The origin of the Pu people (where is the ancestor of the Bai people)

An examination of the settlement of ancestors of the Bai people in Tengchong, Yongchang

Guan Jian’s words Yongchang; The ancestors of the Bai people have lived in the area since ancient times and are one of the important ethnic groups occupying an important position.

The second volume of "Baoshan District Chronicles" contains: "According to the 1990 census, there were 34,168 Bai people in the region, accounting for 1.63% of the total population"; "Among them, Baoshan City (ancient Yongchang, now Longyang District) 30,821 people, including 1,824 people in Tengchong County and 649 people in Changning." "Yongchang ("Yongchang" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties once governed Tengchong) is the main settlement area of ​​​​white people. During the Hongwu Period of the Ming Dynasty, with the migration of a large number of Han people, the distribution area of ​​​​the Bai people shrank to the surrounding areas of the mountainous areas, or merged with Han, Yi and other ethnic groups. . So far, the only concentrated distribution of the Bai people in Baoshan is Wayao, Yangliu, and Wama townships in the north and west of Baoshan City (today's Longyang District). Most of the other Bai people came from Dali, Heqing, and Jian in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. At the beginning of liberation, some Bai commanders and fighters from the Seventh Border Detachment followed the army into Baoshan counties, and then changed jobs to work locally, becoming the Bai ethnic group who moved into Baoshan area after liberation." [1]p487---488. According to this chronicle, Baoshan in ancient times was the main inhabited area of ​​white people. The author has verified that from the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, the Bai people still occupied an important position in the Yongchang and Tengchong areas.

1. Changes in "Pu" and "Bo"

The Bai people belong to the Bo people of Qin and Han Dynasties, Pu people before the Spring and Autumn Period (not Pu after the two Jin Dynasties), "Pu", "Bo" and "Bo" "White" changes in one tone. According to "The Chronicles of the Five Emperors" and "The Chronicles of Xia" in "Historical Records", the Yellow Emperor's main concubine Luozu gave birth to two sons: Xuanxiao and Changyi. Changyi "married the daughter of the Shushan clan, named Changpu, and Changpu gave birth to Gaoyang." When the emperor died, Gao Yangli, the son of his grandson Changyi, became Emperor Zhuanxu." Zhuanxu begat Gun, Gun begat Yu, Yu begat Qi and the Xia Dynasty began. "Bamboo Book Annals" further states: "Emperor Gaoyang ascended the throne and lived in Pu" [2] p30. "Pu" refers to the Pu River, in the area centered on Puyang today. "Wenwen Tongkao Yu Di 3" says: "In fact, in Puzhou, the ruins of Zhuanxu and Kunwu were also there, so it was called Diqiu" [2] p30. It can be seen that Zhuanxu and Kunwu lived together in Pudi, and they were cousins ​​after Changpu. Together with Kunwu and Changpu, Roupu is a descendant of the Shushan family. "The Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Eastern Classic of the Wilderness" also says: "Roupu is a country where young children win the land." Wu, "Strengthen Jingchu" said: "The people of Roupu and the country of Kunwu, the two distant descendants and allies of the Xia people (due to the attacks of merchants) had to flee to the south. One group wandered in the Han River Basin and was called Jingchu. "[2]p32. It can be seen that the Shushan clan was divided into three branches during the Shang Dynasty; the descendants of Changpu were called the Xia clan, the descendants of Kunwu were called Jingchu, and those who flowed into the Han River were called Pu (Rou Pu). Therefore, the Bai people's hymns are the same as Chu Ci. "Historical Records: Chronology of the Six Kingdoms" says: "Yu's family originated from the Western Qiang", and "Poetry: Shengmin" says: "The people were born at the beginning of Jue, when the Wei Dynasty was Jiang Yuan", so the Xia, Zhou and Pu had the same ancestors in the Qiang. Therefore, "Book of Yi Zhou Yi Yin Chao Xian" says: "I invite you to the south: Ou, Deng, Guiguo, Huizi, Chanli, Baipu, Jiujun. Please order pearls, turtles, elephant tusks, rhinoceros and emeralds. Feathers, mushrooms, cranes, and short dogs are offered as offerings"; "Yi Zhou Shu·Wang Hui Jie" also says: "It is mandatory for the divination (Pu) people to offer cinnabar at the meeting of Zhou [3] p63." "Order to...offer", one was offered voluntarily in the meeting. When King Wu of Zhou conquered Zhou, the Pu people also swore to participate, and many historians explained that Pu and Zhou are both descendants of the Qiang people, "they are close relatives." .

