Chaoshan folk houses have several years of history

Chaoshan folk houses have a history of several years

Chaoshan culture has a long history. It is an important part of Chinese culture. For thousands of years, Chaoshan people have absorbed advanced foreign culture. With his amazing wisdom, he created cultural treasures with local characteristics and created a rich Chaoshan residential culture. What are the functions of Chaoshan folk houses?

The architectural orientation of Chaoshan folk houses is generally south-east, with the south as the main orientation. In this way, the cold north wind can be blocked in winter, and the cool south wind can be accepted in summer. In the rural areas of Chaoshan, many ethnic groups live together. In the coastal plain areas along the river, the economy is relatively developed. Many prominent families live in these places. Many ethnic groups also live in old counties. Therefore, both urban and rural residents have a strong sense of clan, which is reflected in the settlement architecture of an enclosure pattern centered on the ancestral hall of the surname. The Qingfu County Chronicle records: "When a prominent family builds a house, they must build a family temple, which is especially magnificent." "The carved beams and painted pillars, the pool platform and the bamboo trees must be extremely skillful. Large and small clans compete to build ancestral halls to boast of their magnificence, regardless of expense." Many ethnic groups live in Chaoshan rural areas, and the entire village is built according to their clan concepts, Feng Shui concepts, production and life, defense functions, and certain aesthetic concepts. Therefore, the overall pattern of Chaoshan folk houses is a unique and ideal Feng Shui living environment. At the same time, Chaoshan folk residences directly integrate the natural factors called "time of day, earth atmosphere, and favorable wind" into the architecture, reflecting the unified realm of harmony between man and nature and the noble spiritual conception. The main feature of Chaoshan folk houses is the maximum integration of traditional architectural culture and Chaozhou's unique traditional arts and crafts such as gold lacquer wood carving, craft stone carving, porcelain inlay art, metal crafts, calligraphy, and painting arts. The residential buildings are resplendent but not vulgar, elegant and charming, with rich cultural heritage and luxurious style. They can be compared with the imperial palace in terms of architectural sequence, pattern and decorative craftsmanship. Therefore, since ancient times, there has been the saying "Chaozhou Imperial Palace" , "The palace of the emperor in Beijing, the home of the common people in Chaoshan". In Chaoyang and other places, houses are built with red beams and gold tiles. Some people describe them as "Laoye Palace" (temple). This architectural style was originally only available in palaces and temples. I heard that the reason why Chaoyang could be built was because Chen Beike, the fake uncle of the country, "applied" for it. Huge and majestic Chaoshan folk houses retain the tradition of Tang and Song Dynasty families living together, forming large-scale villages and other building groups. Coupled with the developed local economy and flourishing humanities, the scale of the buildings is often very majestic. The secondary buildings surround the main building and are connected into a piece, forming a group of buildings that are closed on the outside and open on the inside, where people live together. Light and transparent. The so-called "light" means that firstly, the single volume is small and generally not as spacious and tall as the residential buildings in the Central Plains and Jiangnan areas; secondly, the visual appearance is not as majestic as the Central Plains area, nor as elegant as the Jiangnan area. . The color tone of Chaozhou architecture is gray and muddy, with emphasis on decoration on key parts such as roof ridges, beams, wall tops, and eaves. These decorative components are often related to the practical functions of the building components. The so-called "transparency" means that the building as a whole pays attention to ventilation, which not only helps the building materials to remove moisture and prevent decay, and prolongs the life of the building, but also focuses on making living activities comfortable and cool under the natural climate conditions of Chaozhou with long summers and no winters. The internal space of residential buildings pays attention to air gathering, ventilation and sun shading. The beams and columns are stacked and advanced layer by layer. The heavy lines are divided and slender and beautiful. Paying Attention to Decoration Chaozhou folk houses attach great importance to decoration from the outside to the inside, and pursue luxury and elegance, even at any cost to achieve the effect. This makes the residential buildings in Chaoshan very magnificent in appearance, and the halls even more magnificent. The decoration of the roof ridges, the dragon winds on the roof and the porcelain inlays of immortals and animals, and the exquisite wood carvings and stone carvings are all the characteristics of Chaoshan folk houses. Exquisite craftsmanship Chaoshan architecture can be said to be meticulous in its construction. In the old days, architects would always stop after building for a while, and then a few people would discuss it carefully, put forward criticisms, and then modify it. Often a small detail would have to be revised several times. The architectural anecdote of "an ox rope killed three masters" should be the best illustration of the "excellence" of Chaoshan folk houses that has reached its pinnacle. Pursuing harmony with nature, most of the cottages of wealthy families have gardens, planted with fragrant grasses and trees, and built with stacked stones and water. Ordinary families often have various flowers, plants and trees in the courtyards and in front and behind the house, making the residences in a beautiful environment. In the near-natural environment, you can obtain a peaceful and harmonious living atmosphere. Chaoshan gardens and Suzhou gardens are also known as the four major gardens in China. These are all manifestations of the pursuit of harmony with nature and the pursuit of a good living environment and good quality of life.

