Common sense of secondary disasters
natural disaster "natural disaster" is an abnormal phenomenon in the nature on which human beings depend, and the harm caused by natural disasters to human society is often shocking.
Among them are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mudslides, tsunamis, typhoons, floods and other sudden disasters; There are also gradual disasters, such as land subsidence, land desertification, drought and coastline change, which can only gradually appear in a long time; There are also environmental disasters caused by human activities such as ozone layer change, water pollution, soil erosion and acid rain. There are complex interrelations between these natural disasters and environmental damage.
It has become a common theme of the international community for mankind to understand the occurrence and development of these disasters in a scientific sense and minimize the harm they cause. Natural variation on the earth, including natural variation induced by human activities, occurs all the time. When this variation brings harm to human society, it constitutes a natural disaster.
because it has brought different degrees of damage to human production and life, including the relationship between man and nature through labor, as well as the relationship between people related to it. Disasters are all negative or destructive.
Therefore, natural disasters are a manifestation of the contradiction between man and nature, which have both natural and social attributes, and are one of the most severe challenges faced by mankind in the past, present and future. Major sudden natural disasters in the world include: drought, flood, typhoon, storm surge, freezing injury, hail, tsunami, earthquake, volcano, landslide, debris flow, forest fire, agricultural and forestry diseases and insect pests, etc.
there are many kinds of natural disasters in China. Earthquake, typhoon, rainstorm, flood, waterlogging, high temperature, thunder and lightning, fog, haze, debris flow, landslide, tsunami, road icing, tornado, hail, snowstorm, collapse, ground subsidence, sandstorm, etc. occur all over the country and local areas every year, causing extensive damage or devastating blows in local areas.
China has the most kinds of natural disasters in the world, among which there are seven kinds of natural disasters that have the greatest impact on China. 1. Meteorological Disasters There are more than 2 kinds of meteorological disasters, mainly including the following types: (1) rainstorm: flash floods, river flooding and urban water accumulation; (2) Rain and waterlogging: waterlogging and waterlogging; (3) Drought: drought in agriculture, forestry and grassland, and water shortage in industry, cities and rural areas; (4) Dry and hot wind: dry wind and foehn wind; (5) High temperature and heat wave: extreme heat and high temperature, human diseases, burns and forced ripening of crops; (6) Tropical cyclone: gale, rainstorm and flood; (7) Cold damage: crops, livestock and fruit trees are harmed due to strong cooling and low temperature; (8) Freezing injury: frost, crops and livestock freezing injury, water pipes and oil pipes freezing damage; (9) Freezing rain: wires, branches and roads are frozen; (1) Freezing: the river, lake and sea are frozen, and the road surface freezes after rain and snow; (11) Snow damage: snowstorm and snow; (12) Hail damage: destroying crops and houses; (13) Wind damage: falling trees, houses, cars and boats; (14) Tornado: local destructive disaster; (15) Lightning: lightning casualties; (16) Continuous rain (lewd rain): unfavorable to crop growth and development, mildew of grain, etc. (17) Dense fog: human diseases and traffic jams; (18) low-altitude wind shear: (aircraft) aviation accident; (19) Acid rain: crops are harmed.
2. Marine disasters Marine disasters mainly include the following types: (1) storm surge: including typhoon storm surge and temperate storm surge; (2) Tsunami: there are two types: remote tsunami and local tsunami; (3) Sea waves: including wind waves, swells and nearshore waves, which are divided into typhoon waves and cyclone waves; (4) seawater; (5) red tide; (6) Coastal disasters: such as coastal erosion, landslides, land salinization, seawater pollution, etc. (7) the harm of El Nino. 3. Flood disaster (1) rainstorm disaster; (2) mountain torrents; (3) snowmelt flood; (4) Ice flood; (5) dam-break flood; (6) Debris flow and cement flood.
4. Earthquake disaster (1) Tectonic earthquake; (2) collapse earthquake; (3) Mine earthquake; (4) Reservoir earthquake, etc. 5. Crop biological disasters (1) Crop diseases: there are mainly more than 24 kinds of rice diseases, 5 kinds of wheat diseases, more than 4 kinds of corn diseases, more than 4 kinds of cotton diseases and many diseases such as soybeans, peanuts and hemp; (2) crop pests; There are mainly 252 kinds of rice pests, more than 1 kinds of water wheat pests, 52 kinds of corn pests, more than 3 kinds of cotton pests, and various other crops pests; (3) Crop grass damage: about 8, species; (4) Rat damage. 6. Forest biological disasters (1) Forest diseases: 2,918 species; (2) Forest pests: 52 species; (3) Forest rodents: more than 16 species.
7. The Natural Disasters Comprehensive Research Group of the State Science and Technology Commission, the State Planning Commission and the State Economic and Trade Commission classifies natural disasters into seven categories: meteorological disasters, marine disasters, flood disasters, geological disasters, earthquake disasters, crop biological disasters, forest biological disasters and forest fires. However, disasters closely related to our daily life mainly include: 1. Natural variation of geological disasters and human actions may lead to changes in geological environment or geological bodies. When this change reaches a certain level, the consequences such as landslides, mudslides, ground subsidence, ground collapse, rock swelling, sand liquefaction, land freezing and thawing, soil salinization, land desertification, earthquakes, volcanoes, geothermal hazards and so on will cause harm to human beings and society.
this phenomenon is called geological hazard. Geological hazards also include derived disasters.
