Who are the founders of Legalism, Mohism, Confucianism, Taoism and Military Strategy?

Li Kui was born in Wei Anyi. China was a political reformer in the Warring States Period. An important representative of legalism. A former Wei Wenhou, presided over the political reform. Economically, the policy of "making full use of land" and "making peace" is implemented, and farmers are encouraged to intensively cultivate and increase production.

The state buys surplus grain at parity in good years and sells it at parity in poor years to balance food prices; It advocates sowing multiple food crops at the same time to prevent famine. Politically, the rule of law was implemented, the system of maintaining aristocratic privileges was abolished, and those who made meritorious deeds were rewarded, so that Wei became a powerful country in the early Warring States period.

He compiled the laws of various countries at that time, which was the first relatively complete code in ancient China, and now it has been lost. His thoughts of "attaching importance to agriculture" and "ruling by law" had a great influence on Shang Yang and Han Fei.

2. Mohist founder: Mozi.

Mozi, whose real name is Zhai, was a Song poet in the late Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the early Warring States Period. Mozi, a descendant of Mu Yi, an aristocrat in the Song Dynasty, worked as a doctor in the Song Dynasty. He was the founder of Mohism and a famous thinker, educator, scientist and strategist in the Warring States Period.

Mozi is the only philosopher born as a farmer in the history of China. Mozi founded Mohism, which had a great influence in the pre-Qin period, and was called "one of the best" with Confucianism. He put forward the viewpoints of "universal love", "non-aggression", "Shang Xian", "Shang Tong", "ambition", "ghost", "death", "unhappiness" and "frugality".

Take universal love as the core, frugality and sage as the fulcrum. Mozi founded a set of scientific theories with outstanding achievements in geometry, physics and optics during the Warring States Period. At that time, a hundred schools of thought contended and were called "non-Confucian Jimo". After Mozi's death, Mohism was divided into three schools: Xiangri Chi Mo, Xiangfumo and Denglingmo. According to the historical data of Mozi's life, disciples collected his quotations and completed Mozi, a book handed down from ancient times.

3. The founder of Confucianism: Confucius.

Confucius (September 28th BC1year-April BC1year), surnamed Kong, was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period (now Qufu, Shandong) and his ancestral home was Li Yi (now Xiayi, Henan), an ancient thinker and educator in China. He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith.

Confucius led some disciples around the world for thirteen years, and revised the six classics in his later years, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for gifts, with 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples recorded the words and deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled the Confucian classic The Analects.

4. Founder of Taoism: Laozi.

Lao Zi, surnamed Li Minger, is called Bo Yang. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the year of birth and death is unknown (Hu Shi once speculated that Laozi was born in the early years of Zhou Lingwang in 570 BC), and he was from Chenguoku County in the Spring and Autumn Period of Zhou Dynasty (Kuxian, the name of ancient county, is generally considered by historians to be in Luyi County, Henan Province). China was an ancient thinker, philosopher, writer and historian, the founder and main representative of Taoist school.

Laozi was regarded as the ancestor of Li by the emperor of Tang Dynasty. He is a world cultural celebrity and one of the top 100 historical celebrities in the world. There is also Tao Te Ching (also known as Laozi), whose core essence is simple dialectics and advocates inaction.

Laozi's thought has a far-reaching influence on the development of China's philosophy, and Tao Te Ching is one of the works with the largest circulation in the world. In 1980s, according to the statistics of UNESCO, among the world famous cultural works, the Bible was translated into foreign languages and published with the largest circulation, followed by the Tao Te Ching.

Politically, Laozi advocates the rule of inaction and the teaching of words. Politically, Lao Tzu pays attention to the truth that extremes meet. In terms of self-cultivation, Laozi is the ancestor of Taoist double cultivation, paying attention to modest and upright practice and not competing with others.

Laozi and Zhuangzi of later generations are also called Zhuang zi. In Taoism, Laozi is regarded as the ancestor of Taoism and called "the old gentleman on the throne".

5. Founder of military strategist: Sun Wu.

Sun Wu (about 545 BC-about 470 BC), whose real name was Changqing, was born in Le 'an (now northern Shandong Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. China, a famous strategist and politician in the Spring and Autumn Period, was honored as a soldier sage or grandson (Sun Wuzi), also known as "the most holy strategist", and was known as "the teacher of a hundred schools of thought" and "the originator of eastern military science".

