Where is the Xiling of the Qing Dynasty?
The feudal rulers of the Qing Dynasty regarded the royal mausoleum here as a "treasure trove of geomantic omen", and built a "geomantic omen wall" 40 miles long, enclosing more than 200 single buildings of concubines of different sizes and shapes, calling it the "front circle", which is the same as the "Houlong" with a square kilometer north of the Great Wall 100. However, all the emperors' "first achievements" in the Qing Dongling are within the Feng Shui wall, and only one queen's mausoleum-Zhao Qianling-was built outside the tomb wall, which is so uncoordinated and very eye-catching.
Zhao Qianling is the tomb of Empress Xiaozhuangwen, the biological mother of the emperor shunzhi, the ancestor of Qing Dynasty. The name "Queen" is based on the emperor shunzhi's biological father, Qing Taizong, who worships Huang Taiji. The emperor shunzhi should be called "Empress Dowager" and Emperor Kangxi should be called "Empress Dowager". This person is the highest position among all the people buried in the Qing Dongling. Her status is extremely noble, and her contribution to the Qing Dynasty is also very remarkable. It can be said that she has worked for more than half a century and made contributions to three dynasties. She is a heroine and shines brilliantly in history. However, the Qing dynasty buried it outside the gate of the royal cemetery. What is the reason?
"sourdrang queen" is the abbreviation of "Renxuanyi, Xiao Zhuang to Dexu Apocalypse Sage Pure Emblem Queen". Among them, "Xiaozhuang" is the name of the temple, that is, setting up a treasure in the ancestral hall to worship Te Li. "Ren Xuancheng Shao Zhi Deyi Apocalypse Sage Pure Emblem" is the emblem, which is dedicated to eulogizing the titles of emperor and queen. The title of "Xiaozhuang Wen Queen" was honored after the death of the tomb owner of Ling. When Huang taiji was alive, he was a princess; After Huang Taiji's death, his son succeeded to the throne as the emperor shunzhi and was promoted to Queen Mother. After the emperor shunzhi's death, Sun Yexuan ascended the throne as Emperor Kangxi and was promoted to Queen Mother. It can be seen from the stage change of this title that the so-called "marriage of the empress dowager" took place in Shunzhi Dynasty.
The queen mother is the mother of the emperor; Marriage is another name for marrying the daughter of the royal family; Remarriage refers to the remarriage of women. Linking "Empress Dowager" with "Marriage" and "Clan" is an unimaginable anecdote in China feudal society, and it is also a scandal that the dominant spirit and code of conduct of the times represented by "Three Cardinals and Five Permits" are absolutely unacceptable and intolerable. Although the Queen Mother married the younger brother of the former emperor, the uncle of today, and the Regent with outstanding achievements and prominent status, this chaotic marriage between sister-in-law and uncle took place in the emperor's palace, which really made the prince, grandson and all subjects feel ashamed and resentful. The ancient funeral rule was that Empress Dowager Cixi was buried together. Even if they can't share the same cave, their graves should be next to each other. However, forty-three years after the death of Huang Taiji, Xiao Zhuang died. According to the system, Zigong will be transported to Shengjing (now Shenyang) and built next to the Zhaoling Tomb of Huang Taiji. However, because he married and remarried before his death and died in his ex-husband, he could not bury Zhaoling, which defiled the "eternal land" of the first emperor. What's more, because the later princes and emperors hated Xiaozhuang's immoral and indecent behavior, they simply buried him outside the Feng Shui wall of the Qing Dongling, and let him guard the gate for future generations, lonely day and night, and bear the wind and rain alone as punishment.
As mentioned above, Zhao Qianling is almost a prison for the empresses of the Emperor Dongling of the Qing Dynasty, which was specially built in a place without a garden. It's a concierge at best, for servants to live in. A bird's eye view of the mausoleum area, the metaphor seems to be extremely appropriate, and the saying that "the queen mother gets married" can also be concluded. However, to ask questions, is this a historical fact or a legend? Is it because the tomb was built or because the tomb was built-because the Queen Mother was really married, or because of the unique location of Zhaonan Mausoleum, there is a saying that "the Queen Mother married"?
Of course, the idea that the Empress Dowager got married is not only based on the fact that Zhao Qianling's tomb was built outside the Feng Shui wall, but it is indeed an important and powerful example for those who hold this view. The theory of the queen mother's marriage is widely circulated, and the official history cannot be avoided. Unofficial history tried his best to exaggerate, but experts held their own opinions. The people who heard it couldn't agree. It was really confusing and puzzling. However, this is the value of this case, which has aroused people's enduring interest.
