Major rivers, lakes and peninsulas in Europe

Major rivers in Europe: 1. The Volga River is the longest river in Europe, which originates from the Valdai hills in the west of the Eastern European plain and flows into the Caspian Sea. Its main stream is 3,690 kilometers long and its drainage area is 6,543.8+0.38 million square kilometers (according to other data, it is 3,350 kilometers long and its drainage area is 6,543.8+0.36 million square kilometers). 2. The Danube River originates from the eastern slope of Heilin Mountain in southern Federal Republic of Germany and flows through eight countries in the east, including Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. If you add the countries whose tributaries cross the river, * * * flows through 12 countries, making it the largest river in the world. The river flows into the Black Sea, with a total length of 2,867 kilometers and a drainage area of 810.7 million square kilometers. 3. The Rhine River originates at the foot of Saint Gotta Peak in the Swiss Alps and flows northward through Liechtenstein, Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, the Netherlands and other countries, with a total length of 1360 km and a drainage area of 224,000 square kilometers. The Rhine basin is rich in precipitation, and the river is abundant all year round. The average annual flow in Basel is 1000 m3/s, and the estuary reaches 2500 m3/s ... There are many lakes in Europe, but they are unevenly distributed, mainly in northern Europe and Alps. Fenos Candea is the most concentrated area of lakes, accounting for 8 ~ 12% of the total area of this area. There are hundreds of thousands of lakes, most of which were formed on the basis of structures and later transformed by Quaternary glaciation. Alpine lakes are mostly small and numerous ice fighting lakes, and the north and south sides of the mountain are mainly long and deep valley glacial moraine dammed lakes, which are often located in the upper reaches of rivers. In a word, the genesis of European lakes is mostly related to Quaternary glaciation. In addition, there are many lakes in the British Isles and the Pyrenees. Besides tectonism and glaciation, there are some karst funnel lakes, coastal lagoons, crater lakes and oxbow lakes. Five European peninsulas: 1. Scandinavia, located in the northwest corner of Europe, is the largest peninsula in Europe and the fifth largest peninsula in the world. The whole peninsula is located between 56 ~ 765438 north latitude and 5 ~ 25 east longitude, with a length of about 1 1,850 kilometers (1, 150 miles). It starts from the Barents Sea in the north, borders the Baltic Sea in the east, connects Kategat Bay and Ska Gerakl Bay in the south, and connects the Norwegian Sea and the North Sea in the west. The length from north to south is 1850km, and the width from east to west is 400 ~ 700km, covering an area of about 750,000km2. There is no obvious natural boundary between the two. Mainly composed of huge mountains, it is a part of the ancient Baltic shield. There is a small part of the northern tip of Norway, Sweden and Finland on the peninsula. It borders Russia and northern Finland, and reaches Finland in the north, with a population of about120,000. Scandinavian mountains lie between the two countries. The western peninsula is mountainous, the western coast is steep, and there are many islands and fjords. The eastern and southern parts are relatively flat, and the climate of the peninsula belongs to temperate climate, and its northern end is extremely cold. 2. Apennine Peninsula is located in southern Italy, in the middle of the Mediterranean, and is one of the three major peninsulas in southern Europe. Shaped like boots, except the whole Apennine Mountains, San Marino and Vatican Mountain are all on the peninsula, and most of Italy's land is also among them. One of the three major peninsulas in southern Europe (together with the Iberian Peninsula where Spain and Portugal are located and the Balkan Peninsula where Greece is located, it is called the three major peninsulas in southern Europe). It extends about 960 kilometers (600 miles) south from the Po River area, with a maximum width of 240 kilometers (150 miles). Adriatic Sea in the east, Ionian Sea in the south, Broad Sea and Ligurian Sea in the west. Apennine mountains run through the whole peninsula from north to south, and there are many volcanic earthquakes. How low is the coast? There are Italy, San Marino and Vatican City.

It is bordered by tyrrhenian sea in the west, Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea in the east, and connected with Central and Western Europe by Alps in the north. The area is about 25 1 1,000 square kilometers. Topographic backbone is the Apennines, which runs through the north and south, and is the southern extension of the backbone of the Alps. Narrow from north to south, about 30 kilometers wide; The central part is wide, reaching 200 kilometers. The altitude is about 1200m, and the highest peak is Mount Kornott 29 14m. The eastern slope of the mountain range is gentle and the western slope is steep. There are many volcanoes and earthquakes, including the famous Mount Vesuvius. It belongs to the Mediterranean climate, which is dry and hot in summer and humid in winter. 1 The monthly average temperature is above 10℃, the July average temperature is above 23-25℃, and the annual precipitation is above1000 mm.. The river is short, and the most important is the Tiber River, with a total length of 405 kilometers. It flows through the Italian capital Rome and into tyrrhenian sea. The soil is mainly brown soil and mountain red soil. Vegetation is evergreen shrub and mountain deciduous forest. The main agricultural products are grapes, olives and oranges. Minerals include copper, silver and sulfur. The coast is winding and there are many good ports. The main ports along the coast are Genoa, Naples, taranto, Venice and Trieste. Venice, the "water city", Florence, the cultural and artistic center of the Renaissance, Rome, the capital of ancient Rome, and Mount Vesuvius near Naples are all famous tourist attractions. 3. Bilien Peninsula is located in the southwest corner of Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea in the east and southeast, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Bay of Biscay in the north. The Pyrenees is located in the northeast of the peninsula. The Pyrenees is a natural dividing line and is connected with the European continent. The south faces Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar. Also known as the Pyrenees Peninsula. The second largest peninsula in Europe and one of the three major peninsulas in southern Europe (together with the Apennine Peninsula where Italy and other countries are located and the Balkan Peninsula where Greece and other countries are located, they are called the three major peninsulas in southern Europe). The area is about 584,000 square kilometers. More than 52 million. Include Spain, Portugal, Andorra and British Gibraltar.