Chaoshan architecture pays great attention to Feng Shui. For example, the plastic ridges on the gables on the top of the house are very particular. They often make five-star gray sculptures of gold, wood, water, fire, and earth according to the five elements of the geographical location. Among them, the Mars is limited to temples, temples, and temples. An adopted it, which has traditional philosophical thoughts, and is also influenced by the theory of yin and yang and the five elements and conventions. The location, orientation, layout, vegetation, etc. of the building are more particular. For example, there must be water in front of the door, the patio must have appropriate whitewashing, the living room must be appropriately interspersed, and banyan trees must be planted in the front and bamboo in the back, etc. As a result, many legends about Liao Muxian, Yu Banxian, etc. were left behind in choosing Feng Shui and constructing buildings. The Chaoshan Plain is densely covered with rivers, and most of the villages and towns are close to the water. Those who are not close to the river often open canals to divert water to the village, and dig semi-circular ponds to store water. The arcs are directed towards the main building to collect air and collect wealth. There is also a cool "passing pond breeze" It is more affordable and has practical value for swimming, bathing, washing clothes and raising fish. Unique construction methods and materials Chaoshan area still retains the ancient slab construction method (that is, "Fu Shuoju in the block construction" version of the construction). The raw materials are generally mixed with laterite and gravel to build the wall. Instead of using up the good soil in the fields to build the wall, the wall is then mixed with silt and shell ash and then painted on the wall. Some are made of rammed earth or wood. , grass is woven into the wall. In the old days, the poor people living on the seaside mostly lived in this kind of thatched hut called "tu (grass) hut". Stone was mostly used in door frames, railings, drum stones, steps, column foundations, etc. of building components. The construction of large buildings such as well circles, beams, and stone bridges, stone towers, and stone bridges. The roof and ridge have a through-patterned ceramic roof, which can be ventilated and can prevent wind. There are also double-layer (or three-layer) blue tiles with seven layers of green tiles on the upper layer, and three layers of tiles on the bottom layer. Insulation and water leakage between tiles. Chaoshan Folk Houses in 200 words

Chaoshan Folk Houses are traditional residential buildings of the Han nationality in Chaoshan area of ​​Guangdong Province. They have distinctive characteristics and have high aesthetic value. Many ethnic groups live in Chaoshan. The economy is relatively developed in the coastal plains along the river. Many prominent families live in these places. Many ethnic groups also live in groups in the old counties. Therefore, both urban and rural residents have a strong sense of clan, which is reflected in the settlement architecture of an enclosure pattern centered on the ancestral hall of the surname.

However, regardless of the Han people in the south or the north, the most common characteristics of their traditional houses are that they are facing south and pay attention to internal lighting; they use wooden beams to bear the load, and use bricks, stones, and earth to build protective walls; The main hall is the center and is famous for its carved beams and painted roofs and decorative roofs and cornices.

According to the Qingfu County Chronicle: "When a prominent family builds a house, they must build a family temple, which is especially magnificent." "The carved beams and painted pillars, the pool platform and the bamboo trees must be extremely skillful. Large and small clans compete to build ancestral halls and compete for praise. Magnificent, no expense spared. "Chaoshan rural areas are populated by many ethnic groups, and the entire village is built according to their clan concepts, Feng Shui concepts, production and living, defense functions, and certain aesthetic concepts. Therefore, the overall pattern of Chaoshan folk residences is unique. An ideal Feng Shui living environment. What are the main styles of Chaoshan folk houses

In Chaoshan, there are many styles of traditional rural houses. Although there are many high-rise buildings in Chaoshan area now, there are still some traditional old-fashioned houses in the countryside. The houses are named with vivid names, such as "Four Horses Trailer", "Four Points of Gold", "Xiashan Tiger" and so on.