This shows the relationship between Pu people and the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

"Pu" is called "Bo", and historians believe that it is related to the continuous migration of Pu people. Commentators study the glyphs of oracle bone inscriptions and believe that they are the pictogram of holding gourds to offer sacrifices to heaven, that is, "Pu people" are the "gourd people" who worship gourds. "Since ancient times, Han, Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, Shui, Li, Gelao, and Yi The , Bai, Miao, Yao, She, De'ang, Wa and other ethnic groups all have myths and legends about gourds as their original ancestors. "The Pu people are divided into so many branches as mentioned above, so they are called "Hundred Pu" [4] p179 in history. Some commentators connect the above statement that "the people of Pu (Pu) offer cinnabar," and think that "Pu" It is a pictogram of people making things. The Pu people are a tribe that is good at handicrafts and are very mobile. In fact, in the oracle bone inscriptions, "Pu" is often replaced by "Bu", such as "Ding Chou Zhen, Bu You". Guo Moruo interpreted the inscription "Bu" as: "Bu means Bu Zi's divination, which is the name of the nation" [4] p176. Their movement was actually due to the persecution of foreigners.

When Tang attacked Xia Jie, he also attacked Roupu and Kunwu, so Kunwu fled to Chu and Pu fled to the Han River. "In the sixth year of Xiong Shuang (822 B.C.), the three younger brothers fought for the throne. Zhongxue died, and uncle Kan died. They took refuge in Pu, and the younger brother stood side by side because of Xiong's side."; In the sixteenth year of King Heng of Zhou (B.C.) 704), "Chu Xiongtong... established himself as King Wu, made an alliance with others, and left, so he began to cultivate the land."; May of the 22nd year of King Zhou Jing (523 BC) , "The Chu Zhou army attacked Pu". In this way, "Under the attack of Jingchu, (Pu people) went up the Yangtze River to the Zhuti River Basin, where they established the Bohou State, known as the Bo people"; "At the end of the Warring States Period, the Chu general Zhuang Qi marched westward, passing through In the Bohou State area, many Pu people followed the Chu army into Dianchi Lake, Qiongdu, Yeyu and other vast areas, and the Pu people became the most extensive ethnic group covering the southwest." [2] p28---34. In the second century BC, the Bohou Kingdom was destroyed by Qin, and the Pu people finally withdrew from the Zhuti River Basin and migrated to western Yunnan. This is the history of this tragic nation from "Pu" to "Bo". The clan name "Bo" first appeared in "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals·Zijunlan": "The Qiang and Hutang clans are to the west of Lishui; the Bo people and barbarians belong to the river of Pianzuo. The boat people send the dragon to the hometown of Tu people. There is no king in the world." "Yiyi Kao": "The Bo people were originally Chinese and were condemned to distant places due to their sins" [3] p17-18. Bo people and Ye (Yue) people use bamboo as rafts, one raft after another, just like sending people off on a dragon boat. Men, women, old and young stand on the rafts and rush towards the robbery target. This kind of unorganized great migration without a leader will inevitably infringe on the interests