Cultivation techniques of pear
Pear trees have long life and long economic utilization period. There are many large trees in pear areas in the north and south of China, with the age of 100 ~ 150 years, lush foliage and numerous fruits, and some individual trees can reach more than 1000 ~ 1500 kg. Grafting is commonly used in seedling propagation, and commonly used rootstocks are Du pear, Yamanashi, Dou pear and Sha pear. Dwarfing culture of pear tree is an important means of intensive cultivation of fruit trees. In production, quince yunnanensis is the best dwarfing rootstock, which has the characteristics of high cutting survival rate and strong dwarfing effect. K3 1 isok series rootstocks. K9。 K 13。 K2 1。 K28 bred by Chinese scientists and technicians all showed strong dwarfing or semi-dwarfing characteristics, strong affinity with pear varieties, and good grafting healing and rooting ability.
Most pear varieties fail to bear fruit by self-pollination, even if some varieties have certain fruit-bearing ability by self-pollination, cross-pollination can bear fruit better Therefore, it is very necessary to configure a good pollination combination and sufficient pollination in the pear orchard. The ratio of main cultivated varieties to pollinated varieties is 3∶ 1 and 4∶ 1.
Different planting densities and planting forms lead to different tree, aboveground and underground management measures, thus forming different cultivation management systems. The optimal cultivation and management system should be that the leaf area coefficient increases rapidly in the young tree period, and it can maintain a high effective area of photosynthesis after entering the high-yield period, and it is easy to manage. Sparse pear orchards bear fruit late and take effect slowly. Variable density design is to plant permanent plants and temporary plants at the same time, and it is better to plant 333 plants or11plant at 666.6m m. The distance between permanent rows and plants is 2m, and the row spacing is 5m: two temporary rows are planted in the middle of the permanent rows of 1m, and 333 plants can be planted at the row spacing of 1m, and the fruit can easily exceed 1500 kg after three years of planting. 111/small row spacing of 2 m, large row spacing of 4m and plant spacing of 2m and 666.6m can be planted, and the planting density should consider soil fertility and varieties. Generally, in the plain with deep and fertile soil and convenient irrigation, the trees are large and should be planted sparsely. The row spacing is 2 ~ 4m× 5 ~ 7m, and 23 ~ 66 plants are planted per mu. Planting in mountainous areas, desert areas and saline-alkali land should be densely planted, 2 ~ 4m× 3 ~ 5m. Dwarf dense planting garden 1.5m× 3m ~ 3x4m, with 55 ~ 148 plants per mu. After pear seedlings are planted, management should be strengthened year by year to achieve early high yield. The management goal of each year is: in the first year, all the seedlings are strong. In order to achieve this goal, when preparing seedlings, 10- 15% should be used, and the heels should be in rows or open spaces. Due to man-made or other reasons caused by lack of seedlings, weak seedlings, can be replanted in the autumn of that year or the spring of the following year. At the same time, intercropping, weeding, topdressing outside the roots, pest control and cold protection should be done well.
In the second year, promote branches and expand crowns. In spring, take off the cold-proof materials and prune them, and then continue to do a good job in field management such as intercropping, weeding, topdressing outside the roots, controlling pests and diseases, applying base fertilizer and pulling branches. Orchards with conditions can be planted with grass.
In the third year, the flowers will bear fruit. On the basis of comprehensive management, such as shaping and pruning, topdressing and irrigation, intercropping, intertillage and weeding, topdressing and applying base fertilizer outside the roots in autumn, and preventing and controlling pests and diseases, measures to promote flower buds, such as carving, peeling, pulling, crossing and twisting, are mainly adopted.
In the fourth year, high quality and high yield. On the basis of comprehensive management, attention should be paid to artificial pollination, thinning flowers and fruits, bagging fruits and timely prevention and control of pests and diseases. ① Artificial pollination should be carried out at the early stage of flowering, and it is necessary to strive for artificial pollination within 3 days of flowering.