Four Points of Gold

"Four Points of Gold" is a unique building of Chaoshan custom. It is named after its four corners, each of which has a room shaped like the word "gold". . In the old days only Fidelity families could build. The architectural layout of "Four Points of Gold" is somewhat similar to that of a courtyard house in Beijing. There is usually a wall around the perimeter, with sun terraces and wells dug inside the wall; there are "wall belly" on the left and right sides of the gate; as soon as you enter the gate, there is the front hall, and the rooms on both sides are called front rooms; when you enter, there is an open patio, with a room on each side. One room serves as the kitchen and is called the "eight-foot room". The other room is used as a firewood house and is generally called a "house house"; behind the patio is the back hall, also called the hall, which is a place for worshiping ancestors. There is a large room on both sides, which is the bedroom where the elders live. If the younger generation lives in it, Very disrespectful. Therefore, there is a saying in Chaoshan that "the younger brother lives in the house".

"Four Points of Gold" generally does not open windows to the outside world, and the windows only open to the inner courtyard. This is because "every house uses the patio as a source of wealth, and the front room as a mountain for desks. If the patio is wide or narrow, it can gather wealth" ("Summary of Yangzhai"). After "wealth energy" comes from the door or descends from the sky and accumulates in the patio, it is then "sucked" into the house through the doors and windows of each room. If the windows are opened to the outside, the gourd will leak and the "wealth energy" will leak out.

There are many kinds of "Four Points of Gold" structural architecture.

There are only four main rooms at the front and back, and there are no "cuoshou rooms" and "bachifang". The four halls facing the patio are called "sitinghui"; the front and back rooms both have "cuoshou rooms" and "bachifang". Yes, changing eight rooms into ten rooms is called "four jets of water". If a circle of houses is built around the "Four Points of Gold", it is called "Four Points of Gold and Houses".

Xiashanhu

"Xiashanhu" architecture is more common in rural areas of Chaoshan area, also known as "lion climbing". As the name suggests, the beginning of "Tiger Down the Mountain" really looks like a tiger going down the mountain and a crawling lion at the same time. The architectural layout is simpler than that of "Four Points Gold", with two fewer front rooms, and the rest are basically the same. "Xiashanhu" has different entrances and exits, so it has a main entrance and a side entrance. Usually the door is not opened in the middle, but is opened on both sides. The doors on both sides are also called "Dragon and Tiger Gates". There are also some that open the front door but not the side doors. The shape of "Downhill Tiger" is very ancient. Its predecessor can be seen in the Ming vessels of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Guangzhou and the "Spring Outing" by Zhan Ziqian of the Sui Dynasty collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Its layout is also similar to the "One Seal" residence of the Bai people in Yunnan. Quite similar.

In the past, most of the houses were lived by one family. With the development and increase of social population, the form of living in one household has gradually been broken by people. Nowadays, three or four families often live in a residential house. Although such a house is a bit crowded and messy to live in, it is very suitable for friendly interactions between people. The patio is paved with smooth marble, and all the doors are also painted with murals. The content of these murals is different from the flowers and plants on the "gatehouse belly", but drama stories and myths and legends that are widely circulated among the people, such as " "Mu Guiying takes command", "Xian Ji sends her son", "Guo Ziyi gets the treasure", etc. There is a long mural on the wall of the main hall, mostly "Ten Immortals Congratulating Birthday Pictures", all of which have auspicious meanings. There are also red sandalwood and blue citrons (collectively called "red stringers and blue stringers"). These colorful paintings make "Xiashan Tiger" a real painting garden, just like the promenade of the Summer Palace, with There is art to admire everywhere.

Paintings alone cannot show the magnificence, there are also treasures that are more representative of Chaoshan culture and art: ingenious carvings, glittering embroidery and lifelike paper-cuts, as well as inlaid porcelain that never fades, making the whole building " "The Tiger Descending the Mountain" is magnificent and beautiful.