of the indigenous people and attract the hatred and disgust of the indigenous people. Therefore, "Guangyun" says: "Bo, a derogatory name, is ugly." "Book of Rites: Kingship" says: "The far side of the screen is called thorn in the west; it is called Ji in the east, and it will be disdained throughout life." Annotation by Zhengxuan of the Han Dynasty: "The thorn should be called Bo, and the word "Bo" is forced. According to the "Hanshu", it is said that 'there are Bo barbarians in the southwest'. Knowing that they are not the barbarians, they read it as forced, because they are opposite to 'send', and 'send' is not The name of the barbarians from the East means traveling, so Bo is not the name of the barbarians from the west, so it is thought that they are approaching the barbarians alone." [5] p84. This means that the Bo people were originally Chinese (Rou Pu, who was related to the Xia and Zhou Dynasties). Because of conflicts with the rulers (Shang and Chu), they were forced to move to distant places. They lived together with the Yue people (savages). , entered Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou from Jianghan. Although there was looting, they were actually forced and sent to the Yirong. Therefore, "Bo" has always been called "Qiang Bo". Yang Xiong's "Changyang Fu" said: "The Qiangbo rode eastward", and "Hanshu·Five Biography" also said: "The guests of South Vietnam surrendered, the Qiangbo contributed, and Dongou entered the dynasty." An ancient annotation by Master Yan: "Bo is the barbarian in the southwest." It can be seen that "Pu" and "Bo" come from the same origin, and they are not Yue people, nor are they called "Pu people" after the Han and Jin Dynasties in the Mon-Khmer language family (the ancestors of the above-mentioned De'ang, Wa, etc.). "Historical Records" and "Hanshu" only refer to this ethnic group as "Bo" and rarely use "Pu". After the Eastern Jin Dynasty's "Huayang Guozhi", "Pu" is only referred to as the Mon-Khmer language ethnic group. The reason for this needs to be studied. After the Qin Dynasty destroyed the Bohou Kingdom, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Bashu soldiers to defeat Laojin and Mimo (the antiphonal sound of "Bo") in the present-day Qujing area of ​​northeastern Yunnan in the second year of Yuanfeng (AD 109); in the fifth year of Emperor Di Huang (AD 20 ), Wang Mang brutally suppressed the resistance of the Bo people and changed Shengxiu County to Shengbo County. The Bo people fled in large numbers, and the name "Bo" gradually disappeared. In this way, the Pu and Bo tribes continued to develop in the process of migration and continued to integrate with surrounding ethnic groups. After the Han Dynasty, they turned south from Bo Road to western Yunnan and reached Baoshan, integrating with some local Kunming people and absorbing the local counties and counties. The Han population has become a Shu-Han Yishuai surname with a high level of production and culture, strong openness and tolerance. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was also called "Bai Man"; after the Yuan Dynasty, it was directly called "White Man" and "Bai Nationality". Despite this, they all left the ruins of "Xiong'er", "Pushui", "Puyan" and "Puren Tomb" on their journeys, which shows that they have a glorious history of the same origin.

