Information about pear, apricot, orange and persimmon trees
China is one of the cradles of pear trees. Pak Lei, Shari and Qiuzi pears cultivated in China all originated in China. According to the book of songs, the book of Qi Yaomin and other ancient books, the history of pear cultivation in China is over 4,000 years. Pear is the most widely cultivated fruit tree in northern and southern China. According to the statistics of 1995, the area of pear orchard has grown to 8,599,500 mu, ranking third in the country after apples and oranges.
I. Distribution area
The provinces with the largest pear production in China are Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Yunnan. The main pear producing area is Yantai, Shandong Province, and the cultivated varieties are Huangxian Changba pear, Qixia Dashuixiang pear, Laiyang Rosa roxburghii, Laixi Crystal pear and Xiangshui pear. In Handan, Shijiazhuang and Xingtai, Hebei Province, the main varieties are Yali pear and Xuehua pear; In Suizhong, Beizhen, Yixian, Jinxi and Fuxin of Liaoning Province, there are autumn Pak Lei, Yali pear and Qiuzi pear. Anhui Dangshan and its surrounding areas are crisp pear producing areas; Gaoping, Shanxi is the producing area of huanghuali, and Yuanping mainly produces huanghuali and avocado. Lanzhou, Gansu Province is famous for producing winter pears. Sichuan Jinchuan Sydney and Xi Juan Pear; Korla fragrant pears and crisp pears in Xinjiang, and western pears in Yantai and Dalian are also well-known at home and abroad.
Second, the significance of cultivation
Pear fruit is fresh and tender, the meat is crisp and juicy, sweet and sour, and the flavor is fragrant and beautiful. Rich in sugar, protein, fat, carbohydrates and vitamins, it plays an important role in human health. Pear fruit can also be processed into dried pear, preserved pear, pear sauce, pear juice, canned pear and so on. It can also be used to make wine and vinegar. Pear fruit also has medicinal value, which can help digestion, moisten the lungs and clear the heart, eliminate phlegm and relieve cough, clear away heat and toxic materials and produce sores, and also has the function of diuresis and moistening stool. Pear wood is fine and moderate in hardness, and it is the raw material for carving seals and high-grade furniture.
The income of many pear producing areas in China has become the main way for farmers to get rich and the pillar industry of local national economic income. Therefore, the production and development of pear trees are of great significance to improving farmers' living standards and promoting China's agricultural development.
Third, cultivate characteristics
Pear trees have strong adaptability to soil, and can grow and bear fruit in mountains, hills, deserts, depressions, saline-alkali land and red soil. Under general cultivation and management conditions, high yield can be obtained.
Pear trees have long life and long economic utilization period. There are many big trees in the pear-growing areas in the north and south of China, with the age of 100 ~ 150, lush foliage and numerous fruits. The yield of some plants can reach more than 1000 ~ 1500 kg.
Pear belongs to Qiuzi pear with strong cold resistance, and most of its cultivated varieties can tolerate the low temperature of -30℃, such as Xiaoxiangshan, Mali, Balixiang and Gai Hua. The cold resistance of Pak Lei can also reach the low temperature of -23 ~-25℃.
Pear trees are particularly resistant to waterlogging. According to research, they can endure 9 days in stagnant water without oxygen, second only to grapes.
Grafting is commonly used in seedling propagation, and commonly used rootstocks are Du pear, Yamanashi, Dou pear and Sha pear. Dwarfing culture of pear tree is an important means of intensive cultivation of fruit trees. Quince yunnanensis is the best dwarf rootstock in production at present, which has the characteristics of high cutting survival rate and strong dwarf effect. K-series rootstocks, such as K3 1, K9, K 13, K2 1 and K28, which have been selected by Chinese scientists and technicians, have strong dwarfing or semi-dwarfing characteristics, strong affinity with pear varieties and good grafting healing and rooting ability.
Most pear varieties fail to bear fruit by self-pollination, even if some varieties have certain fruit-bearing ability by self-pollination, cross-pollination can bear fruit better Therefore, it is very necessary to configure a good pollination combination and sufficient pollination in the pear orchard. The ratio of main cultivated varieties to pollinated varieties is 3∶ 1 and 4∶ 1.