Four-horse trailer

"Four-horse trailer" is also known as "three drops, two fire lanes and one back package", which is a complication of the "four-point golden".

[Four-horse trailer]

Four-horse trailer

"Four-horse trailer" Each part of the entire building has its special function. The "reflection" on the front entrance is to block the sight of passers-by and guests so that the interior of the house cannot be seen at all. The hallway is where owners and visitors park their vehicles. The north and south halls are used to receive guests, while important meetings and discussions with elders are held in the second and third halls. An ancestral niche is also set up in the third hall to enshrine the ancestors’ spiritual tablets. During festivals, the anniversary of the death of ancestors, and family members going abroad, they should open a niche to worship or "say goodbye" to their ancestors; if a family member does something immoral, they should be punished according to family law, and they should also open a niche to burn incense and let them apologize in front of their ancestors. . The back warehouse is where the coffin is placed during funerals. The big room in the main building is occupied by the elders. The highest elder usually lives in the house with three entrances, and the other rooms are occupied by the younger generations. Mills, kitchens, bathrooms, toilets and other living quarters are all concentrated in the fire lane on the left. When there is a happy event at home, the Zen doors in the hall will be opened. It is even more grand when holding a funeral, not only to remove the "reflection", but also to remove the Zen gates each entered. All patios are set up on the floor, and tents are propped up above the patios. In this way, the first, second and third entrances form a large and spacious space, which is convenient for various activities. In general, the main building is low in the front and high in the back, with three stone steps added each time you advance, so as to highlight the main hall. More importantly, it prevents the advance from covering the rear and ensures the lighting for the rear. The rear bag is designed to protect the main building and prevent theft. Of course, most people have no chance to care about such a large-scale house. The relatively complete "four-horse trailer" that still exists can be seen at the "Former Residence of Master Cihong" in Longdu Town, Chenghai County. What is the difference between Hakka folk houses and Chaoshan folk houses?

The difference is huge. .

Chaoshan folk houses are the same as those of the Minnan people in Fujian. The house is called CU.

I’ll add more details downstairs, haha.

Chaoshan Residential Composition

Hello, my friend, please refer to it and wish you success.

There are many styles of traditional houses in Chaoshan rural areas, and they are all named with vivid names, such as "Four Horse Trailer", "Four Points of Gold", "Downhill Tiger", "Climbing Lion" and so on.

1. Four Points of Gold

"Four Points of Gold" is a unique and trendy village house. In the old days, only wealthy and prominent families could build it. The architectural pattern of "Four Points of Gold" is a bit like the courtyard houses in Beijing. There is usually a wall around the perimeter, with sun terraces and wells dug inside the wall; there are "wall belly" on the left and right sides of the gate; as soon as you enter the door, there is the front hall, and the rooms on both sides are called front rooms; then there is an open patio, with one room on each side, and one room on each side. As the kitchen, it is called the "Bachi Fang"; the other is used as the firewood house, generally called the "Cuoshou Fang"; behind the patio is the hall, with a large room on each side. There are many kinds of structures of "Four Points of Gold": there are only four main rooms in the front and back, and there are no house rooms and eight-foot rooms. The one with four halls facing the patio is called "four halls meeting"; the front and rear rooms all have eight-foot rooms. Those with a single house, and those with eight rooms turned into ten rooms are called "four jets of water". If a circle of houses is built around the "four points of gold", it is called "four points of gold plus a house".

2. Xiashanhu

The construction of "Xiashanhu" houses is relatively common in Chaoshan rural areas. The architectural layout is simpler than that of "Four Points Gold", with two front rooms missing, and the rest is basically the same. "Xiashanhu" has different entrances and exits, so it has a main entrance and a side entrance. Usually there is no door in the middle but only two doors open, which is called "Dragon and Tiger Gate". There are also doors that open both the front door and both sides.

Three or four-horse trailers

"Four-horse trailers" are also called "three drops, two fire lanes and one back package", which is a complication of the "four-point golden".