Sun Wu was active from the end of 6th century BC to the beginning of 5th century BC, from Qi State to Wu State, and was recommended by the senior minister of Wu State (Wu Zixu). He presented thirteen articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War to He Lv, the king of Wu, and was reused as a general. He once led Wu Jun to defeat the Chu army, occupied the capital of Chu, and almost destroyed Chu.

His masterpiece, The Art of War, contains thirteen articles, which are highly praised by later military strategists. It is known as the "sacred book of military science" and ranks first among the seven military classics. Sun Tzu's Art of War occupies an extremely important position in the history of military affairs, military art and philosophy in China and even in the world, and is widely used in politics, economy, military affairs, culture, philosophy and other fields. This book has been translated into English, French, German and Japanese, making it the most famous model of military science in the world.

Extended information legalist

Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate, don't be extremely noble, and be divorced from the law." In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher", Shen Bu's "Shu" and the thoughts and theories of Legalists.

In the traditional culture of rule of law in China, Qi's thought of rule of law is unique, and he is called Oriental Legalist or Qi Legalist. Qi is the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Jiang Taigong, the founding hero, sealed the country, and Boyi, the ancestor of Jiang Taigong, assisted Yu Shun. Taking ceremony as a mirror and legislation as a punishment, a system of combining etiquette and law was established. Taigong sealed Qi, followed the custom with simple ceremony, made laws, made orders, and the combination of ceremony and law became the way of governing the country that Qi inherited without abolishing it.

Guan Zhong assisted Qi Huangong in governing Qi. On the one hand, he regards propriety, justice, honesty and shame as the pillar to maintain the country and publicizes the importance of moral education. On the other hand, he emphasized the rule of law, and both monarch and minister obeyed the law, which made him the first person to put forward the rule of law in the history of China.

By the Warring States Period, Qi had become the first ideological emancipation movement and the source of a hundred schools of thought contending in China's history, and a group of people who inherited and carried forward Guan Zhong's thought formed Guan Zhong School. Guan Zhong emphasized that the rule of law in law and education became the highest achievement of pre-Qin legalists. Influenced by Qi culture, Xunzi studied in Xia Ji Palace, and also trained two representatives of Legalism, Han Fei and Li Si.

Legalists in the pre-Qin period were mainly divided into two camps: Qi Legalists and Legalists. Qin Jin legalists advocate that you should not be intimate, be extremely noble and be divorced from the law; Qi legalists advocate the rule of law and attach importance to law and education; Legalists take law, technique and environment as the highest standards, while Qi legalists pay equal attention to technique, environment, law and teaching.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Legalists, as a big faction, put forward the idea of governing the country according to law, which has far-reaching influence so far. This is enough to show that they attach great importance to the legal system and regard the law as a compulsory tool conducive to social rule. These thoughts, which embody the construction of the legal system, have been used to this day and become the main ruling means for centralized people to stabilize social unrest.

The birth of contemporary China law is influenced by legalist thought, which has a strong constraint on a country's politics, culture and morality and has a far-reaching impact on modern legal system.

Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, it advocates taking law as teaching and officials as teachers. His theory provides a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy. Legalists advocated "ruling the country according to law" and put forward a set of theories and methods.

This provided an effective theoretical basis for the later establishment of the centralized Qin Dynasty. Later, the Han Dynasty inherited the centralized system and legal system of the Qin Dynasty and became the political and legal subject of the ancient feudal society in China.

Legalists attach importance to the law, oppose Confucian "rites", oppose the hereditary privilege of nobles monopolizing economic and political interests, demand private land, and award official positions according to their merits and talents. The function of law is to "solve disputes", that is, to clarify the ownership of things. "Being rich and afraid of violence" encourages people to make meritorious deeds, which makes those who are lawless feel afraid. The ultimate goal of prosperity is to make Qiang Bing rich and win the war of annexation.

