Loulan disappearance time
Loulan ancient city site is a national key heritage protection unit, located at 89 55 ′ 22 ″ east diameter and 4 29 ′ 55 ″ north latitude, to the west of Lop Nur in Ruoqiang County, 16 kilometers from the south bank of Peacock River in the north and 28 kilometers from the north bank of Lop Nur in the east.
Loulan Pagoda and "Three Rooms" become the symbols of Loulan site. The ancient city site includes the urban area of 18, square meters, the eastern suburb cemeteries MA, HB, the surrounding temple residential sites and Loulan noble tombs. In March 191, Swedish explorer Sven Hedin discovered the ancient city of Loulan with the help of Uyghur guide Aldeke, and inferred that the ancient city was originally named Loulan from the word "kroraina" excavated in the paper.
historically, loulan was one of the thirty-six western regions in the western Han dynasty. After Zhang Qian passed through the Western Regions, Loulan became an important channel for traffic between the East and the West. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the long history of the Western Regions was stationed in Loulan City, making it the political, military, economic and cultural center of the Western Regions. The south and north roads of the ancient Silk Road parted from Loulan earlier. Loulan Town, as a transportation hub town in the hinterland of Asia, has played an important role in cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Han Dynasty, Xiongnu and some surrounding nomadic countries often fought large-scale wars for Loulan.
Loulan is called "a tense monument to world history". After the 3rd century A.D., the once-prosperous town in the western regions quickly and quietly withdrew from the historical stage. Today, 1,7 years later, it still maintains her gesture of "curtain call", which makes people suddenly feel that history happened yesterday. All this is still a mystery that has not really been uncovered. In the Tang Dynasty, "Loulan" almost became synonymous with remoteness. In Li Bai's "Song of the Sai Xia", there is a saying that "I am willing to put my sword under my waist and cut Loulan straight." The poem.
The history of Loulan Kingdom is far from being uncovered by an ancient city of Loulan. According to the mummies unearthed from Sun Cemetery and Xiaohe No.5 Cemetery in the lower reaches of Peacock River, archaeologists have revealed the history of Loulan: going back about 4 years, there lived a primitive European race with blond hair and blue eyes who lived as nomads in Loulan area. They left a few mummies and left mysteriously.
For more than 2, years, Loulan couldn't find a trace, and there was no ink in the history books. During the Han and Jin Dynasties, Mongols appeared in Loulan area. At this time, Loulan deduced the agricultural civilization and passed on the eastern and western civilizations with its important geographical position on the Silk Road. In 15 after the Jin Dynasty, Loulan disappeared without a trace again. It was not until 1 years ago that people accidentally saw Loulan's broken walls and pagodas on the eastern edge of the Taklimakan Desert.
Some scholars believe that the ancient city of Loulan discovered in Sven Hedin is neither the capital of the early kingdom of Loulan, nor the national capital (Mud City) after Loulan changed its name to Shanshan, because the age of carbon 14 determination in the ancient city of Loulan was not earlier than the Eastern Han Dynasty. Stein discovered an ancient city of Han Dynasty (numbered LE City) not far from the southwest of the Tuyin site discovered in Huang Wenbi. Xinjiang Archaeological Research Institute called it "Fangcheng", which is located in the west of the north bank of Lop Nur and the river network of the last stream of Tieban River. The "Fangcheng" is 24 kilometers away from the ancient city of Loulan. Professor Lin Meicun of Peking University thinks it is the early capital of Loulan.
At that time, Loulan Kingdom was still a small and weak country near Lop Nur. After the opening of the Silk Road, Loulan became the hub of Chinese and Western transportation. Because Loulan Wang Angui colluded with Xiongnu, and constantly robbed and killed Han envoys on the Silk Road, Huo Guang, the general of the Han Dynasty, sent Fu Jiezi to the Western Regions to assassinate An Gui. Fu Jiezi came to Loulan with an assassin, pretending that he would reward Angui with gold coins. Angui was overjoyed and invited to drink with Fu Jiezi. Fu Jiezi deliberately got drunk and helped him to the screen, and ordered two assassins to kill Angui. The left and right princes and nobles fled when they saw it. Fu Jiezi immediately summoned Loulan nationals: "King An Gui committed a capital crime against the Han Dynasty, and the son of heaven sent me to kill him. Now the troops of the Han Dynasty have arrived and changed his younger brother Wei Tu Yan, who was taken hostage in Chang 'an, to be the new king." Fu Jiezi beheaded an Gui's head, sent his trotters back to Chang 'an, and hung them under the north gate of Weiyang Palace in Chang 'an.
