Customs and habits of Han nationality
1, Han costumes
In areas with colder climate, such as Qinghai, Han people wear leather and wool products.
In the Qing Dynasty, men from wealthy families wore robes, jackets and melon skins. Women wear single and double robes and small pointed cloth shoes. Ordinary people wear blouses, brown blouses (blouses made of wool), sheepskin or goatskin long and short leather blouses, cloth trousers or brown trousers, black and white felt hats, belts and leggings.
During the Republic of China, men's clothes were basically the same as those of the Qing Dynasty, but they didn't leave pigtails. They wear melon hats, black and white felt hats in summer and motorcycle hats, lamb hats or fox hats in winter. Men wear cloth shoes or homemade soled boat shoes, and women wear embroidered cloth shoes. Older women wear high-braided hair styles, while young and middle-aged women wear flower heads, silver pins, silver and copper earrings, rings, bracelets and other jewelry.
After 1949, men wore tunic suit or Lenin suit, while women wore double braids or cut their hair short, without jewelry, and their clothes were simple. In the 1980s, clothes became more and more fashionable, and men wore suits and jackets. Women's clothing is constantly changing, and gold and silver rings, earrings and necklaces are favored by young women.
2. Han diet
The food structure of Han nationality is close to that of Hui nationality. Pasta practice is quite special: oven steamed bread baked with tobacco; Fried mouth, oil shovel, somersault; Barley flour is baked with dry food and guokui. In summer, the countryside likes to eat nettles mixed with soup, leeks and pancakes. After the autumn grain is half cooked, it is made of barley grains, cooked in oil, and served with chopped green onion, salt and parsley. , unique flavor, also known as "eat green".
Han people eat pork, beef and mutton. Especially the "sheep quilt" is very particular. Choose a fat mutton, cut it into small pieces, add seasoning, fry it in green oil, add a little water, cover it with a big cake, and simmer it with warm fire. The cake is eaten with soup and mutton. It is tender and nutritious, and it is a good treat for guests.
Han people like to drink milk tea and tuckahoe tea. Drink at every happy occasion, invite the chef to make a banquet, eight plates of meat, eight plates of sea and ten bowls.
3. Han people live and travel
The outline of a single courtyard surrounded by earth walls by Han people. In the past, most of them were earthen houses with civil structures, with a north house facing south as the main house. There is a nave in the middle of the main room for long tables or cabinets. The garden is built in the yard, with the gate facing south. Make a heated kang indoors by the window, and put a carpet on it to eat or rest.
From 1980s to 1990s, brick-wood tile houses gradually replaced earth houses. Around 1949, iron and copper braziers, cow dung blocks or firewood made from cow and horse dung were used for indoor heating.
After the 1950s, coal was mined in large quantities, and mud stoves and iron stoves replaced braziers. In the 1960s, bicycles, rubber-tyred vehicles and trucks were gradually used as means of transportation. After 1980s, bicycles, cars, tractors, motorcycles, etc. Become an ordinary means of transportation.
4. Marriage of Han nationality
Before 1949, young men and women of Han nationality got married according to "parents' orders and matchmakers' words" and arranged marriages were implemented. Early marriage, child bride and consanguineous marriage are more common. After 1953, the marriage law was implemented, and the freedom of marriage was implemented, and the bad habits such as arranged marriage, concubinage and child bride were abolished. Advocate simple marriage, hold collective wedding, simple wedding, simple folk customs.
In the 1970s, family planning was advocated, with late marriage and late childbearing. In 1980s, with the increase of income, the wedding bride price was gradually upgraded, and the wedding needed cars, furniture and high-grade clothes. The trend of comparing with each other is increasing day by day. Although simple marriage is advocated, it has little effect. The wedding ceremony of the Han nationality is more complicated, and it will vary from place to place.
5. The birth of the Han nationality
Whether it is a boy or a girl, the Han people will pay more attention to the first child. On the second day after the baby was born, the son-in-law gave good news to her parents-in-law and relatives. On the third day, the baby bathed in a basin made of flowers, cypress leaves, red dates and coins, which was called "washing three".
On 10 or the 30th day, I visited my mother with clothes and food from her uncle's house, which is called "full moon". Children should ask their elders to shave their heads 100 days, calling them "over 100 years old" or "over 100 years old" to congratulate their children on their health and longevity.
6. Han Funeral
The Han people are mainly buried in the earth and occasionally cremated. Funerals are divided into "tears" and "weddings and funerals". The death of middle-aged parents is a "tear". Those who die over 60 are called "happy funerals".
After he died, he changed his clothes and put the body in nave's main room for 3 to 7 days. Cover your body with white paper or cloth, and cover your surface with red and blue pieces of cloth. Put "pour vegetables" before the spirit, and burn paper money in the basin. At the same time, send a funeral report to relatives and neighbors, and ask Mr. Feng Shui or the old man to dig a hole in the tomb.
Before the funeral, relatives and neighbors expressed their condolences and presented tents, steamed bread, rice, wreaths, gold and silver buckets, money and so on. The families of the deceased entertained their relatives and friends with a funeral banquet. The son of the deceased was called a "dutiful son" wearing a hemp crown and a funeral stick. His daughter-in-law and younger women were dressed in mourning. Some people ask drummers to play funeral music.
The day before the funeral, a banquet was held for the uncle, relatives and elders of the deceased. The "dutiful son" reported the treatment of the illness and the preparations for the funeral, so that relatives and neighbors could comment on the quality of filial piety at ordinary times. If anyone is disobedient and unfilial, it is called "speaking outside the home" to criticize or punish him publicly. On the morning of the funeral, children have the rule of "looking at bones".
At the funeral, the "dutiful son" carried a family tree and held a coffin and other items. Old people must be buried before the sun rises. Three days after the burial, relatives went to the grave to pay homage, calling it "Sanquan". 49 days, 100 and 1 anniversary, they also went to pay homage to the grave. Unmarried men and women are generally cremated and buried on the spot.
7. Han festivals
Han people mainly have Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Duanyang Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Spring Festival is also called China New Year. Kill pigs and sheep before the festival, prepare food and new year's goods, and clean indoor and outdoor sanitation. New Year's Eve paste Spring Festival couplets to worship ancestors. In the evening, the family stayed at home for New Year's Eve dinner. Old people give their children lucky money. On the first day of the Lunar New Year, the family pays a New Year call to their elders. Since the second day of junior high school, relatives and friends have been paying New Year greetings to each other.
There are dragon and lion dances, dressing up as eight bachelors, lantern masters, dumb donkeys, fat wives, walking on stilts, singing and other social fire programs.
On the Dragon Boat Festival, Yang Liuzhi is inserted at the door of every family. They eat zongzi, eggs, cold noodles and realgar wine, and the children wear various sachets. Many families go out for a picnic, which is called "outing" or "outing".
On the Mid-Autumn Festival, every household uses wheat flour to make moon cakes or bake snacks with various patterns. From 9: 00 pm to 10, moon cakes, watermelons and fresh fruits are placed on the courtyard table, which is called "offering sacrifices to the moon". Young people flogged in alleys and yards. There is also the custom of stealing moon cakes at night.
In addition, there are festivals such as the 20th day of the first month, February 2nd, October 1st and Laba. There are also traditions of worshipping ancestors and worshipping Buddha, such as "Tian She (vernal equinox)", "Qingming Festival", "April 8th", "June 6th", "July 15th" and "offering sacrifices to stoves" on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month.