Cai Zemin's "Chaozhou Customs Record" gives a detailed description of the pattern and function of "Three Luo, Two Fire Alleys and One Back Bao": "'Luo' is a Chaoshan dialect, which means entering. The first one enters There is a concave door opening, commonly known as the "Gateway". There is a transition hall in the middle, with a "reflection" in the middle and a room on the left and right, called the "front room", with a patio. There are two corridors on the left and right. There is a fire lane at the front of the corridor. The door on the left corridor is called "Qinglong Gate", and the door on the right corridor is called "Baihu Gate", commonly known as "Longhu Gate". Entering, the second entrance has a hall with a width of two rooms, and there is a room on both sides called the "big room". The front and rear of the hall are separated by eight Zen doors. There are also patios in the middle of the second entrance and the third entrance, with a north and south courtyard on the left and right. The structure of the third hall is the same as that of the second hall, except that there is a long and narrow dark room behind the hall, which is called the "back room". There are doors on the left and right of the back library, and there are rows of houses parallel to it on both sides of the main building, called Huoxiang. The main building is connected by the inner and outer descendants of the house. A row of houses. The entire architectural pattern is like a cart pulled by four horses, hence the name 'four-horse trailer'."

Each part of the entire building of the "Four Horse Trailer" has its special function. The 'reflection' on the front entrance is to block the sight of passers-by and guests so that the interior of the house cannot be seen at all. The hallway is where owners and visiting guests park their vehicles. The north and south halls are used to receive guests, while important meetings and discussions with elders are held in the second and third halls. An ancestral niche is also set up in the third hall to enshrine the ancestors' spiritual tablets. During festivals, anniversaries of ancestors’ deaths, and when family members want to go abroad, they should open a niche to worship or “say goodbye” to their ancestors. If a family member does something immoral, they should be punished according to family law, and they should also open a niche to burn incense and let them apologize in front of their ancestors. . The back warehouse is where the coffin is placed during funerals. The big room in the main building is occupied by the elders. The highest elder usually lives in the house with three entrances, and the other rooms are occupied by the younger generations. Mills, kitchens, bathrooms, toilets and other living quarters are all concentrated in the fire lane on the left. When there is a happy event at home, the Zen doors in the hall will be opened. When holding a funeral, it is more solemn, not only to remove the "reflection", but also to remove the Zen gates that each has entered. All patios are set up on the floor, and tents are propped up above the patios. In this way, the first, second and third entrances form a large and spacious space, which is convenient for various activities. In general, the main building is low in front and high in the back, with three stone steps added each time you advance, so as to highlight the main hall. More importantly, it prevents the advance from covering the rear and ensures the lighting for the rear. The rear bag is designed to protect the main building and prevent theft. Of course, most people have no chance to care about such a large-scale house. The relatively complete "four-horse trailer" that still exists can be seen at the "Former Residence of Master Cihong" in Longdu Town, Chenghai County.

Whether it is the "Four Points of Gold" or the "Tiger Down the Mountain", one of the outstanding features of Chaoshan folk houses is that they pay great attention to decoration, so there is a saying that "the palace of the emperor in Beijing is the home of Chaoshan people". The purlins should be painted red, and the rafters should be painted blue, so it is called "red stringers and blue rafters". The ridge end of the gable alone has five different shapes: gold, wood, water, earth and fire. The graceful five-star ridge decoration, as well as the gables and eaves are all inlaid with porcelain. Inlaid porcelain is a Chaoshan folk arts and crafts. Porcelain pieces of various colors are used to paste various three-dimensional images on some major parts of the roof, including flowers, plants, birds, beasts, insects, fish, and people. The shapes are lifelike and very expressive. In addition to porcelain inlays, there are also sculptures and various images engraved on some wooden structures of the building, making the whole building full of artistic flavor and antique like a palace building.

It is also worth mentioning the "Bamboo Pole House" in Raoping. This kind of house is a row of long and tall houses, like bamboo poles lying flat. According to household needs, the house can be divided into several grids for use. Many areas in Raoping are close to the sea, and the sea breeze is strong, so many houses are made of stones and are very strong.

The architectural orientation of Chaoshan folk houses is generally south-east, with the south as the main orientation. In this way, it can block the cold north wind in winter and receive the cool south wind in summer.