After the rebellion of Loulan was put down, Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty appointed Wei Tu Yan as the new king, changed the name of Loulan to Shanshan, awarded the national seal, and gave the maid-in-waiting a wife and a large number of horses, chariots and trench. When saying goodbye, Wei Tu Yan said to Emperor Han Zhaodi: "I have lived in Chang 'an for a long time, and now I am going back to be king. I am afraid that I will not be able to convince the public alone. Moreover, the former prince is still here, and he is afraid of being killed by him when he returns. There is Yixun City in Loulan Country, which is a rich and beautiful oasis. The son of heaven can send a general to settle fields and accumulate valleys there, and also make the ministers rely on it. "
So the Han Dynasty sent a Sima with 4 troops to the Western Regions with Wei Tu Yan. After Wei Tu Yan succeeded to the throne, in 77 BC, he moved the capital from the ancient capital of Loulan (Fangcheng) on the north bank of Lop Nur to Mud City (now Ruoqiang County), and the Han Dynasty also established Yi Xun City (36 regiments of Milan ruins) east of Mud City. Since then, the old capital of Loulan has not developed. It is estimated that only the former royal aristocrats still live here. The excavation of Loulan's noble tomb in 23 also illustrates this point.
during the eastern Han dynasty, Ban Chao's son Ban Yong inherited his father's footsteps and was appointed as the commander of the western regions. He sent thousands of soldiers from Jiuquan and Dunhuang to build houses in Lop Nur, and called 1, soldiers from Shanshan, Yanqi, Qiuci and other countries to stop the river and build dams in the lower reaches of the Peacock River, so as to divert water from wasteland and accumulate millions of millet. Because the Peacock River was blocked, it led to Loulan, the old capital of the lower reaches, and the water source was cut off and abandoned. The soldiers stationed in the field built a "white house" and a new city on the west bank of Lop Nur, gradually forming the ancient city of Loulan with "three rooms" that can be seen today, and developed it into a government office for the long history of the western regions.
On March 19th, 23, the archaeological team of Loulan, Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, found the murals in the tomb when cleaning up Loulan's tomb. This tomb is about 4 kilometers away from LE Fangcheng and 24 kilometers away from Loulan Ancient City. The tomb is large in scale, and murals are painted in the front and back rooms. The images of men and women dressed in gorgeous clothes painted on the east wall of the front room show the noble status of the tomb owner. Experts denied that this was Loulan's "Mausoleum" and speculated that it was "the burial tomb of a noble family in the city around the 3rd century".
statement 1: Loulan disappeared in the war. After the fifth century, the kingdom of Loulan began to weaken, and the northern powers invaded, and the city of Loulan was destroyed and then abandoned.
statement 2: Loulan was defeated by drought and water shortage, and the ecology deteriorated. The upstream river was intercepted and diverted, so people had to leave Loulan. Loulan has promulgated the world's earliest environmental protection law discovered so far.
statement 3: the disappearance of loulan is related to the north-south migration of lop Nur. Sven Hedin believes that the cycle of the north-south migration of lop Nur is about 15 years. More than 3 years ago, a European ethnic tribe lived in Loulan area, and Loulan once again entered a prosperous era more than 15 years ago, which was directly related to the wandering of Lop Nur.
statement 4: the disappearance of loulan is related to the opening of the north road of the silk road. After the opening of the Silk Road North Road through Hami (Yiwu) and Turpan, the Silk Road Desert Road through Loulan was abandoned, and Loulan lost its former glory.
statement 5: loulan was destroyed by plague. A plague from other places claimed the lives of nine out of ten residents in Loulan city, and those who survived by luck fled Loulan one after another to avoid other places.
statement 6: loulan was defeated by biological invasion. An insect introduced from the two river basins has no natural enemies in Loulan, lives in the soil, can live on the white paste soil in Loulan area, and enters residential houses in droves. People can't destroy them and have to abandon the city.