Planting density should consider soil fertility and varieties. Generally, in the plain with deep and fertile soil and convenient irrigation, the trees are large and should be planted sparsely. The row spacing is 2 ~ 4m× 5 ~ 7m, and 23 ~ 66 plants are planted per mu. Planting in mountainous areas, desert areas and saline-alkali land should be densely planted, 2 ~ 4m× 3 ~ 5m. Dwarf dense planting garden 1.5m× 3m ~ 3x4m, with 55 ~ 148 plants per mu.
Four, the main cultivated varieties
Pear varieties cultivated in China mainly belong to four systems: Qiuzi pear, Pak Lei pear, Shali pear and Liyang pear. There are many varieties, many varieties, and all pear areas in the north and south have complete varieties with different maturity, which are suitable for cultivation in various regions. Qiuzi pear is mainly produced in Liaoning, Jilin, northern Hebei, Gansu Longzhong and Hexi Corridor. To the north of the Yangtze River valley, all the way to the Great Wall of Hebei and western Liaoning, the varieties of Pak Lei are dominant. The varieties of sand pear system are distributed in various provinces and regions south of the Yangtze River Basin. Pear varieties are mainly distributed in Jiaodong, Shandong, Dalian, Liaoning and the old course of the Yellow River, and the cultivation area is very small.
apricot tree
Apricot is an excellent fruit tree in China, belonging to deciduous Rosaceae and distributed in northern China. It is everywhere in the west of Beijing.
You can see the lush leaves.
As the saying goes, "peaches, apricots and pears last for five years, and jujube trees sell money that year." This means that apricot trees blossom and bear fruit within four years and benefit five years in advance.
In 2008, it entered the full fruit period; Its general life span is 40 years to 100 years, so it is called "longevity tree".
Apricot trees are generally 5 to 7 meters high, with sunny crowns, dense branches, oval leaves and thin edges.
Blunt serration, slightly hairy or glabrous on the back of leaves.
The fruit of apricot tree is round, called apricot, with red and yellow skin and meat about half a centimeter thick; There are three kinds of almonds: denuded, semi-denuded and sticky. The surface of the nucleus is smooth, and there are grooves on the edge; Almonds are thin and hard, with almonds in them. Almonds can be divided into sweet and bitter. Apricots generally weigh 20 to 70 grams, and the largest can reach more than 100 grams.
Apricot trees have strong adaptability, and the skin of adult apricot trees is thick, which can resist the cold of MINUS 20 or 30 degrees. Apricot trees have developed roots and are buried deep, which is almost the same as the height of the trees, so they are cold-resistant.
Apricot trees generally germinate in early April and bloom in mid-April, with a flowering period of 5 to 7 years. Every year when apricot blossoms, hillsides, riverbanks and roadsides are all white, like gauze, like dreams, like fog, and the fragrance is refreshing. At the beginning of May, as the apricot blossoms wither. Green apricots are hanging high on the branches. Apricot has two growth climaxes, the first in early May and the second in July, but it is weaker than the previous one. After that, apricot trees are dotted with green apricots, and a bumper harvest is in sight. Majestically, green apricots seem to swing around in the branches, which is gratifying. Apricots ripen in the wheat harvest season in May and June every year. From a distance, the trees are all golden yellow. At this time, it is very important to choose them.
Apricots are not easy to store and transport, so they should be harvested early with green leaves to avoid falling leaves. Picked red apricots and white apricots should be transported to the fruit market in time. Generally, apricots should be peeled and dried quickly.
Apricot is a favorite fruit, which is rich in nutrition and vitamins. Apricots can be made into preserved apricots, apricot jam and so on. Almonds are mainly used to extract oil, and can also be made into food. They also have medicinal effects, such as relieving cough and moistening intestines. Almond is a traditional commodity in China, which exchanges a lot of foreign exchange for the country every year; Apricot wood is hard and is a good material for furniture; Apricot branches can be used as fuel and apricot leaves can be used as feed. Apricot trees are all treasures, and they are farmers' cash cows. Plum trees are not dioecious, but the fruit will be affected by growth age and weather changes. Generally, there will be results after 3 years.