There is also a custom of planting trees in residential houses, which is called planting "house-town trees". Mostly longan and guava. Longan is also called longan, which means auspiciousness; guava has many seeds, which means having many noble sons. Avoid planting neem, for fear of misfortune if planted with the word "bitter" in front of you; also avoid planting peach trees, as it is said that peach trees can easily become spirits, bewitch men, and cause disasters. How many forms of Chaoshan folk houses are there? What are its stylistic features?

1. Four Points of Gold: "Four Points of Gold" is a unique and trendy village residence. It is a multi-level, symmetrical, balanced, and structurally complete bungalow-style house. There is usually a wall around the perimeter, with sun terraces and wells dug inside the wall; there are "wall belly" on the left and right sides of the gate; as soon as you enter the door, there is the front hall, and the rooms on both sides are called front rooms; then there is an open patio, with one room on each side, and one room on each side. As a kitchen, it is called the "Bachi Fang"; the other is used as a thatched house, generally called the "Cuo Shou Fang"; behind the patio is the hall, with a large room on each side. There are many kinds of constructions of "Four Points of Gold": there are only four main rooms in the front and back, and there are no house rooms and eight-foot rooms. The four halls facing the patio are called "Four Points Club"; the front and rear rooms both have eight-foot rooms. Those with a single house, and those with eight rooms turned into ten rooms are called "four jets of water". If there is a circle of houses built around the "four points of gold", it is called "four points of gold plus a house". In the old days, only wealthy and prominent families could build it. 2. Xiashanhu: The construction of "Xiashanhu" houses is relatively common in Chaoshan rural areas. The architectural layout is simpler than that of "Four Points Gold", with two front rooms missing, and the rest is basically the same. "Downhill Tiger" has different entrances and exits, so there is a difference between opening the front door and the side door. Usually there is no main door in the middle but only two side doors, which is called "Dragon and Tiger Gate". There are also those with both main door and two side doors. The whole structure is low in front and high in back, hence its name. 3. Four-horse trailer: "Four-horse trailer" is also called "three drops, two fire lanes and one back package", which is a complication of the "four-point golden". "'Luo' is a Chaoshan dialect, which means entering. There is a concave entrance hall at the first entrance, commonly known as the 'gate tower belly'. Between the first entrance and the second entrance, there is a patio and two corridors on the left and right. After the patio, there is the second entrance. , the second entrance has a hall with a width of two rooms, and there is a room on each side called a "big room". There is also a patio in the middle of the second entrance and the third entrance. The structure of the third entrance is the same as that of the second entrance, except that there is a space behind the third entrance hall. The long and dark room is called the "back library". The back package refers to the row of houses behind the three entrances. The entire architectural layout is like a cart pulled by four horses, so it is called the "four-horse trailer." Each part of the entire building of the "Four Horse Trailer" has its own special function. The ‘reflection’ at the front is to block the view of passers-by and guests so that the interior of the house is not fully visible. Important meetings and discussions among the elders are held in the halls of the second and third entrances. An ancestral niche is also set up in the third hall to enshrine the ancestors’ spiritual tablets. During festivals or the anniversary of the death of an ancestor, if family members want to go abroad, they must open a niche to worship or "say goodbye" to their ancestors; if a family member does something immoral, they must be punished according to family law, and they must open a niche to burn incense and let them apologize in front of their ancestors. . The back warehouse is where the coffin is parked during funerals. When there is a happy event at home, the Zen doors in the hall will be opened. It is even more grand when holding a funeral, not only to remove the "reflection", but also to remove the Zen gates each entered. All patios are set up on the floor, and tents are set up above the patios. This way. The first, second and third entrances form a large and spacious space, which is convenient for various activities. The "Four Horse Trailer" was large in scale and was built by high-ranking officials and wealthy families.

A relatively complete "four-horse trailer" currently exists, such as the "Former Residence of Master Cihong" in Longdu Town, Chenghai County. Whether it is the "Four Points of Gold" or the "Tiger Down the Mountain", one outstanding feature of Chaoshan folk houses is that they pay great attention to decoration, so there is a saying that "the palace of the emperor in Beijing is the home of Chaoshan people". What are the characteristics of traditional Chaoshan folk houses?

There are many styles of traditional houses in Chaoshan rural areas, and they are all named with vivid names, such as "Four Horse Trailer", "Four Points of Gold", "Xiashan Tiger" and so on.

