Who commemorates the Qingming cold food?
catalogue
Who is the Qingming Cold Food Festival to commemorate?
The origin of Tomb-Sweeping Day
Dietary customs of cold food festivals in various places
Who is the Qingming Cold Food Festival to commemorate?
Qingming Cold Food Festival is an introduction to commemorate the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period.
At that time, Jie Zhitui and Jin Wengong Zhong Er were exiled to other countries, and they cut meat for Wen Gong to satisfy their hunger. After Wen Gong restored the country, he refused to make a profit and retired from Mianshan with his mother. Duke Wen burned the mountain for it, refused to go out of the mountain, and clung to the tree.
According to legend, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Zhong Er, the son of Jin Xiangong, fled his hometown to escape the scourge. During the exile, most courtiers who fled with him parted ways, leaving only a few loyal people, including Jiezitui. On one occasion, Zhong Er was so hungry that meson pushed a piece of meat from his leg and baked it for Zhong Er. Nineteen years later, Zhong Er returned to China and became the monarch, that is, Jin Wengong, one of the famous five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period.
After Jin Wengong came to power, in addition to meson push, he offered many rewards to courtiers who shared his joys and sorrows. Jiezitui didn't like this scene and left quietly. Someone defended meson in front of Jin Wengong. Jin Wengong suddenly remembered the past and felt guilty. He immediately sent someone to ask meson to take the imperial court to be rewarded as an official. However, after several trips, the meson could not be pushed. Jin Wengong had to please. However, when Jin Wengong came to Jiexiu's home, Jiexiu had been hiding behind his mother's back in Mianshan (now southeast of Jiexiu County, Shanxi Province). Jin Wengong sent people up the mountain to search, but they still couldn't find it.
So, someone had an idea and said, it is better to let Yamakaji go, set fire on three sides, and leave one side behind. When the fire started, the meson push came out on its own. Jin Wengong followed. Unexpectedly, the fire burned for three days and nights. After it was put out, there was no meson push. When they went up the mountain, they found the mother and son dead with a burnt willow tree in their arms. Jin Wengong looked at meson push's body and cried for a while, ready to bury it. He found that the back of the meson push was blocked by a wicker hole, and there seemed to be something in the hole. Take out a look, turned out to be a skirt, with a blood poem:
I hope your master is always clear.
It is better to be a ghost than to accompany you as an exhorter.
If your master has me in his heart, remember that I often reflect.
I have a clear conscience in Jiuquan, diligent and honest.
Jin Wengong hid the bloody book in his sleeve and built an ancestral temple on the mountain. Jin Wengong also ordered Mianshan to be changed to "Jieshan" as a memorial.
Later, Jin Wengong designated the day when Yamakaji was released as the Cold Food Festival, and told the whole country that it is forbidden to set off fireworks and firecrackers on this day every year, and only eat cold food as a commemoration of Jietui.
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The origin of Tomb-Sweeping Day
Tomb-Sweeping Day is an important traditional folk festival in China, and it is one of the eight important festivals: Shangyuan, Qingming, Long Summer, Dragon Boat Festival, Central Plains, Mid-Autumn Festival, Winter Solstice and New Year's Eve. Generally speaking, it is on April 5 in the solar calendar, but its festival is very long. There are two kinds of sayings: eight days before the tenth day and ten days after the tenth day, and these 20 days belong to Tomb-Sweeping Day.
It is said that the origin of Tomb-Sweeping Day began with the "grave-sweeping" ceremony of ancient emperors and generals. Later, people followed suit, and it became a fixed custom of the Chinese nation to worship ancestors and sweep graves on this day.
The name "Tomb-Sweeping Day" also comes from the Tomb-Sweeping Day atmosphere in the twenty-four solar terms of the China lunar calendar. 108 The day after beginning of winter is Qi's Tomb-Sweeping Day. Tomb-Sweeping Day gas * * * has 15 days. As it is Tomb-Sweeping Day, the time is after the vernal equinox. At this time, winter has gone, spring is full, the weather is sunny, the fields are bright and clean, and the vitality of nature is everywhere. It is an appropriate word to call this period "Qingming".
One revolution of the earth is 360 degrees of the yellow meridian, and when the earth reaches zero degrees of the yellow meridian, it is designated as the vernal equinox, and then there is a solar term every time it runs 15 degrees, and there are 24 solar terms in * * *. Therefore, the dates of solar terms in the solar calendar are fixed, and there will be two-day differences in leap years.