(2) sparse flowers and fruits: the development of flowers and fruits needs to consume a lot of organic nutrients. If too many flowers consume a lot of nutrients, it will inevitably inhibit the growth of new shoots and roots and affect the nutrient accumulation in that year; If the young fruit takes in too much nutrition, the growth of new shoots will decrease obviously, which is not conducive to flower bud differentiation. Therefore, thinning flowers and fruits and strictly controlling the load can save nutrients, greatly reduce the number of flowers and fruits, overcome the years, increase the number of fruits, improve the quality, increase the yield and improve the economic effect. At the same time, promote flower bud differentiation, balance fruit setting rate, and control the occurrence of flower bud differentiation period. The annual growth will make the carrying capacity of trees unbalanced, which will not only affect the balanced income, but also affect the health of trees in orchards. Therefore, it is necessary to balance nutrition and reproductive growth and balance the years.
(3) Fruit bagging: Pear fruit bagging can reduce pests and diseases, reduce pesticide pollution and improve fruit appearance quality. The fruit is tender, smooth and juicy, and the produced fruit is favored by consumers. Bagging should be carried out 15 ~ 45 days after flowering, after fruit thinning and before rust spots appear at fruit points. The light transmittance of the used paper bags was measured, and most of them were below 1%. Bagging early in the young fruit stage will affect the development of fruit particles, while bagging too late will lead to the discoloration of the peel in the later stage, poor appearance color, stomata turning into fruit points and cracks on the cuticle surface. Especially for green pears, when the fruit size is clear and the fruit thinning is completed, bagging will begin. It's too late, the fruit point becomes bigger and the color of the fruit becomes darker. For some varieties prone to rust, in order to reduce the occurrence of rust, small fruit bagging should be added once in the young fruit period. Generally, fruit thinning should begin when the fruit shape can be distinguished after fruit setting. After the number of fruits is determined, small fruits should be bagged, and the latest bagging time should be completed 20 days after flowering, otherwise it will lose its meaning. A large bag should be added about 20 days after bagging, and the bagging time should be advanced when the temperature is high and there is no wind in the hot sun. Otherwise, if the temperature in the bag is too high, the peel may change color or even burn or crack, while if the temperature is low and there is frequent breeze or high altitude, it is not effective to postpone the bagging time properly.
④ Timely control of pests and diseases: The main diseases that harm pears are pear scab, pear rot, pear rust, pear blight, pear brown spot and pear yellow leaf disease. The main pests are fruit-eating pests, leaf-eating pests, branch pests, pear psylla, red spider, scarab and so on. Should be based on the actual situation, do a good job of forecasting, timely prevention and control. Insect pests can make trees weak, have poor disease resistance and are easily infected by viruses. Pesticides should be sprayed according to plant protection measures, and physical control and biological control should be combined. 1. According to local conditions, determine the tree shape.
Different geographical environment and planting methods of pear trees determine different tree shapes. Intensive cultivation with short stems can make the garden economy in front of the house slightly higher. In mainland China, evacuation and stratification are generally adopted, and scaffolding is used in some places where typhoon damage is serious in Fujian, Zhejiang and coastal areas. Pruning in areas with good soil quality should not be too heavy, and pruning in mountainous and hilly areas can be appropriately aggravated. At the same time, a layer of calluses antiseptic film should be attached to the trimming mouth to protect the wound healing.
Because the tree is shaped, it is trimmed with branches.
There are two kinds of pear trees: evacuation layered and multi-branch natural shape. Pear trees have strong polarity and weak branching power, and may not form an ideal tree shape according to people's wishes, but they can only be shaped by trees, and they cannot be forced to be consistent. Otherwise, it will affect the output.