2. "Bo" in Yongchang

There is no historical record of when the Bai people settled in Yongchang. Although the Baiyang Village-type cultural sites in Dali Jiangchuan belonging to the Shiqiang culture during the Neolithic period are scattered throughout the five counties of Baoshan (no Shiqiang relics have yet been found during the Paleolithic period), the specific ethnic groups of today had not yet been differentiated at that time. In the Western Han Dynasty, according to the "Huayang Guozhi·Nanzhong Zhi" written by Chang Ju of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: "In the time of Xiaowu, Tongbo Nanshan and Lancang River were crossed, and the Naoxi River was located at Xitang (now Caojian) and Buwei (now Longyang). District Jinji Village) and two counties, the descendants of Lu Jia, the Prime Minister who immigrated to South Vietnam, are actually descendants of the clan, and because of their poor name, they show the evil of their ancestors." Ban Gu's "Hanshu Biography of Southwest Yi" said: "The Emperor (Emperor Xiaowu) ordered Wang Ranyu, Bai Shichang, Lu Yue and others to come out of Southwest Yi... Kunming, no one can pass. General Feng then recommended Chen Li, the Sima of Jincheng, to be the governor of Zanggao.

The person who stood up was a native of Linqiong. He was preceded by Lian Ran Chang and Bu Wei Ling, and the barbarians were afraid of him." [6] p243-253. It was then known that Yongchang was first established with prefectures and counties, and officials and tribesmen such as prefects and county magistrates were sent to rule. At the same time, Recruiting wealthy people to settle in Yongchang "enter the valleys in other counties and receive money from the inner government" to consolidate the rule of the imperial court. "The activities of Han immigrants mainly came into contact in Pingba District along the transportation roads to the interior. The indigenous ethnic group is the Bo ethnic group with the highest level of political, economic and cultural development among the southwestern barbarians"; "The Han population that entered the southwestern barbarians during the Han and Jin Dynasties gradually merged into the Bo ethnic group" [3]p23-2

4. It can be seen that the Bo people (ancestors of the Bai people) settled here at that time.

In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Mao, the king of Ailao, established Bonan (today's Han Dynasty) here. Yongping) and "Ailao" (today's east of Taihefang in Baoshan City) counties, some officials, troops, and people moved in to settle and guard the land. These Han people gradually became "Bo people", "because at that time, there were only aborigines in Yunnan. The economic and cultural development level of the Bo people is relatively high, and the original clan and tribal boundaries have been destroyed, allowing the Han population to move in and live with them, and they have developed into the Nanzhong surname with the slave-owning clan of the Bo people" (note above). These big surnames "en trusted in the south" and "were obeyed by the Yi and Han people". The Lu Kai family in Yongchang "Ken Wei Nei was trusted by the county, so they were able to rule the county." In the present three generations. The common surnames are Chen, Zhao, Xie and Yang" [6] p254. "Yunnan Tongzhi·Yongchang Mansion" written by Wanli of the Ming Dynasty said: "Zhuge Camp is ten miles south of the city, where Zhuge Kong Ming's troops were stationed in the south. After Kong Ming's triumphant return, those left by the Han people gathered here and lived there for generations, and they are still called old Han people today. Cao Yu's poem: "Meng Huo captured Yong Kaiping alive and set up camp in the south of Yongchang." The Bo people also explained the affairs of the previous dynasty and stood up to the setting sun to talk about Kong Ming'". "Until the Ming Dynasty, the 'old Han people' who still existed in Zhuge Camp were actually Bo people" [3] p31. That is, the Han population that entered Yongchang Prefecture Before the Ming Dynasty, they had merged into "Bo people". According to "Yongchang Prefecture Rongshi": "In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Tang Dynasty, Dong Qi, the barbarian chief of Yongchang, led a tribe of 20,000 households ("Zizhi Tongjian"). More than 200,000 households') attached" [7] p122; Volume 4 of "Yongchang Prefecture Wenzheng" contains: "Yang Xing, a native of Yongchang County. Meng was Bu Xie, and in the eighth year of Tianbao, he led his troops to join the annex, wrote a seal praising Mei, and promoted his sect. His descendants became chiefs of Yongchang, Li Duan and Gao." [8] p3136---3142. "Dong" , "Yang" is a common surname for white people, and in the early Tang Dynasty, only white people had surnames, that is, Dong Qi and Yang Xing should be "Bo people" (Bai people), and there are as many as 20,000 to 200,000 tribes within them. , it can be seen that in the early Tang Dynasty, there were already "Bo people" living in Yongchang.

