Ask for the introduction of Japanese tea art [add 10]
Yuan Di Kublai Khan attacked Japan twice, but both failed. The first time was in A.D. 1274, which was called the Battle of Yongan in Japanese history. The second time was at 128 1, which is the battle of Hong 'an. So the two countries fought against each other, and for decades, the situation was quite sinister. However, according to the relevant traffic records of the two countries, frequent exchanges between merchant ships continue almost every year. There is no official ban on the sea in both countries, but this is surprising.
During the Yuan Dynasty, the merchant exchanges between the two countries were quite different from the official exchanges during the Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties. In Japan, all boats except Tianlong Temple are private. Moreover, these Japanese businessmen ignored the threat of war between the two countries and didn't care about dealing with officials of the Yuan Dynasty. For example, in A.D. 1277, Japanese businessmen brought gold to the Yuan Dynasty, and asked to exchange copper coins, which was approved. I'm afraid the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty rode into the Central Plains and didn't know much about the Central Plains culture. In addition, Japan is China's traditional foreign country. Although they did not recognize the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty wanted to wage a war of conquest, but they regarded the Japanese as nationals, so there was no sea ban. On the Japanese side, since the 7th century, China has imported a lot of culture and production technology, plus the benefits of trade. At that time, Japanese copper coins, incense medicines and temple scrolls circulating in the market were supplied by China since ancient times, and there was no maritime ban. Even under the protection of the shogunate, official ships were dispatched to complete certain tasks, and the Tianlong Temple ship was such a typical example.
At the end of Yuan Dynasty, there were more than 220 Japanese monks in Yuan Dynasty. As for the nobody, there are hundreds I don't know. Moreover, these monks who entered the Yuan Dynasty were all on merchant ships, in twos and threes, and there were dozens at one time. Coming and going, it can be seen that there were as many merchant ships sailing for the Yuan Dynasty at that time, and it was convenient to travel.
For the Han people in the Central Plains, the rule of the Yuan Dynasty was an invasion by foreign enemies. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were cruel in economic exploitation, but in cultural control, it was the most open era since the reunification of Qin Shihuang, which is probably the reason why the monks who entered the Yuan Dynasty enthusiastically went west for advice. During this period, monks in Yuan Dynasty transplanted China culture to Japan, which promoted the development of Japanese agriculture, architecture, publishing and religion. Japanese historian Takehiko Kimono used the word "shine brilliantly" in several places. The focus of this article is not here, but there is no doubt that China's tea art was transplanted to Japan by Yuan monks during this period.
There are a large number of monks who entered the Yuan Dynasty, and there are not a few who stayed in the Yuan Dynasty for ten or twenty years. They not only lived exactly the same life as China people during their stay in Yuan Dynasty, but also continued to live roughly the same life after returning to China. And they live in temples such as Kyoto and Kamakura. The content of the tea party is quite China-like, and Zen is funny. So at first, tea art was spread to Japan from the Yuan Dynasty by monks who entered the Yuan Dynasty, and it was only popular in Zen forests. It soon became popular in the samurai society with the deepest relationship with Zen. Naturally, it will have an impact on the upper class in Japan. Among them, the tea party in the Tang Dynasty was thought to be introduced by monks in the Yuan Dynasty, which greatly influenced the cooking of food, the architecture of houses, the interior decoration, and even the architectural art and drama of courtyards.
The most detailed record about the tea party in Japan is the Tea Party written by Hiyama, a monk from Yuan Dynasty. He is famous for being the first to talk about Zhu's research in the palace.
A pure native monk who traveled to Kamakura during the period of General Yiman wrote the Song of Zen Forest and wrote it on the Zen leaves of Jianchang Temple, mocking the gathering of people in the name of tea party. These two books are extremely valuable materials for understanding the tea party at that time.
Try Tea Party and Song of Zen Forest, and you will know that the tea party in Tang Dynasty is completely China-like, with Zen humor. According to the records in the two books, we can know the general outline of the Tang Tea Party.
First of all, when the congregation gathers, please enter the guest room for snacks. "Tea Exchange" contains: "Water, fiber and wine are offered three times, and two vegetarian teas are returned. Then use delicacies to persuade the rice, and use Lin Yuan delicious fruit to feed the rice. " .
The record of "Song of Zen Forest" is more detailed, listing the names of dozens of snacks and fruits. The snacks were mainly Su Dian, which was popular in Jiangnan at that time.