The lunar calendar is a yin-yang calendar that reflects phenological changes and guides agricultural time. It also combines the lunar calendar, that is, the cycle of the lunar phase is 29.5 days (the time interval from one full moon to the next). Because calculating the specific time of solar terms in the lunar calendar requires accurate astronomical knowledge and mathematical knowledge, the occurrence time of each solar term in the previous almanac was promulgated by the state (for example, beginning of spring was accurate to year, month, day, minute and second), and the rules for calculating different times were different, so the local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty used a long space and many graphic formulas to illustrate the calculation method at that time. Generally speaking, the law of setting solar terms in the lunar calendar only determines that the first month is a solar term and the middle of the month is a neutral one. The interval between two solar terms is 15 days, which is the only basis for people to calculate. Solar term song is also the necessary knowledge for ordinary people to master solar terms. A slightly more complicated calculation is that the winter solstice of the previous year (when the sun is the least in a year) is cold food after 105, and Qingming is after 106; Now it's much simpler to calculate according to the solar calendar. April 5 or 4 (depending on February or 29 of that year) will do. Astronomically speaking, on April 5 or 6, when the apparent sun (that is, the position of the sun on the ecliptic) reaches 15 degrees.
In the concept of the ancients, 108 is a large number representing perfection, auspiciousness, antiquity and profundity. It is of profound significance to put Qingming Festival on the 108 day from winter to the future. Qingming gets its name not only because everything grows cleanly at this time, but also because the sun in this period is also a fresh sun, and the sun flowing between heaven and earth in this period is also a fresh sun.
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Dietary customs of cold food festivals in various places
Shanxi
Jinzhong area still retains the habit of banning fire the day before Qingming. In many places, after the sacrificial ceremony is completed, food will be sacrificed. When people in southern Shanxi crossed Tomb-Sweeping Day, they used to steam big steamed buns with white flour, with walnuts, dates and beans in the middle, coiled into dragons outside, and an egg tied in the middle of the dragon's body, named "Zifu". It is necessary to steam a big "blessing" to symbolize family reunion and happiness. When going to the grave, the "Zifu" is usually dedicated to the ancestors and shared by the whole family after sweeping the grave.
Shanghai
According to the old custom in Shanghai, steamed cakes for sacrifice should be put on wicker and dried and stored. When they come in the long summer, they will be fried and given to the children. It is said that eating it in summer won't make you sick. Tomb-Sweeping Day has the custom of eating dumplings. Mix Bromus inermis juice with glutinous rice to make the green juice and rice flour blend with each other, then wrap it with stuffing such as bean paste and jujube paste, and put it in a steamer with reed leaves as the bottom. Steamed balls are green in color and fragrant, which is the most distinctive seasonal food in Tomb-Sweeping Day. There are also some people in Shanghai, Tomb-Sweeping Day, who love to eat peach blossom porridge and fish with knives when sweeping graves and having family dinners.
Taiwan Province Province, China
The custom of people sweeping graves in Taiwan Province Province can be roughly divided into two types: one is sweeping graves in general, with simple rituals and sacrifices, and most of them are just rice cakes, cakes and cakes; The second is to repair ancestral graves, and the sacrificial ceremony is quite grand. Sacrificial ceremonies generally include all kinds of sacrificial gifts, twelve kinds of vegetables, cakes and so on. When sweeping the grave, you must place "tomb paper" around the grave. There are small stones on every piece of paper, and a pile must be placed on the tombstone. This ceremony, commonly known as "hanging paper", is money for ancestors. If it is to repair the tomb, that is, to repair the ancestral grave, the whole family gathers in front of the grave to eat red eggs, and the eggshells are scattered on the cemetery, which contains the auspicious meaning of metabolism and endless life. In the rural areas of Taiwan Province Province, a group of children came to beg after each grave-sweeping. The more people come, the more developed the family will be in the future, and the owner is willing to give the children "hair" or money.
Shandong (province)
Jimo eats eggs and cold cakes, while Laiyang, Zhaoyuan and Long Island eat eggs and cold sorghum rice. It is said that if not, there will be hail. Taian eats cold pancakes and rolls bitter vegetables. It is said that his eyes are bright.
Zhoushan
Lao Dinghai's grave-sweeping sacrifice has a special feature. Many dishes are cold dishes, as well as Qingming special snacks-green cakes and striped cakes, which can be eaten cold. After the ceremony, the children who look after the grave should be given "mashed money" (mashed green cakes are also round and diamond). After going to the grave, I have to make "Qingming soup rice" when I go home.
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