How to introduce sows into pig farms during non-epidemic period? What should I pay attention to when getting started?
The following are the details that should be paid attention to in the introduction of pig farms:
The quality of reserve pigs directly affects the production level of pigs. The introduction of excellent varieties of reserve pigs can improve the pig structure and production level, but it may also bring diseases, so it is necessary to make a careful introduction plan and strictly implement it. Select varieties (or strains) suitable for this field.
1 variety (or strain) selection
Provenance 1. 1
Lean breeding pigs include purebred pigs, binary hybrid sows and supporting pigs. Purebred pigs mainly include Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc, Hampton and Pitland, and each breed has its own characteristics. According to the source, a breed is divided into multiple strains, such as Great White Pig, British Great White Pig, American Great White Pig, Canadian Great White Pig and so on. The support systems imported from abroad mainly include PIC support system, Topec support system, Dika support system, Sige support system and Dalan support system.
1.2 variety (or strain) determination
China's pig breeding enterprises are divided into original pig farms and pig farms. The original breeding farm has a core group, and the breeding pigs sold are of high purity. There is no core group in breeding farms, and the purity of breeding pigs sold is relatively low.
1.2. 1 Introduction of pig farm
It is necessary to introduce white pig, Landrace pig, Duroc and other purebred pigs from the original breeding farm, pay attention to the male-female ratio and have more bloodlines in order to maintain a long production time.
1.2.2 Introduction of commercial pig farms
There are two ways to introduce sows: one is to introduce large or large binary sows directly, which is simple, but the introduction times are more; The second is to introduce purebred Yorkshire and Landrace sows in a certain proportion and cross them in the field to produce binary sows. This method has less introduction times and low cost, but the production cycle is long and needs long-term planning. The combination of the two methods is more effective for large-scale new pig farms.
The boars in commercial pig farms should be imported from the original breeding pig farms, and Duroc is generally used, and some boars with dual skin are used instead of Duroc. The offspring of Pitu boar have more developed muscles and better appearance, but more stress syndrome.
If commercial pig farms use mating pigs, the terminal parents of mating lines should be directly introduced, because the hybrid mode of mating lines is fixed, and if the fixed hybrid mode is not used, the production level will decline.
2 introduction time
2. 1 quotation
China pig industry market fluctuates obviously. It was introduced during the downturn, and a year later its descendants began to slaughter. At this time, the market generally improved.
2.2 epidemic situation
Before introduction, it is necessary to investigate the epidemic situation in the local area and around the seed supply field to avoid the epidemic period.
2.3 season
Introduction should try to avoid hot summer and cold winter, because transportation brings great pressure to pigs, and it will be even more unfavorable in bad weather.
3 Selection of seed supply field
Through the pig industry website, professional magazines and industry experts to screen seed farms, determine the list and address of seed farms, focusing on the following contents.
3. 1 seed supply qualification
It has the qualification certificate of legitimate sales provenance such as the production and operation license, business license and animal epidemic prevention license of breeding livestock and poultry.
3.2 Investors
That is, to investigate whether it is Chinese-funded, wholly foreign-owned or Sino-foreign joint ventures, state-owned enterprises or private pig farms, and the investment of registered capital. Generally, the breeding pigs with wholly foreign-owned or Sino-foreign joint ventures are pure in blood, with good breeding technology, management level and biosafety system.
3.3 Core Group Status
3.3. 1 source
The original core group was directly introduced from abroad, and the generation was not high, so its breeding pigs had high purity, good genetic performance and high purity of strain pigs. If a single species population comes from multiple strains, the purity of its offspring is low.
scale
The more heads and lineages of the original core group, the better. The introduced population is about 100, and the number of lineages should be more than 8. At present, the size of the core group determines the seed supply capacity, such as 600 single-breed basic sows, 200-300 sows per month.
document
When introducing a large number of species, it is necessary to refer to the imported materials of the original core group. If the core group is imported from abroad, it is best to refer to the approval document of the Animal Husbandry Department of the Ministry of Agriculture for the import of breeding pigs, understand the quantity, variety (line), price and time of the purchased varieties, and prove the authenticity of the source of breeding pigs.
3.4 Technical strength
Including the business philosophy of business leaders and the level of understanding of breeding pigs; The number of professional and technical personnel, education, technical titles and working hours, whether there are full-time aquaculture technicians; Breeding and performance testing equipment; Records of breeding process of breeding pigs, such as original records of breeding, farrowing and performance measurement.