3. The settlement of Bai people

In the Tang Dynasty, Yongteng was an important town in Nanzhao. , Puzi, whose species is Wangjuzi. If you still have courage and strength, there will be many horses in the land. Before Kaiyuan, Guanjue was incompatible with Liuzhao. Sheng Luopi first built Zheyu City, and after Ge Luofeng, it gradually became softer. It is estimated that Nanzhao has 30,000 soldiers, and Yongchang is one of them." [9] p88. The Zheyu City built by Sun Sheng Luopi, the sixth generation of Nanzhao, is today's Baoshan City (the area around the former site of the abandoned county of Ailao, Nanzhao The city was built near mountains and rivers) "Zheyu" means "Tuoxi" in Bo language, which means "the Mingde sage will open up the dangerous and uninhabited pass land in the west". More than 40 years later, his grandson The Zedong City built by Feng Jiayi in Shanchanfu (now Pingding Township, Kunming City) "has the same meaning. Now that the city has been built, official troops must be sent to guard it. Mr. You Zhong said: "Although the king of the Nanzhao Dynasty was a 'Wuman' from Mengshe, the ministers such as Qingping officials, generals, Liucao Chang, etc. were almost all 'white barbarians' Yang, Zhao, Dong and Duan. The aristocratic elements of the surname "Baiman" actually play a leading role in all aspects of Nanzhao's politics, economy, and culture." [3] p93. These military and political leaders and official tribes should be Bai. This is evidenced by the Zhang Luozhen stele in the south of Baoshan City recorded in Zhengde's "Yunnan Chronicles·Biography of Famous Officials" of the Ming Dynasty; "Zhang Luozhen was a Qingping official in Nanzhao and the governor of Yongchang County. He was promoted to the chief supervisor for his deeds in defeating barbarians, so there is a stele in the In the south of the city, he is said to be brave and generous" [10] p183. The "Grand Supervisor Army" was already a court official but built a tomb in Yongchang, which shows that the tribesmen have settled in Yongchang. According to Fan Chuo's "Yunnan Chronicles": In the seventh year of Tianbao (748 AD), "(Cuan) Chongdao (the son of the brother of Wanggui Cuangui, the governor of Nanning, and the great ghost master of the two Cuans) was also killed, and Zhu Cuan was left weak. When Gui Yi died, his son Ge Luo Fengli, Shou Ou (Gui Wang's son who was killed by Chong Dao) and his wife (Ge Luo Feng's sister) returned to Hexi, and they were separated from Huang Hua from then on. His wife) claimed to be the leader of the Wuman tribe. She went to Beijing to participate in the imperial examination and was greatly rewarded.

Ge Luofeng sent Kunchuan City envoy Yang Mouli (Bai ethnic group) to threaten Xicuan with troops and move more than 200,000 households to Yongchang City. The Wuman tribes were unable to understand the language and were mostly scattered in forests and valleys, so they could not move. Later, from Qu, Jingzhou (today's Zhaotong area), Shicheng (today's Qujing City), Waimachuan, Kunchuan (today's Kunming City) south to Longhe (today's Lufeng), there was no military shortage. The descendants of Riyong are now within the boundaries of Yongchang City." "Xicuan is also a Baiman..." In Tianbaozhong (AD 742-756), from Qu and Jingzhou (today's Zhaotong City) in the northeast, to Xuancheng (today's Yuanjiang) in the southwest, the towns and cities faced each other, and the cattle and horses were wild. From Shicheng, Kunchuan, Quyou (today's Malong), Jinning, Yuxian (today's Chengjiang, Jiangchuan, Yuxi, and Tonghai), Anning to Longhe City, it was called Xicuan" [9] p47-48. From today's Zhaotong , Qujing and the entire Kunming City to Jiangchuan, Yuxi, and Tonghai, 200,000 households of the Bai people moved to Yongchang City (suspected to be under the jurisdiction of Yongchang City). This was a huge ethnic migration. Therefore, "Umans cannot understand the language." , "therefore no migration", it can be seen that the area within the city of Yongchang (the jurisdiction) has long been a settlement area for the Bai people, and the 200,000 Bai people have the same language.

