistoric people. It is considerate, can help people look after the herd, can give the owner an alarm, and is most loyal to human beings. In the era of human development of animal husbandry and slash-and-burn cultivation, dogs have contributed to human survival and are of course worshipped by human beings. But with the development of society; The status of dogs has also changed. Shuowen explains the master's theory; "Teacher also. From people to dogs, big people are also. " Note: "Secretary, you wait, you wait." Dogs have become "relatives" and "ancestors" worshipped by human beings from the early days, and gradually become "slaves" of human servants, which is also the natural law of human evolution. It is not difficult to understand the status and role of "mud dog" as a "spirit dog" in Fuxi Mausoleum of Taihao.
Moreover, the natural form of dogs is also typical, with all the basic characteristics of reptiles. Many animals have big characters beside them. It can be said that nothing can be achieved without "dogs". Lu Chunqiu said ... like a dog, like a female monkey, and a female monkey is like a human being. Even the traditional word "dragon" is written, but it has not escaped a word "dog". Facts have proved that the earliest evolution of human thinking is to get rid of the subject in cognition, take the "dog" that people associate with in life as the prototype of cognitive object, and then classify others after comparing with dogs. So the word "class" comes from "dog"; The shape of the word "shape" is also from the side of the dog. Others such as cats, wolves, lions, apes, badgers, monkeys, etc. They all come from dogs, so it is not unreasonable to think that "mud dog" is a general term for all kinds of animals and has become a "spirit dog" to protect Fuxi. 1, mudding: one side feeds the other side with soil and water, and local materials are the characteristics of Huaiyang mud dog.
2. Rubbing: According to the size specifications of the finished clay dog, dig a piece of mud and rub the mud into a blank with similar shape and size to the finished product.
3. Modeling: there are molds made of clay and gypsum molds made of gypsum.
4. Dyeing: put the mud dog into a container, pour black dye, take it out and dry it one by one after it is dyed black.
5. Point flowers: The tool used to point flowers is not a brush, but a sloping sorghum stalk.
Huaiyang clay dog is a general term for small clay sculptures in Huaiyang, Henan Province, which has the same folk structure and mutual penetration. The production process of Huaiyang clay dog is very special, which is divided into five processes: mud beating, blank rubbing, molding, dyeing and flower spotting, which takes a long time. The shape of this mud dog is very strange, with a black background and colorful patterns painted on it. Its cultural connotation is related to ancient reproductive worship, and it is praised as a real totem and living fossil by experts and scholars.
Mud dog is also a good gift for relatives and friends on holidays and the best gift for traveling abroad.
Appreciation of mud dog pictures