3.5 epidemic prevention conditions
3.5. 1 Surrounding environment
Away from the main roads and villages, surrounded by vast forests and farmland, there are no other pig farms and meat processing plants within 3 ~ 5 kilometers, which shows that the environment is good.
Site layout
The living area is upwind and separated from the production area; The pig breeding area, seed conservation area and breeding area are separated, with a large distance or a "three-point" distribution, indicating that the layout of the farm area is better.
3.5.3 disinfection measures
Including the disinfection facilities for people and vehicles entering and leaving the site, such as disinfection pools and disinfection rooms, whether the disinfection system is complete and whether ordinary employees have strong awareness of epidemic prevention.
3.6 Health assessment of breeding pigs
Including the following points: (1) When observing the pigs in the exhibition hall, pay attention to the pig's spirit, skin and feces, especially whether there are clinical symptoms such as cough and tears; ⑵ Check the immunization program and compare it with the original records; (3) After determining the intention of introduction, random blood samples will be taken from major diseases such as swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease, pseudorabies and blue ear disease, and the testing results will be issued by the monitoring departments recognized by both parties.
3.7 after-sales service
Including feeding operation rules, management regulations, technical guidance and personnel training after arrival, solutions to problems such as injury and death during transportation, solutions to problems such as boar sexual desire and sow estrus.
3.8 price
Generally speaking, the price of breeding pigs in the original breeding farm is higher, and the price of breeding pig farms is lower; In the original pig farm, the confirmed reserve pig price is higher and the untested price is lower; An original pig farm may raise multiple breeds, and each breed does not necessarily have a core group. The price of reserve pigs in core group is higher, while the price of non-core group is lower.
4 preparation of isolation zone
Requirements: (1) The isolation area should be more than 300 m away from the production area, with bird and mouse prevention facilities and complete bathing and disinfection facilities; ⑵ Male and female pigs are raised separately, with a long distance; Each pigsty is equipped with a drinking water dosing system; (3) Strictly disinfect and seal the isolation shed and utensils 30 days (at least 7 days) before entering the pig, and disinfect again 1 day before entering the pig; (4) The pig unloading platform should be easy for cars to approach, and pay attention to the height, width and inclination.
If it can't be completely isolated, you can choose a pigsty far away from the original herd, wash it with a high-pressure water gun, spray 3% sodium hydroxide for disinfection, and leave it vacant for more than 20 days.
Selection of five kinds of pigs
5. 1 appearance selection
The coat color, ear shape, head shape and body shape of breeding pigs meet the characteristics of this breed, and there are no genetic diseases such as umbilical hernia and blind nipple. Normal development, symmetrical body shape, good structure, strong limbs and coordinated movements.
Boars have obvious male characteristics, moderate head and neck, deep and wide chest, compact abdomen and strong physique; The testis is large, with obvious outline and symmetrical left and right; Small foreskin, no urinary retention; Lively spirit, fierce eyes, when the boar bites the shelf and the sow chases after it, a lot of foam and penis in his mouth often stick out, which shows that he has a strong sexual desire.
The sow has a small head, a thin neck, light shoulders, a straight back and waist, and a straight or slightly curved belly line; Lively spirit and gentle eyes; The nipples are moderate in size, neatly arranged and evenly distributed, with more than 6 pairs of effective nipples, and there is no tiny or abnormal phenomenon; The external genitalia is large and drooping, but small and upturned.
When selecting pigs, pigs should stand or walk to facilitate comprehensive observation; It is a good way to judge whether the pig's structure and limbs are normal by letting the breeder jog with the pig.
5.2 Weight requirements
It is advisable to introduce 50 ~ 60 kg reserve pigs. The weight is too small, because it is not fully developed, and it may be inaccurate; If the weight is too large, the damage during transportation will be greater, and the isolation time after entry will be insufficient.
New pig farms should pay attention to the imported batches and quantities, and the weight of each batch of pigs should have a certain gradient to facilitate balanced production.
5.3 Access to information
(1) The individual number, variety, strain, date of birth, birth weight, weaning weight, parents, grandparents and other data of pure-bred pigs are complete, and the tested pigs should have measurement data.
(two) the immunization program of the original seed farm, the immunization record of vaccination and the proposed continuing immunization plan; Suggested breeding scheme when the introduction amount is large.
5.4 Quarantine and Certification
(a) the seed supply field shall declare quarantine to the local supervising agency for animal epidemic prevention at or above the county level, and issue the certificate of animal exit quarantine, the certificate of disinfection of the means of transport for animals and animal products, and the certificate that livestock are free from epidemic areas. Quarantine can prevent the introduction of many powerful infectious diseases [2].