If it is a technical problem of cultivation, you can refer to the following information:]
Causes and countermeasures of low yield of plum trees
Plum trees have strong adaptability and early fruiting; Plum fruit has high nutritional value, bright and beautiful color and rich fragrance; In addition, plum fruit is listed early and the supply cycle of fresh fruit is long. So the planting area of plums is increasing day by day. And with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the demand for plums is also increasing year by year. At present, Li has low production in some production fields, and the reasons are as follows.
First, the reasons for the low rate of return:
1. Extensive management, no fertilization or less fertilization can not meet the needs of its growth and fruiting. It causes serious falling flowers and fruits and low yield per unit area.
2. Improper pruning, leaving too many or too few branches.
3. Single variety, poor pollination and fertilization.
Description: Deciduous trees, up to15m; ; The crown is a natural semicircle; The bark is dark gray with rectangular small block cracks. The top of the winter bud is blunt. Branchlets densely brown or brown pilose, gradually deciduous. Leaves ovoid, broadly ovoid or obovate, 6- 18 cm long, nearly leathery; The tip of the leaf is gradually pointed, the base of the leaf is wide wedge-shaped or nearly round, the leaf surface is dark green and shiny, and the back of the leaf is light green. Monoecious or dioecious, with four cardinal flowers, bell-shaped corolla, yellow-white, 4-lobed, hairy; 3 male flowers arranged in small cymes; Female flowers are solitary leaf axils; Calyx 4 parted and enlarged after anthesis; The female flower has 8 staminodes and 8 locules. Style detached from base, ovary superior. Berries are ovoid or oblate, 2.5-8 cm in diameter, orange or bright yellow, persistent calyx ovoid, and blunt apex. Flowering in May-June; Fruit ripens in September -65438+ 10 month.
Habit: Strong, cultivated in the south from northern Guangdong to northern China, and generally in the south of the Great Wall at 40 north latitude. The annual average temperature is 9℃, and the absolute low temperature is above -20℃. The average temperature in April-165438+ 10 is about 17℃, and the fruit quality will be better when the average temperature in maturity is 18- 19℃. I like warm and humid climate, and I am drought-tolerant. The annual rainfall in the growing period is above 500mm. For example, a long-term drought in midsummer will cause fruit drop. However, in the summer and autumn development period, if there is too much rain, branches and leaves will grow in vain, which will hinder the formation of flower buds and fruit growth. Persimmon is a deep-rooted tree species, which requires little soil, and can grow in mountainous areas, plains, slightly acidic and slightly alkaline soils. It is also resistant to wetlands, but neutral loam or clay loam with deep and fertile soil layer, good drainage and rich humus is the most ideal.
4. Plum blossoms bloom early. North China generally blooms from late March to late April, and Northeast China blooms from late April to early May. At this time, the temperature is low, the pollen tube elongates slowly, and abortion is easy in the middle, which is not conducive to pollination and fertilization.
5. Li is easily affected by late frost during the flowering and young fruit period, which leads to a large number of flowers and fruits falling, seriously affecting the yield.
6. The scale insects are seriously harmful and the trees are weak.
Second, the countermeasures:
1. Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water in orchards and enhance the tree potential.
(1) autumn base fertilizer: it can be applied in September, mainly farmyard manure, and 1% urea is added at the same time. It is beneficial to restore tree vigor and increase storage nutrition accumulation.
(2) Topdressing in the growing season: Pay attention to the combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium when topdressing.
Topdressing and irrigation before flowering. Urea topdressing per adult tree 1kg, and young trees should be reduced as appropriate. Irrigation in time after fertilization can meet the demand of water and fertilizer in flowering period, which can make germination orderly, spend more flowers, pollinate and fertilize for a long time and improve fruit setting rate.
The fruit-setting stage is combined with pest control, and 0.3%-0.5% urea is added to the liquid medicine. It can effectively alleviate the state of tight nutrient supply.
Top dressing during flower bud differentiation, around June 20th, combined with pest control, adding 0.3%-0.5% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate into the liquid medicine. Conducive to flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion.
Topdressing after harvest; Spraying fertilizer on leaves with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as the main ingredient. The crown can be sprayed with 0.3% potassium diammonium phosphate and 0.3% urea. Conducive to flourishing.
