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The weather must first have water vapor, which is transported by the wind. "The east wind sends moisture, and the west wind is dry; The south wind is warm and the north wind is cold. " Wind is an obvious omen of weather change.

"The south wind blows to the end, and the north wind returns" is the change of wind direction before and after the cold air passes. Before the cold air went south to reach the local area, it was affected by the warm air mass and blew southwards. When the cold air comes, it turns to the north. Before and after the wind changed, the weather turned cloudy and rainy.

"Northwest wind, the sky is locked, the rain clears up", blowing northwest wind means that the local area has been controlled by dry and cold air mass, indicating that the weather will clear up.

"Clouds pass through clouds, and it's raining" and "the sky will change against the wind", which shows that the wind directions in the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere are inconsistent, which is easy to cause convection in the air and produce convective weather such as thunderstorms.

The weather reflected by the wind direction is different in different seasons. "There is easterly rain all three seasons of the year, only in summer" and "the ancestor of easterly rain" indicate that easterly wind will turn to rain in 1 ~ 2 days, while easterly wind in summer will blow the airflow with low sea temperature to the land, which plays a role in regulating the temperature and is not easy to rain, especially thunderstorms.

Second, observing the clouds and measuring the sky.

As the saying goes, "clouds are a sign of the weather". The shape, height and direction of clouds directly reflect the state of weather movement at that time and indicate the future weather changes. People attach great importance to watching clouds and measuring the sky.

"Clouds to the east, empty, clouds to the west, water bleak; The clouds go south, the rain becomes a pool, and the clouds go north, which is good for drying the valley. " The cloud moves to the east or southeast, indicating that the high-altitude wind blows from west to northwest, so there is a "cloud to the east, with a sieve". "Clouds going west" means that at the turn of spring and summer, clouds extend from the east or southeast, which is often a sign of typhoon attack, so they will be "sad". Yunnan moved, indicating that cold air went south and cold and warm air masses met. Therefore, "Yunnan moves, and the rain becomes a pool." The cloud moves northward, indicating that this area is controlled by a single heating mass, and it is "good to bask in the grain" without rain.

The clouds in the sky are consistent and the weather is fine. The upper and lower clouds move in different directions, and the weather changes will be more intense and complicated. As the saying goes, "Clouds meet in the sky, and it rains cats and dogs on the ground", "Sail with the wind and rain against the wind", and the sky will change against the trend.

There are many proverbs to judge the sky by the color of the sky, such as "Dark clouds accumulate in front of the eyes of a thunderstorm", "People are covered with dark clouds, and rain is coming soon", "People are sick, and it will rain in the yellow sky", "The sun rises and the red clouds rise, so advise you not to go out", "In the evening, it will rain heavily in the Ming Dynasty" and so on.

Third, look at the rain and see the sky.

The morning and evening, intensity and orientation of rain and snow weather phenomena all correspond to a certain weather situation, from which we can judge and infer the weather changes.

There was no heavy rain in Mao Mao before it rained, and there was no sunny day in Mao Mao after it rained. This means that it begins to rain in Mao Mao, which indicates that it won't be very heavy. If it rains heavily, it will turn to rain in Mao Mao, which shows that it will continue to rain and will not clear up easily.

"Open the door to rain, the next finger; When it rains behind closed doors, it falls a foot ","It rains early, but firewood is cut late; It rains late, wear rain boots ",which means that it begins to rain in the morning, with short time and small rainfall, and it rains before and after dinner, with long time and heavy rainfall.

"When it rains, both ends are empty" means that there is a thunderstorm at noon, and the time is short, and both ends are clear.

"A long rain will clear up at night, and the weather will definitely clear up." When it rains, the rain will stop clearing around the evening, which indicates that the rain will end and the weather will clear up.

Fourth, listen to thunder and measure the sky.

People often predict the weather according to thunder. "Leigong sings first, there is not much rain." This proverb refers to thunder rumbling before rain, which means that rain is caused by thermal reasons such as uneven heating in some areas. Also known as hot thunderstorm, the rainfall is small, the time is short, and the locality is strong. There is often a phenomenon that "summer rain crosses the river, it rains here, and the sun shines there".