(2) The seed supply field shall issue a valid tax invoice or official receipt, and the imported varieties and quantities shall be consistent with the quarantine certificate.
(3) Breeding livestock and poultry farms shall provide copies of breeding livestock and poultry certificate, breeding livestock and poultry production and operation license, animal epidemic prevention certificate, business license and organization code certificate.
6 transportation
6. 1 plan
The journey is short, you should arrive at the seed supply field before noon, select pigs in the afternoon, quarantine and set out, and arrive at the introduction field in the evening; Long-distance introduction, it is best to arrive at the introduction field in the evening and arrive in the evening. After drinking water, pigs will rest and be quiet in the dark.
6.2 Vehicle requirements
(1) Professional transport vehicles are equipped with ventilation and cooling drinking water devices, and the loading and unloading lifting console has the best transport effect.
(2) Non-professional transportation, try to use your own car instead of commercial pigs. The carriage should be spacious and high enough, divided into small fences and fixed with scaffolding iron pipes and fasteners; The carriage is covered with straw, sawdust and other fillers. Equipped with a large covering net and tarpaulin, it can cover the whole carriage.
(3) Vehicles are equipped with tools and medicines, such as flashlights, buckets, ropes, iron wires, pliers, antibiotics, analgesic and antipyretic drugs, sedatives, etc.
6.3 vehicle disinfection
0.2% Baidu or 0. 1% qiangduling 1 day was thoroughly disinfected before pig loading, leaving it vacant 1 day; Before loading, the pigs were disinfected/kloc-0 times with the disinfection equipment of the seed supply yard, and the disinfection certificate was issued.
6.4 loading
(1) The transport pigs stopped feeding 2 hours in advance.
⑵ Pack 4 ~ 6 pigs in each column, and it is advisable that pigs can lie down freely. Isolate boars and spray disinfectant with strong smell (such as compound phenol).
(3) Cover the whole carriage with a net and rope first, and then cover it with a tarpaulin to prevent direct sunlight and storms. The tarpaulin on the front side of the carriage should be strictly fixed to avoid excessive wind during transportation; In winter, the tarpaulins on both sides of the carriage are fixed, and the tarpaulins on the back side are slightly pulled up; In other seasons, tarpaulins are pulled up on both sides and rear sides of the carriage.
(4) Long-term antibiotic 65438+ should be injected 0 ~ 2 days in advance to reduce disease infection; Especially the excited pigs, inject a proper amount of chlorpromazine and other sedatives when loading.
5] Be gentle with the pigs, be quick and steady, and don't hit the pigs; Set out immediately after loading the car to avoid biting the pig.
It is worth noting that the selected pigs do not come from the same group, and they are very fierce. Therefore, the selected pigs should be quarantined and loaded as soon as possible, and delivered immediately after loading.
[6] The seed farm is required to provide feed formula for imported breeding pigs and transitional feed for 5-7 days.
6.5 Matters needing attention on the way
(1) During long-distance transportation, there should be professional technicians to escort cars. Try to choose expressway, and the two drivers take turns driving.
(2) Try to avoid sudden braking and sharp turns while driving.
(3) Take a rest every 4 hours during long-distance transportation, so that pigs can get up and move to avoid long-term crushing injury; Give pigs water, it is better to feed some melons and vegetables.
(4) Stay away from other vehicles when parking, especially vehicles carrying pigs or other animals.
7 unloading pigs
(1) Before the arrival of the pig truck, 1 hour, the personnel involved in unloading should take a bath, change clothes and disinfect, and fully disinfect the pig unloading platform, pig-driving passage and its surroundings.
(2) After the pig truck arrives, spray and disinfect the bodies and pigs outside the door, and then enter the isolation area, close to the unloading platform. Unloading should be fast and smooth.
(3) After discharging, the pigs rest for 30 minutes, and then rush into the pigsty.
(4) After the pigs enter the house, disinfect the pig unloading platform and passage again. Personnel involved in pig unloading should take a bath, change clothes and disinfect before leaving. Pay special attention to work clothes and work shoes, and stay in the quarantine area.
8 isolation
8. 1 Purpose of isolation
Every pig herd, no matter how healthy, inevitably carries pathogenic microorganisms (viruses or bacteria), which can cause diseases under stress; Newly introduced pigs are also potential sources of disease infection. Newly introduced pigs should be isolated for 1 ~ 2 weeks to minimize the hidden dangers of diseases.
8.2 Feeding management
(1) The personnel in the isolation area should be specially trained to work and live in the isolation area.