Legalists oppose conservative retro ideas and advocate reform. They believe that history is moving forward and all laws and systems should develop with the development of history. They can neither go back to the past nor stick to the rules and put forward the idea that "breaking the law is not from the present". Han Fei, on the other hand, decided the legalist Mahayana and put forward that "time shift is difficult to control chaos", satirizing the conservative Confucianism as a fool waiting for him.

mohists

The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself. The purpose of "mutual benefit" can only be achieved by "blind date in the world" Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, he also put forward the idea of "non-destiny", emphasizing self-reliance

Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can get rid of fire and knife to motivate themselves. His disciples engaged in debate, which is called "Mo Debate"; Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its discipline is strict, it is said that "the law of ink, the murderer dies, the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu Smuggling").

After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.

Shang Xian and the monk are the basic political programs of Mohism. Mohism and Confucianism are also called "outstanding studies". The following is the concept of Mohism.

Ethics: put forward "universal love" and advocate that love should not be divided into intimacy, superiority and inferiority, and hierarchy. He thinks the world is chaotic because people don't love each other.

Political outlook: advocating "Shang Xian" and "Shang Tong", advocating the selection of talents, eliminating class concept, ruling the world, advocating "not attacking itself" and opposing all wars of aggression.

Economic outlook: Oppose extravagant life, advocate frugality, and put forward the ideas of "saving money", "saving burial" and "being unhappy".

Cosmology: put forward "fate", thinking that fate can not dominate people's wealth, emphasizing that it can be changed through the efforts of the day after tomorrow. In order to seek happiness and avoid disaster, he also advocated "respecting heaven" and "dealing with ghosts"

Because Mohism, from its founder Mozi to its main representatives, is a literati at the bottom of society, Mohism can better understand the miserable life of working people in a war-torn society. Therefore, compared with the excessive emphasis on "etiquette" in Confucianism, Mohism pays more attention to diligent and thrifty living habits, and does not hesitate to do low-level manual labor. It is humiliated by Confucian scholars as "the art of prostitution", with life deviation, opposing positions and keeping up with the joneses.

Confucianists

Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the law, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.

Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocate "education without class", both the ruler and the ruled should be educated, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person.

Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and convincing people by virtue, and called for the restoration of the "Zhou Li", which he thought was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.

Mencius' thought is that "the people are more important than the monarch" and advocates that the rulers practice "benevolent government". On the discussion of human nature, he thinks that human nature is good and puts forward "the theory of good nature?" It is completely different from Xunzi's "theory of evil nature". The reason why Xunzi put forward that human nature is evil is also a more acute manifestation of social contradictions during the Warring States period.

dao jia xue pai

Taoism is named after the core idea of "Tao", which was first seen in the book Essentials of Six Classics by Sima Tan, a historian in the Western Han Dynasty. It is also called a moralist. It can be roughly divided into three schools: Zhuangzi School, Huanglao School and Yang Zhu School. Among them, the school of Laozi and Zhuangzi takes the avenue as the root, nature as the intersection, heaven and earth as the teacher, nature as the respect, and inaction as the basis, and advocates self-denial, inaction, unity of everything, natural Taoism, being far away from politics and being at ease.

Political ideal is a peach blossom garden and a world of supreme virtue, which embodies the characteristics of "separating from use as the body", so it has become the spiritual home of literati in past dynasties away from cruel reality. Its representative figures are Laozi, Zhuangzi and Liezi. Based on nothingness, the Huang-Lao school used conformity, adopted the goodness of Confucianism and Mohism, and summarized the essentials of fame and law. It advocates simplicity, appropriateness, inclusiveness, keeping pace with the times, adapting to the changes of things, living by Tao, governing the country according to law, simplifying the complex and recuperating, and its political ideal is unity.

It embodies the characteristics of "in vitro service" and has become the first aid kit for the government to govern the world after all previous chaos. Its representative figures are Shen Dao, Tian Pian and Yuan Huan. Yang Zhu School advocates avoiding harm in life, attaching importance to oneself, attaching importance to the preservation of personal life, and opposing others' infringement on themselves and others. It belongs to another branch of Taoism, represented by Yang Zhu and Zi Huazi. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it did not exist because it could not be tolerated by the world. But his lifelong protection thought was completely inherited by Taoism. ?