2, determine the appropriate amount of winter branch pruning:
Plum yield is related to the number of branches, and too few branches affect the yield; Most of the branches are left, the nutrition is scattered, and the scenery conditions are deteriorating. Branchlets in the inner chamber are easy to die, and the bearing parts are easy to move out, so the yield will be reduced. Determining the appropriate number of branches is an important guarantee for high yield, stable yield and high quality. Generally, a plum tree with a single plant yield of 100- 150 kg has 4000-6000 bouquets. If the fruit is a large variety, you can appropriately reduce the amount of branches left.
3. Pay attention to the configuration of pollinated varieties or artificial pollination, release bees at flowering stage and improve cross-pollination rate of plum, which can obviously reduce fruit drop and increase yield.
4. Delaying germination and flowering:
(1) Select varieties with late flowering.
(2) Early spring combined with topdressing and thawing irrigation can reduce the ground temperature.
③ Whitening branches: Spraying lime milk on branches for 50 times before germination can make the temperature of trees rise slowly.
5. Frost protection:
In addition to delaying flowering to prevent freezing injury in early spring, we can also irrigate the orchard or spray water on the crown according to the weather forecast before frost appears.
6. Strengthen the control of scale insects in pear orchards;
Scale insects are widespread in plum orchards all over the country, which will lead to extremely small annual growth of plum trees, even extreme weakness and frequent death. Seriously affect the number of households in plum trees. In winter, use a hard brush to dust off the insects on the trees, or cut off too many branches of insects, or gently scrape the skin with a scraper. It can be sprayed in May and early June of nymph centralized incubation period respectively. Commonly used drugs are: diphacinone or 50% cartap 1500 times solution.
With the improvement of people's living standards and the development of foreign trade, there is an increasing demand for apricots and almonds. In the future, all parts of the country can cultivate according to conditions, further improve varieties, do a good job in transplant experiments, and move apricots from the north to the south, so that people all over the motherland can eat apricots and almonds to meet people's needs.
Orange seedlings grow vigorously, but they can only be used as rootstocks without flowering or fruiting. I use the seedlings of oranges as rootstocks and the shoots of excellent varieties of oranges as scions for grafting.
Rootstock seedlings come from orange fruits bought in the market in spring. Take out the seeds and plant them directly in the pot soil to keep the soil moist. Seedlings after germination are seedlings, and seedlings that grow for 1 ~ 2 years can be used as rootstocks. When selecting scions, we should choose strong branches that have not been semi-lignified, with 2 buds and 2 leaves, and the leaves should be cut off by 2/3. No gas
After the citrus begins to grow in spring, in the middle and late May, the tip of the rootstock seedling is cut off and straight down from the center of the section with a sharp knife (double-sided blade or scalpel). The operation should be stable, and the incision should be straight, so as to cut evenly, and the length is about 0.5 ~ 1 cm. Scion cutting, the two sides are symmetrically cut into wedges, and it should be cut across the board to ensure that the incision is smooth and the length is similar to that of the rootstock incision. Then gently and steadily insert the scion and align it with the cambium. Pay attention to the fact that the scion should not be inserted straight, but should be slightly at an angle with the rootstock, so as to ensure that there are at least two contact points between the scion and the rootstock cambium, which is the key to survival. Use a plastic tape with a width of about 1 ~ 2mm to bind moderately from top to bottom, and the binding length is slightly longer than the joint. Then put on a plastic bag, usually a transparent bag of 10cm× 15cm, and cut a small hole at the corner of the bag to prevent the internal temperature from being too high.
Shading is the first step of management and maintenance, and it is very important to control and maintain the temperature. If possible, you can build a shade shed with curtains or put it in the shade to ensure scattered light from 9 am to 3 pm. Within half a month after grafting, it is possible to survive if the scion does not wilt and the leaves are solid and fresh. After about 1 month of maintenance, the interface healed. Plastic bags should be removed. After unpacking 1 week, the shading should be continued. When the joint is enlarged, the binding thread should be removed in time. The buds on the rootstock should be erased in time to ensure the nutrient supply of the scion. If the seedlings are properly managed, new branches can sprout in the same year and 3 ~ 4 new branches can be pulled out in the next year. If they grow healthily, they will sprout and bear fruit.