Zhao Qianling, buried in Xiao Zhuang, was built outside the "Feng Shui Wall" of Dongling in Qing Dynasty, which is the most powerful evidence of the Queen Mother's marriage theory. The commentator said that Xiaozhuang was buried because he was married and was not satisfied with the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong. Or after Xiaozhuang died, Emperor Kangxi released him from his ancestral grave and buried him outside the cemetery wall to punish him for guarding the gate for future generations. In fact, all this is just speculation and inference. According to the biography of Xiao Zhuang, "since the day of enlightenment, that is, the sage has long been loyal to Emperor Taizong, and may not make a move for me. I love your father and son deeply, and I should be near Xiaoling. " In December of the 26th year of Kangxi (1687), when Xiaozhuang was seriously ill, she had already made arrangements for the afterlife. She said to Emperor Kangxi, "What's behind me is specially for you. Emperor Taizong lived in Zigong for a long time and was humble and respectful. At this time, he was buried together; If we start a new city, it will be a waste of time to mobilize the people. It is not the meaning of burial. I love you father and son, and I can't bear to go far. I will be safe in Zunhua, with no regrets. " Emperor Kangxi nodded in agreement while crying. Later, in order to thank my grandmother for her kindness, five newly built halls in the east of Cining Palace were specially transported to the Qing Dongling, and a "temporary security hall" was built for Xiaozhuang to rest. Cining Palace was Xiao Zhuang's residence for decades before his death, and Kangxi rebuilt five rooms to show filial piety. Emperor Kangxi said in the imperial edict: "There are five new palaces in the east of Cining Palace. Empress Dowager Cixi praised me for my beauty many times in Japan, but she didn't live long before she rose sharply. Today, the temporary Anfengtang was built in Yuling, and there will be no defects. " Instructed the ministers to step up the handling, and completed the relocation of five temples in a short time last winter and this spring. In April of the 27th year of Kangxi, Xiao Zhuang Zigong moved from the funeral palace outside Chaoyangmen to the temporary Anfengtang in Dongling, which was not built at that time.
Emperor Kangxi lost his father at eight and his mother at ten. When he was young, he was raised by his grandmother Xiaozhuang and Empress Dowager Xiao, assisted by Xiao Zhuang. The affection between grandparents and grandchildren is particularly deep. Kangxi was very filial to Xiaozhuang and spent more than 30 years together. Whenever he went out to patrol and it was difficult to walk on the hillside or rainy day, he dismounted to help his chariot move forward. Emperor Kangxi paid homage to the tomb of heaven. Many congratulatory letters were sent on the way, and special products outside Shanhaiguan and Korean tributes were also presented. "I am very happy to be attached to the embassy and beg for a smile." Filial piety is beyond words. In the summer of the 24th year of Kangxi, the emperor went out for the summer vacation, and when he heard that the Empress Dowager was unprepared, he returned to Beijing. In September of the 26th year, Xiaozhuang suffered a relapse, and Emperor Kangxi guarded him day and night. In December, the emperor went to the Temple of Heaven and prayed to shorten his life span, so as to prolong the life span of Empress Dowager Tai. The emperor ordered the cabinet: "Since the Empress Dowager disobeyed me, I have been waiting by the side, and the procurator has been mixing medicine, drinking and writing. Queen Mother Ning has a rest, and I just sit across the curtain and am dying. When I hear the sound, I will rush to the sofa. If necessary, I will offer it in my hand. " Xiaozhuang was ill, and the emperor took care of him day and night and dressed him. Xiaozhuang was dying, and the emperor cried. On December 25th, 26th year of Kangxi, Xiao Zhuang died in Cining Palace, which was near the end of the year. According to the system, the funeral in a year cannot exceed years. Kangxi couldn't bear to bury his grandmother in a few days at the end of the year. For more than a year, it is inappropriate for the princes and ministers to repeatedly give ideas. The emperor insisted on disobeying and said taboo words, which were ridiculous and unbelievable, and the regulations could be broken. At the insistence of Emperor Kangxi, the Qing court broke the ancestral rule that funeral should not exceed one year. In the first month of the following year, Xiao Zhuang Zigong was introduced into the burial palace, and in April, it was moved to the temporary Anfeng Hall in Dongling. Xiaozhuang and Kangxi, grandmother and grandson, have deep feelings. It is unreasonable and absurd to say that Kangxi ordered Xiaozhuang to guard the tomb door for future generations.
