Why did the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty not save the Qing Dynasty, but triggered a revolution?
Why did the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty not save the Qing Dynasty, but triggered a revolution? The author saw a friend answer: "Rome was not built in a day, and the demise of the Qing Dynasty is a historical necessity." This sentence is true and quite correct, but where is this inevitability? Isn't it a little too big, inappropriate and unclear when we attribute all the specific problems to the fundamental inevitability?
First, imitate constitutionalism: a scam to prepare for constitutionalism.
1900, in order to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, western imperialists and colonialists formed an eight-nation alliance and brazenly invaded China. The incompetent Qing government was defeated again and signed the most humiliating treaty in modern times-the Xin Chou Treaty. The signing of the treaty made the people of China fully aware of the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government, and only by overthrowing the Qing government could China be saved. So at this time, the democratic revolution was unprecedentedly high.
With the rapid development of the democratic revolutionary movement and the resistance of the masses, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty realized that they could no longer rule as usual. In order to save the ruling crisis, some enlightened people within the ruling class demanded regime change and constitutional government. 1905, the Qing court sent five ministers, Zaize, Duanfang, Dai Hongci, Li Shengduo and Shang Qiheng, to study abroad. After the five ministers returned to China in 1906, the Qing government officially announced that it was preparing to imitate constitutionalism in September 1 2006. Empress Dowager Cixi, the supreme ruler of the Qing Dynasty, just wanted to spend her old age peacefully and took perfunctory measures to implement the New Deal. Until the death of Empress Dowager Cixi in 1908, the so-called New Deal only removed several old yamen, added several new ones and merged several redundant ones.
Second, the royal cabinet: called constitutionalism, it is actually authoritarian.
During the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing government set up "Parliament", "Consultation Bureau" and "Consultation Bureau" and formed a cabinet. The Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet Secretary of State, with a total of 13 people, including 7 Manchu, 4 Han, Mongolian 1 person and Chinese flag 1 person. Although there is no distinction between Manchu and Han in name, its essence is that there are seven Han and four Han in Manchu, and the number of people attached to the Mongolian and Han military flags is satisfactory, and the Han people account for 1/3 of the total cabinet. And these people are big landlords, big bureaucrats and big noble. In the cabinet, the nobles of the Qing Dynasty held key departments, such as Tie Liang, Minister of War, and Shouhui, Assistant Minister, both of whom were princes.
The core of the Outline of the King James Constitution approved and promulgated by the Cabinet is "sovereign power", which stipulates that the emperor has the right to make laws, submit bills to convene and dissolve the House of Representatives, and recall government officials. Where is there a little New Deal atmosphere here?
Third, the struggle for power and profit: the so-called parliamentarian farce
From 1908 1 14 10 to 15, Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi died in 20 hours, and the three-year-old little emperor Puyi succeeded to the throne, and the power of the Qing government fell to his father, Regent Zai Feng. The 1 incident in which Regent Zai Feng came to power was the removal of Yuan Shikai, Minister of Military Aircraft and Minister of Foreign Affairs. At this time, Yuan Shikai is deeply rooted, far from being shaken by withdrawing his official position. Regent Zai Feng's actions caused great division within the ruling clique.
After Yuan Shikai was dismissed, the Regent ordered the discussion to show that the New Deal was not new but old. According to the original articles of association, the 1 annual meeting lasts for three months. However, three months later, the matter has not been discussed. Finally, it was postponed for 10 days to talk about culture, education and national defense law. But at the end of the discussion, the lawmakers came to the conclusion that "please make a ruling", and the parliament held 100 days, which hardly achieved a major event.
On the eve of the Revolution of 1911,191May, under the great pressure of reformists all over the country, Regent Zai Feng had to form a new cabinet. However, the result is even more disappointing. 13 ministers of state, of which only four are assistant ministers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Xu Shichang, and the rest are Manchu.
The formation of the "royal cabinet" twice showed the world that the so-called New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty was nothing more than a scam of centralization of power by Manchu rulers and the royal family. This makes the revolutionaries who are bent on overthrowing it even more contemptuous, and don't disappoint some reformers who are keen on maintaining the Qing government. After betraying their loved ones, the demise of the Qing government has become inevitable.