3. The master-slave relationship is clear and the structure is reasonable.
Pear trees are dry and need central leadership. It is also necessary to equip the central leadership with main branches, and the main branches are equipped with auxiliary branches. The central main branch is stronger than the main branch, the main branch is stronger than the side branch, the side branch is stronger than the secondary side branch growing on the side branch, and the growing branch is stronger than the fruiting branch. The main branches are evenly distributed around the trunk, and the growth between the main branches should be balanced. If there are two layers of main branches, there should be a certain distance between the second layer and the first layer. The two main branches on the second floor should be arranged in a direction that does not affect the lighting of the main branches on the first floor.
4. Not only make full use of space, but also ventilate and transmit light.
Pear trees stand upright and are easy to form umbrellas, which affects ventilation and lighting. Pear trees have weak branching ability, which often leads to local emptiness. The vacant part should be compensated by measures such as pulling branches, dividing lateral buds and carving injuries. The branches and leaves are too dense to be solved by opening the window. Pear trees require more light. The quality of Dangshan crisp pear in Gansu is better than that of Anhui, its origin. One of the important reasons is that the lighting conditions in northwest China are better than those in Anhui. In order to solve the lighting problem, pear trees are required to be large and small, with no umbrella, no landing and no air.
5. Control the top and promote the bottom, control the strong and help the weak
Pear trees with strong polarity often lead to hollowness, so we must pay attention to controlling the upper part and promoting the growth of the lower part. Control the strong part, support the weak part and achieve balanced growth. Star disease
Comprehensive measures such as eliminating the source of bacteria, strengthening cultivation management and timely drug control are mainly taken.
(1) Eliminate the source of pathogens: clean up the fallen leaves and fruits in late autumn and early winter, combine with pruning, remove the diseased branches, leaves and fruits before the pear trees come out in early spring, and burn them. You can also remove diseased branches or flowers in time at the early stage of the disease, which can reduce the occurrence of diseases.
⑵ Strengthening cultivation management: Pear trees are weak in growth and susceptible to infection by germs. Therefore, increasing the application of organic fertilizer can enhance the tree vigor and improve the disease resistance.
⑶ Timely medication control: As scab occurred earlier in pear trees in southern China, it should be sprayed once before pear trees bloom and fall by two thirds to protect inflorescences, shoots and new leaves. In the future, according to the rainfall situation, the drug can be used every 15-20 days/time, about 4 times before and after. In the northern pear area, the first spraying is usually in mid-May (when the pear sepals fall off, the disease tip appears at first), the second spraying is in mid-June, the third spraying is from late June to early July, and the fourth spraying is in early August. The medicament can be selected as follows: 1: 2: 200 bordeaux mixture; 40% seed dressing double wettable powder 1: 1000 times solution; 50% carbendazim WP 1: 800 times solution; 70% thiophanate-methyl and 50% wettable powder 1: 600-800 times solution.
rust
The key to prevention and control is to eliminate parasites and use drugs rationally.
⑴ Eliminating main parasites: Digging Sabina vulgaris is the most thorough and effective measure to control pear rust. In the newly developed pear orchard, it is necessary to consider whether there are cypresses nearby (within 5 kilometers), and if there are sporadic cypresses, all of them should be dug up; If there are many junipers, it is not suitable for pear orchards.
⑵ Rational drug control: If the pear orchard is near the scenic spot or green space and juniper is not suitable for digging, it can be sprayed to protect the pear tree, or sprayed on juniper to kill winter spores. The application of Sabina chinensis should be carried out in the first half of March to inhibit the germination of winter spores and produce basidiospores. The medicine can be Pome's 3-5 degree stone sulfur mixture or 0.3% sodium pentachlorophenol. When applying pesticides to pear trees, pesticide spraying should be carried out within 25 days from bud stage to leaf stage, that is, the peak period of basidiospore transmission and infection. Generally, it should be used for the first time in the bud stage of pear, and then once every 10 day and three times in a row. In rainy years, the frequency of drug use should be increased appropriately. The medicament can be1:2:160-200 bordeaux solution; 65% zineb WP 1: 500 times solution; 50% WP 1: 1000 times solution; 20% Wei Xiuling EC 1: 4000 times solution. Bordeaux mixture should be avoided when pear trees are in full bloom to prevent phytotoxicity. If medicine is needed, it can be replaced by 65% zineb wettable powder 1: 500-600 times solution.
