What are the conditions of European capitalism?
1, the progress of production technology (the fundamental reason why the development of productive forces makes capitalism sprout)
Technical progress and productivity improvement of traditional handicrafts in Europe;
Textile industry: the textile industry uses manual spinning wheels and pedal automatic spinning wheels.
Vertical hand loom, horizontal pedal loom
The progress of new handicraft technology has promoted the development of wool, silk and cotton textile industry.
Mining industry: deep mineral deposits can be developed by using pumps and winches driven by animal power and water power in mining industry.
Metallurgy: In metallurgy, tall furnaces and bellows are used, and the ironware made is durable.
Printing industry:
The progress of agricultural technology in the late Middle Ages: the combination of multi-field rotation system, agriculture and animal husbandry
Labor productivity that exceeds the needs of agricultural producers is the basis for the development of all other sectors of society. The progress of agricultural production technology has promoted the development of commodity economy and laid the foundation for the emergence of capitalism.
The introduction of the four great inventions had a great influence on Europe in the late feudal society:
Four Great Inventions Foretelling the Coming of Capitalist Society
Gunpowder: it became a powerful weapon for the bourgeoisie to defeat feudal knights and destroy feudal fortresses, which made the bourgeois revolution in Europe successful;
Promote the development of mining weapons manufacturing and metallurgical industry.
Paper making and printing:
It promoted the Renaissance and the Reformation and became a tool of Protestantism.
Books replaced parchment, which facilitated the spread of cultural knowledge.
It promoted the spread of European culture and the development of education. It is a means of scientific revival and promotes political and economic development.
Compass needle: it provides guarantee and power for the development of shipbuilding and navigation, and promotes the opening of new air routes.
Opened the world market and established a colony.
Summary: The four great inventions have played a great role in the transformation of Europe from a feudal society to a capitalist society, which shows the great influence of China's ancient civilization on the historical process of mankind. At the same time, while making Chinese people proud, it raises a thought-provoking question: Why did the brilliant flowers of China's ancient civilization bear epoch-making fruits in Europe instead of in China?
Historical materials:
Lu Xun said in "Advantages and Disadvantages of Electricity": "Foreign countries use gunpowder as bullets to defend the enemy, but China uses it as firecrackers to worship the gods; Foreign countries use a compass to sail, but China uses it to see Feng Shui; Foreign countries use opium to treat diseases, but China uses opium as a meal. "
China's feudal society lasted for more than two thousand years and was deeply rooted. Politically, it was autocratic rule, which was further strengthened in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The absolute dominance of the self-sufficient natural economy, coupled with the government's policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" and "closing the country", has seriously hindered the growth of China's capitalist bud; Ideologically, the development of Confucianism, stereotyped writing and literary inquisition has seriously bound people's thoughts, destroyed talents and hindered the development and progress of China society, and China has become increasingly ignorant and backward. In such a bad social environment, China's four great inventions failed to play their due role in promoting social progress in China.
The feudal society in Europe was relatively short and the feudal forces were weak. Moreover, there are many cities and countries along the Mediterranean coast, and the commodity economy is extremely developed. Capitalism swept across Europe on a large scale and developed to a high degree. The development of discrimination in rural areas has seriously affected the natural economy in Europe. Ideologically, the Renaissance and religious reform in Europe liberated people's minds. All these make the application of the four great inventions in Europe have a good social environment and become a powerful driving force for Europe to enter the capitalist society.
2, the expansion of social division of labor
The progress of production technology has promoted the specialization of handicraft industry, and the division of labor within handicraft industry has become more and more detailed;
New handicraft departments are constantly emerging, and cottage industries are further separated from agriculture and become independent handicraft departments.
The division of labor and the coexistence of "cooperation" are of great significance to the emergence and development of capitalism.
3. Changes in economic structure: the formation of distinctive industrial centers and agricultural areas.
4. The development of commodity economy promotes the disintegration of natural economy and the formation and expansion of domestic and foreign markets.
Prosperity of commerce, banking and finance.
The formation of domestic and foreign markets
The prosperity of the town
The development of commodity economy to a higher level is a necessary condition for the emergence of capitalism. The progress of production technology is the basis for the development of commodity economy to a higher level; The expansion of social division of labor and the emergence of domestic and foreign commodity markets are important signs of the development of commodity economy to a higher level.
5. Monetary land rent accelerates the polarization of farmers and changes the quality of economic development based on agriculture.
6, the historical premise of the germination of capitalism:
Marx's exposition emphasizes that commodities and money themselves are not capital, and only under certain historical conditions will they be transformed into capital.
We must create owners of money, means of production and means of subsistence, and purchase labor to increase the total value.
There must be hired workers who can freely sell their labor (less personal attachment)
These two processes are primitive accumulation of capital's.
The earliest capitalist was 17 12, and Thomas Newcomen, an Englishman, obtained the patent right of a slightly improved steam engine.
1764 James Hargreaves Jenny spinning machine
1778 Joseph Bram bathroom
1796 Seinfeld lithography
1797 Henry Maudslay spiral cutting machine tool
178 1 year, james watt improved the Newcomen steam engine, and the modern steam engine took shape.
1807 fulton built a ship powered by a steam engine.
18 12 trey Vissec kearney boiler
18 15 Han Dawei miner's lamp
1825 The steam locomotive invented by Stephenson was successfully tested.
1844 Cheng Yilan Kaixia County Boiler
These inventors have all become capitalists.