As for the immigration of the Tengchong Bai people, "Yuan History· "Tengchong Mansion" says: "Tengchong Mansion is located in the west of Yongchang, that is, Yue Tu. ·······The ninth grandson of the Meng family, Yimo, sought out the Yue tribe and drove out the barbarians. When he found the land, he named it Hua Prefecture. Later, the white barbarians moved to Tengchong Prefecture. In the third year of Emperor Xianzong's reign in the Yuan Dynasty, the chief of the government Gao Jiu was attached to the palace." Mr. You Zhong explained: "In this case, there were no "white barbarians" in Tengchong before Nanzhao. After Nanzhao reunified Yue and Yue, it established Huafu and Tengchong Prefecture, and moved some "Baiman" to garrison in the city. The distribution area of ​​"Baiman" extended westward from the former Yongchang (today's Baoshan) to Tengchong. The ethnic composition of the 'Fu Sheik Gao Jie' attached to it in the third year of Yuan Xianzong's reign is 'Baiman'" [3] p94. Before Nanzhao, there is still no evidence or historical records to prove that the Bai people lived together, but Geluofeng published wooden passage After the "Xikai Xunzhuan", not only Yongchang Jiedu (Yongchang Mansion) was established in today's Longyang District, but also Axi (meaning "Zhenxi") city was established in today's Yingjiang old city, and in today's Myitkyina ( In the southwest of Jinbao City, Manmo built the Moling Dudu City and set up Lishui Jiedu. The cities of Axi City and Moling Dudu City were built on the Irrawaddy River. That is what Fan Chuo said: "Nanzhao specially built a city on Moling Mountain. With your heart in mind, you should understand the five affairs of Xunchuan (i.e. Lishui City), Changbang (today's Tuojiao), Moling (Manmo), Jin (Jinbao City), and Mi (Mi City in today's Zhanxi) City" [ 9]p24. Just because the climate in Axi City, Moling Dudu City and other places is very hot and the smog is very poisonous, "when people from Hezhen (today's Dali) arrived there, nine out of ten people were affected by the miasma. Ge Luofengchang led the army to Dali. Build a city in the middle of the city and control it brutally. If you are no more than one year old, more than half of the dead will be driven away and never come back again." (Note above). As for Tengchong, which is used as a transit point to control Axi City and Moling City, it is impossible not to have Nanzhao officials and troops stationed there. . The "Huanghua Sida Ji" written by Jia Dan (736---803), the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, records: "It's two hundred miles west from Zhuge Liang City (now Zhen'an Gucheng Mountain)" [8] p3138. It goes west for a hundred miles to Micheng, then crosses the mountains to the west for two hundred miles to Lishui City, then crosses Lishui to the west, and then crosses Longquan Water to Anxi City..." Fan Chuo's "Yunnan Chronicles" also records: "From Tengchong, through Baoshan City (now the former Ma), and then through Jinbaocheng (now (Myitkyina), Beidali, and back for more than a hundred miles, they are all barbaric and there is no leader" [9] p21 The city names of Tengchong as "Tengchong" and "Tengchong" have long existed. The "Baihan Dictionary" of the Institute of Ethnology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences notes that "De`wart: Tengchong" is pronounced as ". "Tengwan" was the name of Tengchong City (today's Xiyuan City Site of Xishanba) in the pre-Tang Dynasty, which means "a Bazi where horses are raised and run wild". It can be seen that before Yimo sought Yue Tuo, Tengchong was already an important town, similar to Geluofeng. There are already connections and transportation between Jianzhu and Zhucheng, so it is impossible for them to be guarded by officials and troops, and most of the local officials and army generals in Nanzhao are of the Bai ethnic group. This can be proved by the tomb of Du Guangting's son in Fengchong. He became the Bai nationality. Du Guangting was a Qingping official of Geluofeng (it should be Du Guangting who wrote the "Nanzhao Dehua Stele" when Geluofeng was "Xunkai Xunzhuan"). His son was stationed in Tengchong and died as the governor of Yongchang. Tu Shulian, the prefect of Tengchong in the Qing Dynasty, commented in the "Tengyue Prefecture Chronicle" that "we know that there were Qingping officials in Nanzhao, Tengchong" (11) p51.

Zhang Luozhen was later promoted to the rank of Supervisory Army due to his ability to defeat the barbarians. This shows that at the latest after Yimo sought out Yuezhen, in order to replace the functions of Axi City and Moling City in controlling the cities on the Irrawaddy River and the gold-mining tribes, the "Ruanhua Prefecture" (should be After the "Huafu"), Tengchong's political and economic status rose, making it possible for the Bai people to move in large numbers to settle here, because "driving out the barbarians" would inevitably leave a large amount of idle farmland.

4. The Bai people became the dominant ethnic group

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the Bai people became one of the main ethnic groups in Yongteng.