When the snacks run out, the congregation will get up, rest by the window or take a walk in the garden. "Tea Collection" contains: "After that, I sat up or built a mountain in the north window to escape the shade of Yu Songbai; Or near Nanxuan Feiquan, covered with water and breeze. "
Next, have some tea, and order tea at the tea kiosk. As for the tea pavilion, "Tea Chat" says: "There is a strange hall, which is superimposed on the second order, and the row is overlooking the square, so it is a tea pavilion." The tea pavilion is located in the courtyard with beautiful scenery overlooking the second floor. At that time, there was a so-called Longmen Pavilion at Tianlong Temple in Kyoto, and a dream window and stone pavilion at Ruiquan Temple in Kamakura. Local officials of Muromachi shogunate in Kamakura, Zhuji and Shi Man met with Zen monks many times and held meetings to watch cherry blossoms and maples. Don's tea party may be held in this place. Later, General Ashikaga's Golden Pavilion and Silver Pavilion developed from this kind of tea pavilion. The lower and middle floors of the Golden Pavilion are bedroom-style buildings, while the lower floors of the Silver Pavilion are academy-style buildings, but the upper floors of both are Tang-style buildings, so we can clearly see the development context. As for the decoration in the museum, there are detailed records in Tea Gathering and Zen Song. Generally speaking, it is Sakyamuni with a respectful front decoration, and there are Buddha paintings such as Guanyin, Manjusri and Pu Xian in Muxi. On the table in front of the painting, there is a golden tablecloth and a bronze vase with red flowers or lotus flowers. There are candlesticks, incense burners, candle scissors, incense spoons, fire sticks and the like on the table, which is full of Zen humor. Many figures, flowers and birds, landscape paintings and so on painted by famous artists in Song and Yuan Dynasties are hung on every partition and every wall. In the other corner of the tea pavilion, around the screen, there is a tea stove to cook tea, mostly decorated with exquisite tea sets such as tea bowls and teapots. In the main seat and the guest seat, the Hu bed and bamboo chair are completely Chinese.
The congregation took their seats and held a tea ceremony, in which "the pavilion owner presented tea fruits, crowned plum blossoms, held a soup bottle on the left and dragged a tea basket on the right." From top to bottom, the tea festival is not chaotic. "
After ordering tea, in order to add fun, we played a game called four kinds of ten teas to bet on the outcome. The so-called four teas and ten servings is a gambling game. After making all kinds of tea, guess whether this kind of tea (the first tea produced in Japan at that time) or not (the tea produced outside the tail) won. Four kinds of tea-picking games were very popular not only in Zen forest, but also in the imperial court and samurai society at that time. For example, "Bishan Rilu" said: "I went to Sanguang Jingshe since I was clean, and I also asked my local branch for it. The local public met with monks and tried several famous teas to test their advantages and disadvantages. I bet it's also the capital, and I'll get a statue of a Tibetan bodhisattva. "
This kind of gambling game will not cause much abuse in Zen forest and public society, but in samurai society, the big names are so extravagant and extravagant that they spend money lavishly and develop into abuse, and finally they have to issue a restraining order.
After the tea ceremony and four kinds of ten-serving teas, the tea set was removed and the banquet was reopened, so the songs and dances were orchestral and the rest enjoyed themselves. This also formed the development and inheritance of Japanese classical drama-energy rate. Japanese drama, which combines spoken language, lyrics and dance, is in the same strain as China's Yuan Qu.
As mentioned above, the order of the Tang tea party is as follows: after the congregation gathers, they will have snacks, then leave their seats, and each will rest in the window or stroll in the courtyard according to their preferences; Then we ordered some tea and played four kinds of ten-serving tea and other games. After the banquet, we also enjoyed the singing and dancing performance of the orchestra. Before the tea party, the word "tang style" was used to show obvious China interest and Zen humor. It can be seen that it must have been introduced to Japan from the Yuan Dynasty by monks who entered the Yuan Dynasty. As for the four kinds of ten-serving teas, they are also imitations of Doucha in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, the wind of fighting tea had prevailed. According to Song and Tang Geng's "Dou Cha Ji", it is very similar to four kinds of ten-serving teas in Japan.
China's national spirit, once transplanted to Japan, is generally from complex to simple, from heavy to indifferent after being Japanese. In particular, the wind of drinking tea has gradually spread to the lower classes. They can't hold pure China funny tea parties like Zen monks, nor can they be extravagant like senior soldiers. They can only gather friends and acquaintances and look for elegance in a small room with simple utensils, thus evolving into Japanese tea art. However, in Japanese tea art, the concepts of "worshipping stone", "neutrality" and "sitting down" also follow the formula of Tang tea party, but they are much simpler.