(1) Debris flow. Debris flow is a special torrent containing a lot of sediment and stones in mountain valleys, which is stimulated by heavy rain, melting snow and ice.
the formation of debris flow: the following three conditions must be met at the same time: steep topography that is convenient for water collection and collection; Abundant loose matter; There is plenty of water in a short time. The material composition of debris flow can be divided into three categories: debris flow is composed of a large number of cohesive soil, sand particles and stones with different particle sizes; Mainly clay soil, containing a small amount of clay particles, stones, high viscosity, into a thick mud called debris flow; Water-rock flow is composed of water, sand grains and stones of different sizes.
hazards of debris flow: hazards to residential areas; Harm to roads and railways; Harm to water conservancy and hydropower projects; Harm to mines; (2) landslides. The rocky mountain on the landslide is soft under the action of gravity for various reasons.
2. tips on self-rescue in five disasters
self-rescue and mutual rescue in typhoons 1. what preparations should be made when typhoons come? (1) modern science and technology can predict the arrival of the typhoon, timely listen to watch the weather forecast, prepare for defense.
② when evacuating from coastal areas and low-lying areas, ships only need to enter the harbor to take shelter from the wind. (3) check whether the house is solid and safe, and if it is a dangerous old building, you should leave immediately to avoid danger.
④ Fasten objects that may be blown off by the wind, such as flowerpots, guardrails, awnings, clothes drying poles, outdoor antennas, etc. ⑤ Prepare proper amount of water, food, fruits and vegetables, and ensure that the food in the refrigerator is fresh.
⑥ prepare candles and flashlights for use in case of power failure in the wind. ⑦ Check the gas and circuit, and pay attention to the fire source.
⑧ Glue the door and window glass with adhesive tape, and prepare plywood, plastic plates, blankets, etc. to reinforce the window. Pet-name ruby in the evacuation of residents at the same time, * * * departments to establish emergency shelters for refugees to live temporarily.
2. what should you pay attention to when walking in the street when the typhoon comes? Try to wear a raincoat when you go out, and don't take an umbrella. ② Try to stay away from tall trees, sheds, shelves and overhead wires.
③ don't walk under high walls, billboards and residential buildings, so as to avoid unexpected events such as heavy objects tilting or falling objects from high altitude. (4) to avoid the high-rise construction site, not near the tower crane or site fence.
⑤ pay attention to the street water, and don't walk on the edge of the road or on the swirling road to avoid falling into the manhole. ⑥ When it is difficult to walk due to strong wind, you can take shelter in public places such as shops and restaurants nearby.
⑦ when you see inclined or fallen poles and other transmission facilities, you should go far away to avoid electric shock. 3. What should I do if I am accidentally involved in the sea during the typhoon? Keeping calm is the most important thing.
desperately grab any floating wood, furniture and other items around you. ② Take a deep breath before falling into the water, bite the bullet when sinking, and let the natural buoyancy make you float to the surface. Then, with the help of the wave momentum, keep kicking, try to float on the wave and rush forward, and strive to swim to the shore.
③ When the wave comes, straighten your body, raise your head, keep your chin straight, make sure your mouth is exposed on the water, put your arms forward or back flat, and keep your body surfing; After the wave, swim forward while treading water, and observe the movement of the latter wave. (4) when a big wave approaches, you can bend down and dive into the bottom of the sea, stick your hands in the sand to stabilize your body, and then emerge from the water after the sea surge.
4. what should I do if I am forced to transfer in the water before I get stuck on the cliff? (1) before launching, try to find the nearest next shelter, and don't act in a hurry. ② Keep a set of dry clothes and a pair of shoes for replacement after landing.
③ find a rope, or make a rope with a torn towel, shirt or belt, and make it have enough length to swim back and forth between rocks. (4) people with good water quality should go into the water first. When they go into the water, they should tie the rope around their waist and tie it with a knot. The person who puts the rope should stand at a fixed rock to prevent it from being taken away by the person who goes into the water in case of an accident.
⑤ After the diver arrives at a safe place, fix himself in a certain place and give the rope to the next person. ⑥ If you are forced to dive, keep your body vertical, keep your feet together, stretch your back, and protect your crotch with both hands.
after entering the water, slide your arms and legs back and forth immediately to reduce the speed to the surface. Self-rescue and mutual rescue in flood 1. What are the temporary life-saving items when the flood comes? ① First, select large containers, such as oil drums and water storage buckets.
quickly pour out the original liquid, and then tightly cover and seal the lid again. ② Empty beverage bottles, wooden wine barrels or plastic barrels all have a certain floating force and can be bundled together for emergency.
③ Football, basketball and volleyball have good buoyancy. ④ Trees, tables, chairs, benches, boxes and other wooden furniture have floating force.