During the disputes between the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that led to the demise of the Tang Dynasty in the Central Plains, the Nanzhao Dynasty also fell apart, and three dynasties appeared successively: "Changhe Kingdom", "Tianxing Kingdom" and "Yining Kingdom". It was not until the second year of Tianfu in the Later Jin Dynasty (December 973 AD) that Duan Siping, the governor of Tonghai, with the internal support of the Gao and Dong clans, united with the thirty-seven "Wuman" tribes to seize the power of Yang Qianzhen's Yining state, and changed the country's name to "Dali" stabilized the political situation. Although the territory of the southwest frontier has shrunk, it has basically restored the scope of the Nanzhao period. Among the sixteen prefectures and counties, the organizational structure of Yongchang and Tengchong has basically remained unchanged: Yongchang Prefecture is located in today's Longyang District, and governs Baoshan City and Lincang area outside today's Tengchong. and the eastern part of Dehong; Tengchong Prefecture is located in today's Tengchong, and governs the area from the west of the Longchuan River to the upper reaches of the Irrawaddy River in today's Dehong Prefecture. Yongchang and Tengchong are all ruled by the Duan and Gao families, becoming a veritable main ethnic group. The evidence is from historical records, from the "prefect Gao Jiu" attached to him in the third year of Emperor Xianzong of the Yuan Dynasty, to the "Tufu" Gao Tai who surrendered to Wang Zhen in the early Ming Dynasty and then built Lucchuan soldiers to "slaughter Yongchang City" and "capture the commander Wang Zhen" , Gao Hui, are all the Gao clan of the Bai ethnic group that rules Tengchong. In Yongchang, "During the Qiande period of the Song Dynasty, the Duan family still established the Yongchang Mansion... and granted Gao Mingxin the honorary title of "Xian" to protect his land for generations to come. “Both Yongchang Prefecture and Tengchong Prefecture are not the main residences of the ‘Gold-toothed Bai Yi’, but are the residences of Bai officials since Dali in Nanzhao. The residents are mostly Bai and ‘Wuman Luoluo’” [3] p207. According to historical records, the Yongteng Cuanbo Army (Cunbai Army) still existed in the early Ming Dynasty. After Tengchong surrendered in the 16th year of Hongwu, Tengchong was set up to guard Qianhu Station. Due to the military system of the Yuan Dynasty, there were two armies, Han and Tu, and the Tu army was the Cuanbo Army. Many genealogies can also confirm this. The surviving tomb of Meng Guanyinqing (prefect of Tengchong), the tombstone of Yin Ming (official of Tengchong Prefecture of Yuan Dynasty), and the tombstone of the martyr Shi Meifeng can all serve as evidence. The relics of the Aqili religion of the Bai ethnic group are scattered all over Yongteng, such as the Baita and Taoguan in Longyang District, and a large number of cremation tombs unearthed in Laifengshan, Shipai, Qiluo, Shunjiang and other places in Tengchong; Baoen Temple in Qixian Mountain, Longyang The records of the stele and the Lanruo stele of Guanyin Mountain can also be testified by the large number of Aqili relics in Jinlun Temple, Heita Temple, Baofeng Temple, Huzhu Temple and Tianying Temple in Tengchong. The "Jingdi Temple" recorded in the history of Qiluo, Heshun and Laifengshan in Tengchong (some theories believe that it was built during the orthodox period), in fact, more than 70 years later, Zhang Zhichun, the minister of household affairs in Nanjing, Zhengde, has clearly pointed out in Nanyuan Manlu that it was built to worship the emperor of Nanzhao. Shilong, who was given the posthumous title of Jingzhuang after his death, was not built by the Han people in the Ming Dynasty. The "Tengyue Prefecture Chronicle" also says so. We think it can also be seen in this way. The ancient Chinese word "Jing" means "big", and "Jingdi" is. "Great Emperor" mostly refers to the monarch who spreads the territory. It is the common main god of the Bai people. It is a general name for the main god of the Bai people. It can be called a dedicated hero or an abstract god. According to statistics, the main hero of the Bai area in Dali. There are nearly 150 temples, including no less than 30 Jingdi temples, which include the Yuwu Jingdi, Nanzhao Lord Shilong, the god of fishermen, local gods, heroes, etc. The Bai language mostly retains the ancient Chinese customs, and can also be used as "Pu" and "Bo". "Evidence of the "change"), the "Empress Temple" in Xiaoxi, Tengchong (to honor Duan Gong, the general manager of Dali, and Princess Agai), the Ximeng Temple in the west of the city (the place where the Yuan Dynasty and the Luchuan and other tribes met), the native land of Wuyi The relics of worship of the master such as the main shrine can also provide evidence for this. (Qing Dynasty) Tu Shulian, the governor of Tengyue Prefecture, stated in "Tengyue Prefecture Chronicle" that "Tengchong was affiliated with the Qianhu Office (set up during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty), and there were many natives (that is, children of the original Cuanbo army)." Among them, there are four deputy commanders, including Wang Sheng and Chen Fu, who are from the original guard. There are ten commanders, including Feng Rui, Zhang Shan, Liu Rui, Yin Sheng, Minggui, Huang Qian, Wang Min and Wang Wen. Use 8 people to form the "Benwei people". "It is difficult to understand the meaning of Yiluo (Bai and Yi) in dialects. For example, '矣' is often used in mountains, rivers and villages (Eyebrow Note: The dialects call 'water' as '矣', but 'water' does not have the word '矣'") The pronunciation is that the Yi people don't know the book, and the Han language starts with the word "矣" (矣). Along the Mongolian section legacy method". The custom is: "I have been following the etiquette and teachings for a long time...". "Torch Festival is the Star Festival. On June 25th, farmers hold torches to illuminate the fields to pray for good luck." [11] p122-247, which is obviously a language custom of the Bai ethnic group.