(2) Prepare feed in advance and check the water dispenser; Prepare some drugs, such as Sigejing, Zhiyuanjing, amoxicillin, oxytetracycline, Ailexin and florfenicol, for emergencies.
(3) Veterinarians should check each pig quickly. The injured proctoptosis pigs should be raised separately and handled in time.
(4) boars and sows are raised separately. Boars are kept in a single row; Sows are grouped according to breed and weight, with 5-6 pigs in each group, and the area of each pig should reach 2 m2. After sorting, spray some odorous drugs (such as Lysol and air purifier) on pigs to reduce bites.
5] Give the pigs water immediately after grouping and observe carefully. Pigs who don't drink water should be assisted. Some drugs should be added to drinking water within 3 days, such as doxycycline 200 g, amoxicillin powder 150 g, astragalus polysaccharide 200 g, electrolytic multivitamin 1 000 g and glucose 5 000 g, which can relieve stress and restore health as soon as possible.
[6] Register the ear number and sex one by one, and check with the information provided by the seed farm.
(7) After drinking water, turn off all the lighting equipment in the pigsty, put down the curtains, keep the pigsty in a dark state for more than 6 ~ 12 hours, and let the pigs rest.
⑻ After resting for 6 ~ 12 hours, feed a small amount, about 500 g per pig on the first 1 day, gradually increase the feed from the second day, and return to normal feed on the fifth day. It is best to use the feed provided by the seed farm for the transition.
(9) On the 3rd to 5th day, carry out serum tests on harmful diseases to avoid introducing new diseases.
⑽ Because the newly introduced breeding pigs are inspected at any time, and there are many people entering and leaving the isolation house, it is required to take pigs for disinfection once a day for one week and once every two days after one week. The breeder should change his clothes and shoes before entering the room, and the equipment in the isolation room should be dedicated.
⑾ Check the body temperature of a quarter of pigs every day, and check the body temperature of pigs with poor spirit and poor appetite one by one, and make detailed records; If there are symptoms of the disease, report to the veterinarian and the salesperson of the seed supply farm immediately.
9 domestication
9. 1 the purpose of domestication
The purpose of domestication is to make the newly introduced or bred reserve pigs contact with the existing pathogenic microorganisms in the same controlled environment, so that pigs can be immune to these pathogenic microorganisms [3]. After 1 ~ 2 weeks of isolation observation and serum detection, it is confirmed that the imported pig herd is healthy, but it may not be able to tolerate the pathogenic microorganisms of the pig herd, and it takes 4 ~ 6 weeks to adapt, and it will not merge with the pig herd until it is safe.
9.2 Localization measures
9.2. 1 vaccine
According to the suggestion of breeding pig farm, serum test results and epidemic situation in this farm, imported breeding pigs were immunized. Generally, it is foot-and-mouth disease, pseudorabies and swine fever. Immunization is carried out on the 5th-7th day after introduction, and the interval between each vaccine is 3 days; Parvovirus disease was immunized 1 time 6 weeks and 3 weeks before mating; Colibacillosis was immunized 1 time 5 weeks and 2 weeks before delivery. The immunization program mainly depends on this situation.
Drug health care
Add 1/2 ~ 3/4 therapeutic doses of antibiotics, such as oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, Zhiyuan Jing, etc. into the feed within 2 ~ 3 weeks after introduction.
9.2.3 Drug deworming
In the fourth week of introduction, the whole group of insects were repelled by long-acting broad-spectrum repellents such as ivermectin.
Contact with pathogens
During the 4th to 5th week of introduction, a small number of healthy sows to be eliminated were selected from the original farm (the ratio of imported breeding pigs to original farm pigs was 10: 1). Three days ago, they had face-to-face contact with imported breeding pigs through railings, and there was no abnormal change. Then the pigs from the original farm will be driven into the imported farm for further observation. You can also take a small amount of feces from growing pigs and sows and sprinkle them into imported pigs for observation. It can be merged with the original pig herd after it is safe within 6 ~ 8 weeks. Newly purchased pigs are the most important potential source of disease transmission [4] and should be quarantined again if necessary.
If the imported sows are heavier and reach the adaptation period in the isolation adaptation period, it is better to breed and conceive in the isolation house under the condition of ensuring biological safety, and it is best to use the semen of the same batch of imported boars. Boars with large weight and obvious sexual desire can collect sperm in the isolation house, but the semen can not be sent out of the isolation house, and can be used on the same batch of sows or simply discarded.
Introduction is a systematic project, which requires careful planning, cautious attitude and meticulous operation. It is necessary to consult experienced experts, and signing an introduction contract with seed suppliers can reduce disputes.