"After the rain clears, it rains cats and dogs, and it drizzles", "Thunder pushes the water mill, and the rain crosses the river". These proverbs mean that it rains first, and then it is calm and sultry after the rain, and the rain is getting more and more fierce, and the thunder is endless, which indicates that there will be heavy rain; For example, in the process of rainfall, the thunder is not too loud or too slow, and the beating stops, which indicates that there will be continuous rainfall.

"It thunders in the southwest, and the rainstorm washes down" means that the thunderstorm begins in the southwest, which comes slowly, falls fiercely and lasts for a long time. "It thundered in the northwest, and raindrops fell instantly." Thunderstorms in the northwest come quickly and the wind is strong. If there are red clouds, it will hail.

"When it thunders in the northeast, the rainfall is not large" and "When it thunders in the southeast, it doesn't rain", the rainfall is also judged according to the direction of thunder.

Five, look at the fog to measure the sky

Fog is a common weather phenomenon. Especially in winter and spring, on sunny and breezy nights, there is a lot of water vapor in the atmosphere near the ground, which condenses into fog, or when the cold air mass moves to the warm and wet ground, it will also form fog. Watching fog can also predict weather changes.

"It's foggy and sunny, foggy and rainy." When there is fog, the sky is white, which indicates that the weather is fine. If the weather is gray, it means rainy. "Long sunny and foggy rain, long rainy and foggy sunny", there is less water vapor in the air after long sunny, and it is not easy to form fog. If there is fog, it means that the warm and humid airflow moves and the influence of cold air in the north will turn to rain. After a long period of rain, the cold air has been partially controlled. At night, the clouds cleared and there was a breeze. It was foggy in the morning and the rain cleared up.

Fog in different seasons indicates different weather in the future. "Spring fog and rain, summer fog and heat, autumn fog and cool wind, winter fog and snow" means that spring fog will turn to rain; After the fog dissipates in summer, the weather is sunny and hot; There is fog in autumn, indicating that there is cold air going south and there will be continuous rainfall; The fog in winter indicates that it will snow recently.

Six, looking at the sky and measuring the sky

Suspended substances such as water vapor, water droplets and ice crystals in the atmosphere make the sun, moon, stars and sky show many colors and many optical phenomena. Observing its changes can predict the future weather.

"Don't go out at sunrise, and go to Wan Li Road at dusk." In the morning, the sun rises in the east. If there is too much water vapor in the atmosphere, some short-wavelength blue light, blue light and purple light in sunlight are scattered by the atmosphere, only red light, orange light and yellow light penetrate the atmosphere, and the sky is dyed red and orange, forming a sunrise. The appearance of Xia Hong means that the clouds and rain in the west will move, so "the morning glow never dies" and you see the sunset glow at night, which means that the clouds and rain have moved to the east and the weather will clear up, so "the sunset glow goes to Wan Li Road." The same is true of the proverb "the sunrise is carmine, there is no rain and there is wind", "the sunrise is red, I advise you not to travel far" and "the sun shines yellow, and there will be ups and downs tomorrow".

"The sun appears at noon and will not be seen for the next three days" means that it was rainy two days ago and that morning, and the sun appeared at noon, and soon it turned rainy again, indicating that it would be rainy continuously.

Seven, look at the sky.

When the meteorological conditions of animals and plants change, their activities and habits will also change, and people can predict the weather according to these changes.

"The turtle has sweat on his back, so he takes an umbrella when he goes out." The turtle's back shell is wet, and the lines on the shell are mixed and dark, which is a sign of rain. There are drops of water on the turtle shell, like sweating. It's going to rain heavily. The dry shell and clear lines indicate that it will not rain in the near future. This is because the turtle is close to the ground and its back is smooth and cool. When warm and humid air moves, water drops will cool and condense on the turtle's back, and it will rain. On the contrary, the air is dry and it won't rain for the time being.

"Snake Gallery, it's raining heavily", "Water snakes, vegetables, firewood, underground heavy rain", "ants build nests, it's going to rain in the sky", "Dragonflies fly low, take raincoats when going out", "Fish jump out of the water, and rain will come soon", and these experiences in measuring the sky are almost household names. It is the physiological response of animals to low air pressure and increased humidity before rain.