1. Four Points of Gold: "Four Points of Gold" is a unique and trendy village residence. It is a multi-level, symmetrical, balanced, and structurally complete bungalow-style house. There is usually a wall around the perimeter, with sun terraces and wells dug inside the wall; there are "wall belly" on the left and right sides of the gate; as soon as you enter the door, there is the front hall, and the rooms on both sides are called front rooms; then there is an open patio, with one room on each side, and one room on each side. As a kitchen, it is called the "Bachi Fang"; the other is used as a thatched house, generally called the "Cuo Shou Fang"; behind the patio is the hall, with a large room on each side. There are many kinds of constructions of "Four Points of Gold": there are only four main rooms in the front and back, and there are no house rooms and eight-foot rooms. The four halls facing the patio are called "Four Points Club"; the front and rear rooms both have eight-foot rooms. Those with a single house, and those with eight rooms turned into ten rooms are called "four jets of water". If there is a circle of houses built around the "four points of gold", it is called "four points of gold plus a house". In the old days, only wealthy and prominent families could build it.

2. Xiashanhu: The construction of "Xiashanhu" houses is relatively common in Chaoshan rural areas. The architectural layout is simpler than that of "Four Points Gold", with two front rooms missing, and the rest is basically the same. "Xiashanhu" has different entrances and exits, so there is a difference between opening the front door and the side door. Usually there is no main door in the middle but only two side doors, which is called "Dragon and Tiger Gate". There are also those with both main door and two side doors. The whole structure is low in front and high in back, hence its name.

Three or four-horse trailer: "Four-horse trailer" is also called "three drops, two fire lanes and one back package", which is a complication of the "four-point golden". "'Luo' is a Chaoshan dialect, which means entering. There is a concave entrance hall at the first entrance, commonly known as the 'gate tower belly'. Between the first entrance and the second entrance, there is a patio and two corridors on the left and right. After the patio, there is the second entrance. , the second entrance has a hall with a width of two rooms, and there is a room on each side called a "big room". There is also a patio in the middle of the second entrance and the third entrance. The structure of the third entrance is the same as that of the second entrance, except that there is a space behind the third entrance hall. The long and dark room is called the "back library". The back package refers to the row of houses behind the three entrances. The entire architectural layout is like a cart pulled by four horses, so it is called the "four-horse trailer." Each part of the entire building of the "Four Horse Trailer" has its own special function. The ‘reflection’ at the front is to block the view of passers-by and guests so that the interior of the house is not fully visible. Important meetings and discussions among the elders are held in the halls of the second and third entrances. An ancestral niche is also set up in the third hall to enshrine the ancestors' spiritual tablets. During festivals or the anniversary of the death of an ancestor, if family members want to go abroad, they must open a niche to worship or "say goodbye" to their ancestors; if a family member does something immoral, they must be punished according to family law, and they must open a niche to burn incense and let them apologize in front of their ancestors. . The back warehouse is where the coffin is parked during funerals. When there is a happy event at home, the Zen doors in the hall will be opened. When holding a funeral, it is more solemn, not only to remove the "reflection", but also to remove the Zen gates that each has entered. All patios are set up on the floor, and tents are propped up above the patios. This way. The first, second and third entrances form a large and spacious space, which is convenient for various activities. The "Four Horse Trailer" was large in scale and was built by high-ranking officials and wealthy families. A relatively complete "four-horse trailer" currently exists, such as the "Former Residence of Master Cihong" in Longdu Town, Chenghai County.

Whether it is the "Four Points of Gold" or the "Tiger Down the Mountain", one of the outstanding features of Chaoshan houses is that they pay great attention to decoration, so there is a saying that "the palace of the emperor in Beijing is the home of Chaoshan people". What is the difference between Hakka residents and Chaoshan folk houses?

Hakka is named after culture and is a branch of the Han nationality; Chaoshan is named after region, referring to the residents of Chaozhou, Shantou and Shanwei. Hakka people are found all over the country, mainly in Meizhou, Huizhou, Guangdong and other places; most Hakka people can speak Hakka. Chaoshan speaks Chaoshan dialect, which belongs to Minnan.