Heart eater
⑴ Artificial control: Before your larvae drop fruit, tie grass stalks to the trunk at a height of 30 cm from the ground to trap the overwintering larvae. When freezing, remove the straw and burn it. In winter and spring, the old bark on the branches is scraped off, and the cracks in the bark are brushed with a wire brush to kill the overwintering larvae.
⑵ Trapping and killing adults: The adults of the pear moth have strong chemotaxis to sugar, vinegar and wine, and also have certain phototaxis. Therefore, sweet and sour liquid, black light or sex attractant can be used to trap and kill adults.
⑶ timely medication control: medication control is carried out during the spawning period and the whole incubation period of adults. The medicament can be selected as follows: 40% dimethoate EC1:1000-1500 times solution; 80% dichlorvos EC 1: 1000 times; 90% crystal trichlorfon 1: 800- 1000 times solution; 50% fenthion EC 1: 1000 times; 20% fenvalerate or 10% cypermethrin EC 1: 2000-3000 times solution.
Grape nodule aphid
The key to control psyllid is to strengthen early control, master the peak period of overwintering adults, and focus on eliminating overwintering adults and laying eggs. At this time, the pear tree has not yet grown leaves, and both adults and eggs are exposed on the branches, with remarkable results.
(1) Cleaning up the pear orchard: cleaning up the fallen leaves and weeds in the pear orchard in winter, scraping off the old warped skin on the trunk, and centrally burning it to eliminate the overwintering adults.
⑵ Artificial culling: In the period when the overwintering adults are out of hibernation, when the temperature is low in the morning, put a plastic film under the canopy, shake off the overwintering adults, and collect and kill them.
⑶ Drug control: Use once before overwintering adults lay eggs and once before pear blossoms to kill adults, eggs and nymphs. The medicament can be selected as follows: 40% dimethoate EC1:1000-1500 times solution; 90% crystal trichlorfon or 80% dichlorvos EC 1: 1000 times solution; 20% amitraz EC1:1000-1200 times.
aphid
It mainly adopts the measures of combining artificial prevention with drug prevention.
(1) Artificial control: artificial control of pear aphid can scrape off cracks in pear bark and eliminate overwintering eggs during the wintering period. The artificial control of pear aphid can sweep away fallen leaves and weeds, scrape off the rough skin on the trunk, cut off the autumn shoots and dead branches, and burn them centrally to eliminate overwintering eggs.
⑵ Drug control: 40% dimethoate EC 1: 1000 times or 40% dimethoate EC 1: 1500-2000 times can be sprayed before and after the pear blossom period, during the peak incubation period of overwintering eggs and before the nymph has sprouted. Spraying Bubomei 3-5 degree sulfur mixture before pear tree germination also has certain effect on killing overwintering eggs of pear aphid.
Acquisition and processing
If you insert the cherry pedicle into the radish, it won't rot for a year. Northerners wrap pears in trees every year and pick them after winter. You can also pick it and eat it directly.
Nature and taste: sweet, slightly sour, cold and nontoxic.
Type: There are many kinds, including honey pear, Sydney, water pear and so on. ......
Storage technology refrigeration
Attention should be paid to slow cooling measures when yali pear is refrigerated. Too fast cooling will cause black heart disease. The initial storage temperature should be kept at 10- 12℃, and it will decrease every 5-7 days after 1 and then every 3 days 1℃. When the storage temperature is reduced to 0℃ within 35-40 days and kept at 0℃, Yali pear can be stored for 8 months, and the good fruit rate is over 80%.