When the weather turns from sunny to rainy, people will feel bored, tired and uncomfortable. The old man's backache, the patient's itchy wound and joint pain all indicate that it is going to rain.

Eight, look at the key days of the lunar calendar to predict the weather.

There are many weather proverbs to predict the weather by looking at the key days of the lunar calendar. For example, "Look up at the third grade, look down at the fifteenth and sixteenth", "The third grade is broken, and it won't work for half a month", "I want to know if I will be paralyzed in the future, and look at the twenty-third lunar month" (paralysis means rain), "It rains on the fourth day, but it will clear up for nine days in January", "The drought can't escape from May 13th" and "I will be bathed in dragon robes on June 6th for forty-five days" (referring to

Why is the weather easy to change these key days? After long-term observation, it is found that cold and warm air masses often appear on some fixed dates of the lunar calendar. The lunar calendar is closely related to the moon phase. The tidal force of the moon on the atmosphere and ocean changes periodically, which will make the cold and warm air mass more active on certain fixed dates, and the weather will also change under its influence.

Nine, three months rhythm climate measurement

There is a certain relationship between two kinds of weather and climate at a certain moment, which is called rhythm in meteorology. Many weather proverbs used for weather and climate prediction are rhythmic in nature.

The rhythm of three months shows the connection between seasons, such as:

(1) "Spring rain is as expensive as oil, and summer rain flows everywhere", "There is no strong wind in spring, and summer rain is poor", "When peach blossoms are exhausted, they must be dried plum blossoms".

⑵ "No rain in summer, drought in autumn" and "Cold summer and long autumn".

(3) "Autumn water is plentiful, and it is full of snow in winter" and "There is drought in autumn and ice in winter".

(4) "Cold water dries up, spring water is abundant", "Thunder in winter, spring rain".

5) One Hundred Days of Rain in Chun Xue.

These weather proverbs reflect the relationship between seasons and climate characteristics. Before using these proverbs for climate prediction, meteorologists need to verify a large number of proverbs and then use them as the standard of climate prediction.

Ten or five months of rhythmic climate measurement

Many weather proverbs reflect the changes and connections of weather and climate in five months, about one season apart. For example:

(1) "No spring breeze, rare autumn rain", "There are several strong winds in spring and several heavy rains in autumn".

(2) Huangmei199 had no heavy rain in the east wind, but there was rain in the nine-mile wind,199 had drought in the south wind, and194 had drought in the south wind.

The above two groups of weather proverbs mainly predict the precipitation weather for about five months (150 days) according to the cold air activities in winter and spring. We verified the weather proverb, and investigated the relationship between cold air activity in June 1 and precipitation in June. It was found that there were 26 cold air activities, of which 23 times had precipitation in the next 150 days, accounting for 88%, and the average precipitation process was 3 days. It can be seen that the reliability of predicting climate change in five months is still relatively high.

Every star in the sky, every stone on the ground, moss on the stone, floating clouds in the sky, lush green grass, delicate wild flowers, morning frost on Qingshiqiao, birds in Fly with Me, beautiful seashells and anchovies on the seashore, mysterious footprints in the snow, fish swimming in the water, and annual rings on ancient trees. ......

A lot!

You have learned to read for a long time, and you can easily read any sign on the street. You won't go to the barber shop to buy medicine, and you won't go to the drugstore to get a haircut. If no one is with you, you can easily find your way, just give you the correct address, street name and house number.

Words are really good things. If you know this word, you can read the thickest book and know everything in the world.

But there is another set of words that everyone who wants to be really knowledgeable should know.

This is the writing of nature. It always has thousands of letters. Every star in the sky is a letter. Every pebble under your feet is also a letter.

For those who don't understand this writing, all stars are the same thing. However, some people can recognize the names of many stars and tell how they are different from other stars.

Just as the words in a book are composed of letters, the stars in the sky also form constellations.

Since ancient times, when sailors need to find their way at sea, they will read books written by stars. You know, boarding a boat on the water just leaves no trace, and there is no road sign with an arrow that says "Go north from here".