Some of the epitaphs unearthed in recent years of family ancestors claiming to be originally from Nanjing still have the words "originally indigenous" on them. In short, many relics can prove that the Bai people were an important ethnic group in Tengchong, Yongchang from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Yuan Dynasty. However, later the rebellions of the Bai people with surnames such as Gao Hui and Gao Tai were suppressed ("the Gao family began to die out"); the Ming Dynasty's policy of "converting the barbarians with Xia to the barbarians" and the increasing number of wars without investing in military expenditures against the Cuanbo army, the Bai people After a large number of fleeing and integrating with the Han people, the disintegration of the Cuanbo army, a large number of military villages, civilian villages, merchant villages, and a large influx of Han people, the Bai people finally disappeared from Chengba.

References:

[1] Local Chronicles Compilation Committee of Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, Volume 2 of "Baoshan Regional Chronicles", Beijing Zhonghua Book Company, 2003·1.

[2] Li Zhengqing, "A Study of the Bo People", edited by Zhao Huairen, the second series of "A Large Number of Ethnic Culture Research Series", Beijing, Ethnic Publishing House. November 2006.

[3] You Zhong, "Ancient Ethnic Groups in Southwest China" Kunming, Yunnan People's Publishing House, December 1980.

[4] Huang Yilu, "History of the Dian Kingdom", Kunming, Yunnan People's Publishing House, May 2004.

[5] "Chinese Dictionary" Volume 1 (reduced version), Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, October 1978.

[6] Geng Deming, "Ailao Country and Ailao Culture", Kunming, Yunnan People's Publishing House, December 2003.

[7] (Qing Dynasty) Editor-in-Chief Liu Yuke, proofread by Xu Hongqin, "Yongchang Prefecture Chronicles", printed by Kunming Yachang Graphic Information Technology Co., Ltd., Baoxin (2007) No. 65.

[8] Edited by Li Gengen, edited by Yang Wenhu and Lu Weixian, the fourth volume of "Yongchang Mansion Literary Collection", Kunming, Yunnan Fine Arts Publishing House, December 2000.

[9] (Tang Dynasty) Written by Fan Chuo, edited by Xiang Dayuan and supplemented by Mu Qin, "Yunnan Chronicles Supplementary Annotations", Kunming and Yunnan People's Publishing House, December 1995.

[10] Xu Hongqin, "Yongchang Gou Shen", Hong Kong Tianma Books Publishing Co., Ltd. Spring 2002.

[11] (Qing Dynasty) Tu Shulianxiu, editor-in-chief of Zhang Zhifang Dian School Edition, "Tengyue Prefecture Zhidian School Edition", Kunming, Yunnan Fine Arts Publishing House, December 2007.