The peninsula is mostly Spanish territory, and a small part of the southwest corner is Portuguese territory. The Pyrenees in the northeast and France in the north. The geological foundation is Hercynian fold block. Meseta Plateau occupies more than half of the peninsula area, with an average elevation of 6 10 meters. The fault-block mountain crosses the plateau from east to west, dividing the north and south into two great basin. The plateau is high in the east and low in the west, and Mount Murasen in the south is 3478 meters above sea level, which is the highest point of the peninsula. Because of the blocking of mountains, it is difficult for ocean influence to penetrate inland. However, the sunshine radiation value in summer is large, which is one of the sunny areas in Europe. There are about 1800 rivers in the peninsula, and the longest river is tahoe River. Non-ferrous metal deposits are rich, but energy deposits are poor. Spain on the peninsula is one of the countries with developed tourism in the world. Central Portugal is rich in grapes. The coast is straight, with many plateaus and mountains; There are lowlands in the west and southwest. The Meseta Plateau in the middle is 600 meters above sea level, accounting for 60% of the peninsula area. Mount Murasen is 3.478 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak on the peninsula. 4. Balkan Peninsula The Balkan Peninsula is located in the eastern part of southern Europe. It is bordered by Adriatic Sea in the west, Black Sea in the east, Ionian Sea and Aegean Sea in the south, Asia across the Black Sea in the southeast, Danube and sava river in the north and Trieste in the west. The area is about 505,000 square kilometers. Including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia and other countries, as well as parts of Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine and Turkey. Located between Europe, Asia and Africa, the Peninsula is a land bridge connecting Europe and Asia, with important Mediterranean routes in the south and Bosporus Strait and Da Daniil Strait in the east. Its geographical location is extremely important. The terrain is mainly mountainous. There are Dinara-Pindus Mountains in the west of the peninsula, and Carpathian-Laoshan (Balkan) Mountains in the middle and east. Laoshan Mountain is an extension of Alps and Carpathian Mountains, passing through eastern Yugoslavia, across central Bulgaria and directly facing the Black Sea. Between the east and west mountains are the ancient Mount Rodopi and Mount Macedon, with the highest peak of Musallah at an altitude of 2,925 meters. The plains on the peninsula are scattered, and only the valleys of sava river, Danube and Maricha River are wider. Minerals include copper, mercury, chromium, lead, zinc, oil, iron and coal. The western and southern coastal areas of the peninsula belong to the Mediterranean climate, with hot summer and little rain and mild and humid winter. The interior of the peninsula belongs to a mild continental climate, with hot summer and cold winter. Except Danube and sava river, other rivers are short and fast. The larger lakes are Scoot Lake, Ohrid Lake and Prespa Lake. Mountain brown soil and brown soil are the most widely distributed soils, and there are red calcareous soils in limestone areas. Jutland is a peninsula in northern Europe, located between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, which constitutes most of Danish territory. North Sea and scarborough Geraker Strait are in the west and north, and kattegat and Little Bert Strait are in the east. The population is about 2.35 million. In ancient times, it was geographically called Simbrica Peninsula. Broadly speaking, it includes Schleswig-Holstein in Germany.

1 965438+On May 3, 20061day and June1day, the only war between the British and German navies-Jutland naval battle took place in the Skazquewind Geraker Strait on the north side of the peninsula. Geographically, South jutland is the outer edge of the heart of Denmark, lacking in resources, but historically, it was once an important region and a crossroads of Europe. As a corridor of population migration and an early trade channel, it was once a political and military battlefield. The peninsula and nearby islands were covered by glaciers in the Quaternary, and the moraine left by glaciers subsided, forming a low-undulating moraine plain and moraine lake. After the ice age, sea level rise and local land subsidence divided the original land into peninsulas and islands. There are many fjords in the eastern part of the peninsula, and the coastline is tortuous, which is conducive to the development of shipping and fisheries. Mineral resources are scarce, with only a small amount of lignite and kaolin.