But sailors don't need such signs. They have a compass with a magnetic needle, which always points north. Even if they don't have a compass, they won't get lost. They looked at the sky and found Ursa minor in many constellations and Polaris in Ursa minor. The north is beyond Polaris.

Clouds are also the letters in the big book of the sky. It talks about the future as well as the present. In the best weather, according to the clouds, we can predict thunderstorms or lewd rain. 〕。

Sometimes, in hot summer, a white Yunshan stands in the distant sky. Two sharp points protrude from this Yunshan to the left and right. The mountain becomes like an anvil in a blacksmith's shop [anvil (zhēn): an instrument placed at the foot of the mountain when beating steel materials. ].

Pilots know that anvil clouds are a precursor to thunderstorms. Might as well stay away from it. If you fly in it, it will destroy the plane-it's windy there.

Birds, the messengers of the sky, will also teach many skills to those who observe them carefully.

If swallows fly high in the air and look small, there will be fine weather. A crow with a white beak flew in and said that spring had arrived at the gate. Flying cranes can tell people that the hot weather has passed without a calendar.

The sun is still very hot, and it is a calm sunny day. At this time, there was a strange and uneasy voice in the distance, as if someone was echoing each other in the sky. The sound is getting higher and higher and closer. Staring at the sky, you can finally recognize a fuzzy spider web, as if it had been blown by the wind. Spider webs flew near, and I looked up. It was not spider webs, but many birds with long necks. They lined up in herringbone and neat formation, flying towards the sunny forest. But soon I can't tell these birds apart. It looks like cobwebs again. In the blink of an eye, even the cobwebs disappeared without a trace. They seem to melt in the sky. Only the voice came from a distance, as if to say:

"goodbye! Goodbye! See you next spring! "

You can learn a lot of new things by reading the big book Sky.

Even The Land Under Our Feet is a very interesting book for people who can understand it.

Now, on the construction site, the shovel of the excavator hit a gray stone. In your opinion, this is just an ordinary stone, but for those who know natural characters, this is not an ordinary stone, but limestone. It is changed from broken shells. You know shellfish are the inhabitants of the ocean. It can be seen that in ancient times, this place, which is now a city, was once the sea of Wang Yang.

Sometimes, when you walk in the forest, you will suddenly see a huge granite stone lying in the middle of the forest, covered with moss, just like fur.

How did it get here? Who has the strength to move such a big stone into the forest? Besides, how did it get through the dense forest?

If anyone knew the characteristics of nature, they would immediately call it boulder (Li): huge stones deposited after glaciers melted and were often scratched by glaciers. Gravel, gravel), it is not moved by people, but by ice. These glaciers crawled from the cold north, smashing rocks along the way and taking away the rubble. That was a long time ago, when there were no forests at all. The forest around the boulder grew later.

To understand the characteristics of nature, we should often go for a walk in the forest or field from an early age and pay attention to observing everything. If you don't understand anything, look for an explanation in the book.

You should always ask people who know the ropes: What kind of stone is this? what kind of tree is it? What's the name of this bird? What are the footprints in the snow?

In this way, when you grow up, you will be a construction worker, a pilot, a sailor, or an engineer in the field-an agronomist. You will read the book of nature as clearly as a book printed on paper.

The following are some lines from Dai's poem The Language of Nature:

Look at the white clouds in the sky that day /This is the language of nature:/White clouds are floating high. /It must be sunny tomorrow.

Look at the ants on the ground. /This is also the language of nature:/Ants are busy moving,/Take an umbrella when going out.

Tadpoles swim in the water. /Is it like a black comma? /Nature writes on the water:/Spring comes to the world.

These geese are flying south in formation. /Isn't it like a string of ellipsis? /Nature writes in the blue sky:/Autumn is just around the corner.

If the tree is cut down,/you will find annual rings-/only one annual ring grows,/this is a natural language.

If you catch a big fish,/there are rings on the fish scale-/one year old,/this is the language of nature again.

Nature embeds trilobite fossils in the Himalayas. /This is telling people:/It used to be Wang Yang.

Nature planted a "boulder" on Lushan Mountain in the south of the Yangtze River to remind everyone that there was a cold glacier here.

……

Natural language. /It's wonderful. /People who don't like learning can't understand it,/Careless people will never see it.