In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), the temporary Anfengtang, which had been in Xiao Zhuang for twenty-six years, was expanded, the Long 'en Hall was built and the cemetery was built. Dingling was named Zhao Qianling. At the beginning, Yong Zhengdi sent two ministers and Qin's supervisor to draw pictures, and gave an order: "Zhao Qianling is far from Zhaoling, which is different from Meiere Mausoleum in Xiaodong Mausoleum, so the pavilion is specially built." The tombstone pavilion was built for the queen alone, starting from Xiaozhuang. Among the mausoleums where the Qing Dongling is located, only the Long 'en Hall in Zhaoxi Mausoleum is the top of the hall, and the others rest at the top of the mountain. Zhao Qianling is an extension of the temporary Anfeng Hall, and its layout is different from other tombs. The most striking thing is that there are two deep walls inside and outside, four wide walls before and after, and a city is built around the underground palace, starting from Fangcheng. All these show that Xiao Zhuang has a more distinguished position than other buried queens in Dongling, and it is also a special symbol of Zhao Qianling's system and all the queens and empresses in Qingling. Zhao Qianling, as its name implies, is the mausoleum to the west of Zhaoling. In the Qing Dynasty, the names of the queen's tombs depended on the location of the tombs, such as the Xiaoling Mausoleum of Empress Xiaozhizhang in Shunzhi, the Taidong Mausoleum of Empress Xiaoshengxian in Yong Zhengdi, the Changxi Mausoleum of Empress Jiaqing Xiaohe Rui, the Dingdong Mausoleum of Puxiang Valley of Empress Xianfeng (Cian) and the Dingdong Mausoleum of Putuo Valley of Empress Jing Xian (Cixi). Taishi Zhaoling is in Shenyang, Zunhua is in Shenyang West, and Zhaoxiling is just like this.
The reason why Zhao Qianling was built outside the mausoleum wall in the eastern part of the Qing Dynasty was that it complied with Xiao Zhuang's wishes and did not keep him away from the two generations of emperors who personally raised Fuzheng; Second, it shows that Zhao Qianling and Zhaoling, which is nearly a thousand miles east of Emperor Taizong, belong to the same system. It was built outside the tomb wall and decorated with features in the supervision building to show that it was different from the system of the Qing Dongling. Cao Xueqin's tomb
1968 In the winter, in Zhangjiawan Village, Tongxian County, Beijing, people were engaged in a general campaign to level the land. Li, a young man from our village, found a blue cornerstone with a length of 100 cm, a width of 40 cm and a thickness of 15 cm in the underground of the ownerless cemetery.
Li is a local scholar. When he saw the words "Cao Gong taboo tomb" engraved on the stone and the word "Renwu" in the lower right corner, he thought it might be the epitaph of Cao Xueqin, the author of A Dream of Red Mansions. The villagers also dug up a male wreck nearby, thinking that the masterpiece had treasure in his mouth, so they separated the bones and scattered them at will.
That night, Li asked for help, took the epitaph home, unfolded it with a pencil and enough paper, and carefully preserved it.
199 1 year, Zhangjiawan Town Government planned to build a park, set up a forest of steles, and Li presented an epitaph for free.
1July, 992, after the news report, "a stone stirred up a thousand waves", the red chamber caused a sensation, which attracted great attention from academic circles at home and abroad. Because if this epitaph is indeed Cao Xueqin's, it will help people understand Cao Xueqin's life experience. There is a heated debate about the authenticity of the epitaph.
Qin, an expert in cultural relics appraisal, thinks that this stone tablet may be forged. His reasons are: the stone used in the stone tablet is unreasonable and has no plane, which means it is not used to make stone tablets; The position of the words on the stone tablet is not appropriate, and the last epitaph is very close to the lower edge; The sculptor is very rough, and the knife method is chaotic. Some strokes directly borrow the original axe chisel marks on the stone; The grammar is unreasonable. The plaque should be called "Qun" instead of "Gong". If it is called "Gong", it should be called its word; It's not reasonable to sign it. There should be a monument.
Du Jinghua, a red scientist, concluded: "The stone tablet is not forged." He said: "Some people suspect that the stone tablet is forged, but the stone tablet was unearthed during the Cultural Revolution, and there was no need to forge Cao Xueqin's tombstone at that time." He also believes that Cao Xueqin died at noon, which was said by Hu Shi and Yu Pingbo. But most redologists hold the view of "homing". If the stone tablet is forged, why not write an inscription on it to cater to the views of most people? He also speculated that Cao Xueqin's family was very difficult before his death and lived a life of "porridge and wine are often on credit". Under the pressure of creditors, Cao Xueqin hid in the home of a servant of the former Cao government in Zhangjiawan. Unexpectedly, Cao Xueqin died in the servant's home. The servant quickly buried him and carved such a tombstone for him.
Feng Qiyong, a red scientist, is also positive about the tombstone. He also quoted Cao Xueqin's good friend Duncheng's "Send a Mobile Phone": "Sitting alone in one room is easy to have feelings. Every time I think of my old friends, such as Li Weng, Fu Zhai, Pu Yin and Yi Mou, after a few years, they all become cold and misty." Duncheng's "Regret for the Past" said: "How can I talk and laugh when I meet Pu Yin and Xueqin underground? Can I talk about the loss of my servant? " The tombs of Cao Xueqin's old friends Pu Yin and Yimou are all near Luhe River in Tongxian County. Why did Duncheng say that he "met the sons of Pu Yin and Xueqin underground"? They are likely to be buried together in Zhangjiawan by the Luhe River.
Many redologists have also put forward their own views.
Whether this tombstone was erected for Cao Xueqin is still controversial in academic circles.