2. what materials should be prepared when the flood is coming? ① Prepare a radio to listen to and learn all kinds of relevant information at any time. ② Prepare plenty of drinking water, canned fruit juice and foods with long shelf life, and bind them and seal them to prevent mildew and deterioration.
③ Prepare warm clothes and medicines for treating colds, dysentery and skin infections. ④ Prepare articles that can be used for communication, such as flashlights, candles, lighters, etc., and prepare brightly colored clothes, flags, whistles, etc. for use as signals when necessary.
⑤ Fill up the car with oil to ensure that it can start at any time. 3. What are the daily preventive measures for residents vulnerable to floods? ① Pay attention to learn more knowledge about disaster prevention and mitigation at ordinary times, and form a scientific living habit of paying attention to weather forecast during flood season, so as to keep abreast of weather changes and make good preparations for family protection to ensure safety.
② Pay close attention to flood information in flood season, obey the unified arrangement of flood control headquarters and take refuge in time. ③ Residents in low-lying areas should prepare sandbags, water retaining boards and other items, or build waterproof thresholds and set up water retaining dams to prevent floods from entering the house.
④ Keep articles such as boats, wooden valves and life jackets that can escape safely at home, and check whether they can be used at any time before the flood season. 4. How to prevent the flood from flooding into the room? (1) the threshold of the house, the window is the water inlet.
Use sandbags and earth bags to build a defense line at the threshold and window. ② Seal all the gaps between doors and windows with tape paper, and you can seal several more layers.
(3) All places where water may enter, such as mouse caves and drainage holes, should be blocked. A truly sealed building will not get water.
5. how to make a floating raft to escape? ① Wooden pots, wooden furniture, wooden blocks and floating materials can be collected and tied together with ropes to be processed into life-saving equipment for emergency use. (2) there is no ready-made rope, sheets, curtains, clothes, etc. can be torn into strips.
sweet potato vines and vines can be used as ropes. (3) Foam boards, wooden boards and other floating rafts with small areas can be tied up with backpacks to increase the floating force.
④ scattered straws, branches, bamboo poles, wooden poles and so on can be connected in series by weaving mats to make rafts. 6. What should I do if the flood strikes and it is too late to move? (1) transfer to high places.
if a temporary tent is set up on the roof with a solid foundation. (2) in a dangerous house, to evacuate quickly, looking for a safe and solid place, to avoid falling into the water.
③ Unless you are forced to evacuate when the water may wash away the building or the water surface is over the roof, stay still and wait until the water stops rising. (4) making rafts and other escape articles.
use communication facilities to contact the rescue. Eye glasses and mirrors can be used to reflect light under the sunlight to send out distress signals.
⑤ at night, use flashlights and firelight to send out distress signals. ⑥ When rescuers are found, they should wave bright clothes, red scarves and other items in time to send rescue signals.
7. what should people do if they fall into the water? In case you fall into the water, hold your breath and hold your nose to avoid choking, and try to stand up. (2) such as water is too deep to stand.
3. Common sense of disaster escape
Hello, it is summarized as follows for reference: 1. How much do you know about lightning protection? Indoor lightning protection measures: 1. When it thunders, close the doors and windows to prevent lightning from hitting the room directly or spherical lightning from floating into the room.
2. In case of thunderstorm, the power supply of household appliances should be cut off to avoid damaging the appliances. People should not stand under the light bulb, in case the light bulb bursts and hurts people.
3. In thunderstorm weather, try not to dial, answer or use the telephone to surf the Internet. Unplug the power supply, telephone lines and closed TV lines and other metal wires that may lead lightning into the room. 4, indoors, you should also leave the metal water pipes of the driving households and the sewer pipes connected to the roof.
5. Don't pull the iron wire used to dry clothes and bedding to windows and doorways, so as to prevent the iron wire from causing death. Precautions for outdoor lightning protection: 1. In thunderstorm weather, don't answer and call the mobile phone outdoors, because the electromagnetic wave of the mobile phone will also lead to lightning.
2. Generally, people will not be struck by lightning when riding in a car, but never stick your head and hands out of the window when riding in a car is struck by lightning. 3. In case of sudden thunderstorm, when the hair is hard to stand up, you should immediately kneel down, lower your height, and put your feet together at the same time to reduce the harm caused by stepping voltage.
4. Don't take shelter from the rain under the big tree. It is best to stay 5 meters away from the tree when it thunders.
5. When going out in thunderstorm weather, you'd better wear rubber shoes, which can play the role of insulation. 6. When it thunders, stay away from power lines and electrical equipment.
2. How to save yourself when the earthquake is buried? After the earthquake, aftershocks will continue to occur, and the environment may deteriorate further. Buried people should try their best to improve their environment, stabilize it, create conditions to eliminate dangerous situations in time, save their lives, wait for rescue, and try to get out of danger. 1. If you are buried under the rubble during an earthquake, it is dark around and there is only a very small space. Don't panic, be calm, have confidence in survival, believe that someone will come to save you, and do everything possible to protect you.