Different from the approach of Confucian social philosophy, Taoist philosophy directly cuts into the principle of the operation of heaven, and develops the philosophy of "Tao" with natural meaning and neutral meaning as the mainstay. The operation of the sky has its natural principle, and the philosophy of Tao is to explain the connotation of this principle, thus putting forward a lively and comfortable world space.

Taoist philosophy has developed a completely different social philosophy from Confucianism through its infinite and persistent understanding of this world operation order. Society is only the object of one party's existence, and people living in it should have their own freedom of independence and self-existence, not bound by any ideology. Therefore, the attitude towards social responsibility, first of all, has no position, and can have an attitude and orientation of existence that respects people's autonomy more.

From this, Huang Laodao actively participated in social and political activities, and put forward a series of political, economic and military propositions, such as conforming to nature, taking advantage of the trend, combining leniency with severity, and recuperating. However, Laozi and Zhuangzi believe that reality is full of constraints and restrictions. From Kun Peng to Kun Ge, they all need certain external conditions to move, that is, they all rely on it.

In order to get rid of all bondage and achieve completely fearless spiritual freedom, we need a "homogeneous" and "carefree" attitude. In addition, Laozi and Zhuangzi school also put forward the cognitive principles of "increasing learning and losing morality" and "this is also right and wrong" to realize the liberation of people's knowledge and ability; This paper puts forward some life skills, such as modesty, weakness, softness, warmth, sitting and forgetting, to turn into a butterfly to face the world and realize the liberation of people's life mood.

At the same time, the Laozi and Zhuangzi school also pays attention to the unity of heaven and man, the correspondence between heaven and man, doing things without arguing, benefiting but not harming, cultivating self-cultivation, being sincere, modest and sincere, taking the meaning of heaven and earth, resisting the debate of six qi, and traveling endlessly. "The law takes yin and yang, simplifying it into redundancy, and simplifying it into complexity." Wait; The Yang Zhu School believes that all people are poor, and at the same time, they don't invade each other, so the world can be rectified.

Political outlook: Laozi and Zhuangzi pursue the Peach Blossom Garden and the most virtuous world, and advocate inaction, self-improvement, quietness and self-correction; The Huang family pursues unity, and advocates simple etiquette, lenient punishment and simple administration, living by Tao and governing the country according to law. All advocate inaction.

Outlook on life: Huang Laotao advocates obeying everything and governing the country, while Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi advocate that everything has its opposite. Therefore, people must be "content with few desires", "weak and indisputable" and "conform to nature", and abandon all the shackles of ethics and ethics in order to avoid disaster.

Military strategist

Military strategists focus on directing wars and how to use force when it is necessary to achieve their goals. The founder is Sun Wu, and the strategists are divided into four categories: strategist, strategist, strategist.

The main representatives of military strategists are Sun Wu and Sima Yi at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States Period, there were Sun Bin, Wuqi, Liao Wei, Wei Wuji and Leitian. Today, military strategists' works include The Yellow Emperor Yin Fujing, Liu Tao, Three Outlooks, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sima Fa, Sun Bin's Art of War, Woods and Wei Liaozi. Although there are similarities and differences among various theories, they all contain rich elements of simple materialism and dialectics. The practical activities and theories of military strategists had great influence on that time and later generations, and they were the precious military ideological heritage of China in ancient times. Sima Qian's Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng in the Western Han Dynasty: "Jia Sheng is young and familiar with the books of a hundred schools. Wendi called him a doctor. "

Military strategists are the general names of ancient military strategists and strategists in China, and also refer to the schools that studied strategy and war in the pre-Qin period. The important works of military strategists include Sun Tzu's Art of War, Woods, Sun Bin's Art of War, Sima Fa, Liu Tao, Sanlve and Wei Liaozi.

The master strategist is Sun Wu's The Art of War. China's military strategists have been valued since ancient times. The development of the art of war in China has a long history. Sun Tzu's Art of War originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty and matured in the Spring and Autumn Period.

How to grasp the war from a macro perspective is the key to Sun Tzu's Art of War. War is a continuation of politics, which is related to the life and death of a country or a nation or being enslaved by others. Sun Tzu's Art of War can also be regarded as a guide to how to govern the country and formulate national strategies. It is also a book about how to lead troops to fight and formulate war strategies and tactics.

References:

A hundred schools of thought contend-Baidu Encyclopedia